10.57647/j.jtap.2025.1903.30

Optimizing gliding arc plasma treatment factors for enhanced brake pad performance: Central composite design approach

PDF
  • Ali Partovinia*1,
  • Fatemeh Mollaei2,
  • Saeed Javadi Anaghizi3,
  • Hamid Ghomi4,
  1. Biorefinery Department, Faculty of New Technologies Engineering, Zirab campus, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
  2. Research and development expert, Remapuya Company, Tehran, Iran
  3. Central Laboratory of Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
  4. Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2025-04-12

Revised: 2025-06-21

Accepted: 2025-06-25

Published in Issue 2025-06-30

Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Partovinia, Fatemeh Mollaei, Saeed Javadi Anaghizi, Hamid Ghomi (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

1.
Partovinia A, Mollaei F, Javadi Anaghizi S, Ghomi H. Optimizing gliding arc plasma treatment factors for enhanced brake pad performance: Central composite design approach. J Theor Appl phys. 2025 Jun. 30;19(3). Available from: https://oiccpress.com/jtap/article/view/8206
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 43

Abstract

  Brake pad quality is crucial for vehicle safety, as it requires stable friction coefficients, appropriate wear rates, and consistent performance across varying temperatures, pressures, and speeds. This study examines the impact of gliding arc plasma treatment on tribological properties and wear behavior of the brake pads. In this research, three key parameters of treatment time (60-180 s), treatment distance (2-4 cm), and input power (1.5-4.5 kW) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the quadratic model revealed that gliding arc plasma treatment duration significantly influenced normal and hot friction levels. At the same time, interactions between time-distance and time-input power affected normal and hot friction, respectively. The optimal conditions were achieved at 180 seconds of treatment time, 3.77 cm distance, and 4.20 kW power. Linear model analysis of wear indicated that input power was the only statistically significant main factor. These findings demonstrate that gliding arc plasma treatment parameters not only individually influence tribological behavior but also interact synergistically, offering valuable insights for industrial brake pad manufacturing.

Keywords

  • Gliding arc plasma,
  • Friction coefficient,
  • Wear resistance,
  • Design of experiment
PDF

References

  1. S. M. Mulani, A. Kumar, H. N. E. A. Shaikh, A. Saurabh, P. K. Singh, P. C. Verma. "A review on recent development and challenges in automotive brake pad-disc system." Materials Today: Proceedings.56:447-54. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.410
  2. A. Rashid. "Overview of disc brakes and related phenomena-a review." International journal of vehicle noise and vibration.10(4):257-301. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVNV.2014.065634
  3. A. Borawski. "Conventional and unconventional materials used in the production of brake pads–review." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials.27(1):374-96. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2020-0041
  4. R. Ciudin, P. Verma, S. Gialanella, G. Straffelini. "Wear debris materials from brake systems: environmental and health issues." WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment.191:1423-34. 2014. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC141202
  5. M. Kchaou, A. Sellami, J. Fajoui, R. Kus, R. Elleuch, F. Jacquemin. "Tribological performance characterization of brake friction materials: What test? What coefficient of friction?". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology.233(1):214-26. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650118764167
  6. M. Takashima, N. Ohtake. "Influence of interlayer on wear and corrosion resistance of DLC film." Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering.5(12):938-44. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.5.938
  7. T. Horiuchi, K. Yoshida, M. Kano, M. Kumagai, T. Suzuki. "Evaluation of DLC coating damage in the delamination and wear test." Tribology Online.5(3):129-35. 2010. https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.5.129
  8. B. D. Beake, J. S. Ling, G. J. Leggett. "Correlation of friction, adhesion, wettability and surface chemistry after argon plasma treatment of poly (ethylene terephthalate)." Journal of Materials Chemistry.8(12):2845-54. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1039/A807261B
  9. D. Chan, G. Stachowiak. "Review of automotive brake friction materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering.218(9):953-66. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1243/0954407041856773
  10. S. Jadhav, S. Sawant. "A review paper: Development of novel friction material for vehicle brake pad application to minimize environmental and health issues." Materials Today: Proceedings.19:209-12. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.703
  11. V. Mahale, J. Bijwe. "Exploration of plasma treated stainless steel swarf to reduce the wear of copper-free brake-pads." Tribology International.144:106111. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106111
  12. C. Chiuderi, M. Velli. Basics of plasma astrophysics: Springer; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5280-2.
  13. N. Kalel, B. Bhatt, A. Darpe, J. Bijwe. "Argon low-pressure plasma treatment to stainless steel particles to augment the wear resistance of Cu-free brake-pads." Tribology International.167:107366. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107366
  14. M. A. Samad, N. Satyanarayana, S. K. Sinha. "Effect of air–plasma Pre-treatment of si substrate on adhesion strength and tribological properties of a UHMWPE film." Journal of adhesion science and technology.24(15-16):2557-70. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1163/016942410X508181
  15. M. A. Samad, N. Satyanarayana, S. K. Sinha. "Tribology of UHMWPE film on air-plasma treated tool steel and the effect of PFPE overcoat." Surface and Coatings Technology.204(9-10):1330-8. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.09.011
  16. E. M. Liston. "Plasma treatment for improved bonding: A review. "The journal of adhesion.30(1-4):199-218. 1989. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218468908048206.
  17. C. Hamatschek, K. Augsburg, D. Schobel, S. Gramstat, A. Stich, F. Gulden, D. Hesse. "Comparative study on the friction behaviour and the particle formation process between a laser cladded brake disc and a conventional grey cast iron disc." Metals.13(2):300. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020300
  18. F. Ilie, A.-C. Cristescu. "Tribological behavior of friction materials of a disk-brake pad braking system affected by structural changes—A review." Materials.15(14):4745. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144745
  19. N. Aranganathan, V. Mahale, J. Bijwe. "Effects of aramid fiber concentration on the friction and wear characteristics of non-asbestos organic friction composites using standardized braking tests." Wear.354:69-77. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.03.002
  20. M. Muthu Samy, D. Lenin Singaravelu. "Green friction: Exploring the evolution and potential of natural fibers and other brake pad ingredients in sustainable automotive engineering—A review." Polymer Composites. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29387
  21. G. Sathyamoorthy, R. Vijay, D. Lenin Singaravelu. "Brake friction composite materials: a review on classifications and influences of friction materials in braking performance with characterizations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology.236(8):1674-706. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/13506501211064082
  22. H. Rochardjo, P. Nawangsari, A. Waskito. "Friction modifiers optimization on tribological properties of Non-asbestos organic (NAO) brake pad by DoE-Taguchi method." Tribology in Industry.43(2):310. 2021. https://doi.org/10.24874/ti.1044.01.21.04
  23. G. Xiao, Z. Zhu. "Friction materials development by using DOE/RSM and artificial neural network." Tribology International.43(1-2):218-27. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.05.019
  24. A. I. Khuri, S. Mukhopadhyay. "Response surface methodology." Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: Computational statistics.2(2):128-49. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.73
  25. R. Cai, J. Zhang, X. Nie, J. Tjong, D. Matthews. "Wear mechanism evolution on brake discs for reduced wear and particulate emissions." Wear.452:203283. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203283
  26. R. Cai, C. Zhao, X. Nie. "Alumina-based coating with dimples as enabling sustainable technology to reduce wear and emission of the brake system." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.8(2):893-9. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05302
  27. C. Bai, Z. Gong, L. An, L. Qiang, J. Zhang, G. Yushkov, A. Nikolaev, M. Shandrikov, B. Zhang. "Adhesion and friction performance of DLC/rubber: The influence of plasma pretreatment." Friction.9:627-41. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0436-6
  28. M. Eriksson, S. Jacobson. "Tribological surfaces of organic brake pads." Tribology international.33(12):817-27. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(00)00127-4.
  29. W. Österle, A. Dmitriev. "Functionality of conventional brake friction materials–perceptions from findings observed at different length scales." Wear.271(9-10):2198-207. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.11.035