10.57647/j.jtap.2025.1906.59

Multi-Stage EDFA Amplifiers: Optimizing Gain ‎and Noise Performance Across Fiber Lengths (10–‎‎24 m) in the 185.2–186.2 THz Band‎

PDF
  • Jaspreet Kaur*1,2,
  • Rakesh Goyal3,
  • Gagandeep ‎ Kaur 4,
  1. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, India
  2. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sardar Beant Singh State University, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India
  3. Department Of Electronics & Communication Engineering, I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, India
  4. Faculty of Electrical Engineering Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India ‎

Received: 2025-02-05

Revised: 2025-04-02

Accepted: 2025-10-17

Published in Issue 2025-12-31

Copyright (c) 2025 Jaspreet Kaur, Rakesh Goyal, Gagandeep ‎ Kaur (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

1.
Kaur J, Goyal R, Kaur G ‎. Multi-Stage EDFA Amplifiers: Optimizing Gain ‎and Noise Performance Across Fiber Lengths (10–‎‎24 m) in the 185.2–186.2 THz Band‎. J Theor Appl phys. 2025 Dec. 31;19(6). Available from: https://oiccpress.com/jtap/article/view/18005
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 566

Abstract

This study presents a systematic evaluation of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) across single- to five-stage configurations, addressing the critical need for high gain and low noise in next-generation optical networks. Leveraging OptiSystem simulations, we demonstrate that five-stage EDFAs achieve a peak gain of 36.60 dB and a record-low noise figure of -36.35 dB in the 185.2–186.2 THz range. By optimizing parameters such as erbium ion density (1,100 ppm-m), pump power (+23 dBm), and fiber length (10–24 m), our analysis reveals that extended multi-stage architectures significantly outperform single-stage designs, particularly at L=24 m. The 3D spectral analysis further highlights the interplay between gain stability and noise suppression, offering actionable insights for deploying EDFAs in long-haul, high-capacity communication systems. These findings advance the design of energy-efficient optical amplifiers, bridging a critical gap in terahertz-band network infrastructure.

Keywords

  • Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs),
  • Multi-stage amplification,
  • Noise figure optimization,
  • Terahertz-band communication,
  • Optical network design
PDF

References

  1. M. E. Marhic, Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifiers, ‎Oscillators and Related Devices, vol. 9780521861. ‎Cambridge University Press, 2007. doi: ‎‎10.1017/CBO9780511600265‎.
  2. J. Hansryd, P. A. Andrekson, M. Westlund, Jie Li, and P.-O. Hedekvist, “Fiber-based optical parametric amplifiers and their applications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 506–520, May 2002, doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2002.1016354
  3. B. P.-P. Kuo, P. C. Chui, and K. K.-Y. Wong, “A Comprehensive Study on Crosstalk Suppression Techniques in Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifier by Modulation Format,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 659–665, 2008, doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2008.920032
  4. A. Cem Çokrak. and A. Altunco, “Gain and Noise Figure Performance of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA),” J. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1111–1122, 2004, https://birimler.dpu.edu.tr/app/views/panel/ckfinder/userfiles/119/files/cem_cokrak.pdf
  5. A. Hamzah, N. N. A. Azrin, and N. N. H. Saris, “Flat-gain and Wideband EDFA by using Dual Stage Amplifier Technique,” J. Telecommun. Electron. Comput. Eng., vol. 10, no. 2–6, pp. 25–29, 2018,: https://jtec.utem.edu.my/jtec/article/view/4364
  6. N. Saidin, N. I. A. Taib, M. S. Z. Abidin, N. F. Hasbullah, and A. A. M. Ralib, “Performance Configuration of Raman-EDFA Hybrid Optical Amplifier for WDM Applications,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 210, no. 1, p. 012033, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012033
  7. N. Z. H. Kamarolzaman and M. K. Aziz, “EDFA with power pump laser in WDM Network design of 10GBPS transmission,” E3S Web Conf., vol. 479, p. 07029, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202447907029.
  8. A. W. Naji, M. S. Z. Abidin, A. M. Kassir, M. H. Al‐Mansoori, M. K. Abdullah, and M. A. Mahdi, “Trade‐off between single and double pass amplification schemes of 1480‐nm pumped EDFA,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 38–40, Oct. 2004, doi: 10.1002/mop.20368
  9. K. Al-Khateeb. and B. B. A. Sellami, “The Influence of EDFA’s Configuration on the Behavioral Trends of Gain,” in International Conference on Computer and Management, 2006, pp. 853–856.: http://irep.iium.edu.my/5735/1/The_Influence_of_EDFA’s_Configurations_on_the_Behavioral_Trends_of_Gain.pdf
  10. H. K. Malik, “Terahertz radiation generation by lasers with remarkable efficiency in electron–positron plasma,” Phys. Lett. A, vol. 379, no. 43–44, pp. 2826–2829, Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2015.09.015
  11. F. Akhter, A. W. Naji, M. I. Ibrahimy, and H. R. Siddiquei, “Characterization of triple pass Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers,” in 2012 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), IEEE, Jul. 2012, pp. 462–466. doi: 10.1109/ICCCE.2012.6271230.
  12. A. A. Almukhtar et al., “Enhanced triple-pass hybrid erbium doped fiber amplifier using distribution pumping scheme in a dual-stage configuration,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 204, p. 164191, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164191
  13. B. A. Hamida et al., “Flat-Gain Single-Stage Amplifier Using High Concentration Erbium Doped Fibers in Single-Pass and Double-Pass Configurations,” in 2012 Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics, IEEE, May 2012, pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1109/SOPO.2012.6271113
  14. N. Najahatul, H. Saris, A. Hamzah, and S. Ambran, “Investigation on Gain Improvement of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) By Using Dual Pumped Double Pass Scheme,” J. Adv. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. J. homepage, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2017, [Online]. Available: www.akademiabaru.com/araset.html
  15. L. Malik, S. Rawat, M. Kumar, and A. Tevatia, “Simulation studies on aerodynamic features of Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale combat aircraft,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 38, pp. 191–197, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.536
  16. H. K. Malik, “Generalized treatment of skew-cosh-Gaussian lasers for bifocal terahertz radiation,” Phys. Lett. A, vol. 384, no. 15, p. 126304, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2020.126304
  17. A. K. Malik and H. K. Malik, “Tuning and Focusing of Terahertz Radiation by DC Magnetic Field in a Laser Beating Process,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 232–237, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1109/JQE.2013.2237884
  18. H. K. Malik and A. K. Malik, “Tunable and collimated terahertz radiation generation by femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 99, no. 25, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.1063/1.3666855
  19. A. K. Malik, H. K. Malik, and U. Stroth, “Terahertz radiation generation by beating of two spatial-Gaussian lasers in the presence of a static magnetic field,” Phys. Rev. E, vol. 85, no. 1, p. 016401, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.85.016401
  20. D. Singh and H. K. Malik, “Terahertz generation by mixing of two super-Gaussian laser beams in collisional plasma,” Phys. Plasmas, vol. 21, no. 8, 2014, doi: 10.1063/1.4891878.
  21. H. K. Malik and S. Punia, “Dark hollow beams originating terahertz radiation in corrugated plasma under magnetic field,” Phys. Plasmas, vol. 26, no. 6, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1063/1.5090814
  22. H. K. Malik and R. Gill, “Control of peaks of terahertz radiation and tuning of its frequency and intensity,” Phys. Lett. A, vol. 382, no. 38, pp. 2715–2719, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2018.06.041
  23. H. K. Malik, Laser-Matter Interaction for Radiation and Energy. CRC Press, 2021. doi: 10.1201/b21799
  24. H. K. Malik, T. Punia, and D. Sharma, “Hat-Top Beams for Generating Tunable THz Radiations Using a Medium of Conducting Nanocylinders,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 24, p. 3134, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.3390/electronics10243134
  25. L. Malik, “Dark hollow lasers may be better candidates for holography,” Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 132, p. 106485, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106485
  26. C. R. Giles and E. Desurvire, “Propagation of signal and noise in concatenated erbium-doped fiber optical amplifiers,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 147–154, 1991, doi: 10.1109/50.65871
  27. Z. Tong, H. Wei, T. Li, and S. Jian, “Optimal design of L-band EDFAs with high-loss inter-stage elements,” Opt. Commun., vol. 224, no. 1–3, pp. 63–72, Aug. 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0030-4018(03)01720-6
  28. T. Qayoom, G. Qazi, and H. Najeeb-ud-din, “A comparative perspective on Differential Modal Gain reduction techniques for optimized few mode EDFA systems,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 230, p. 166285, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166285
  29. N. A. O. Nwokedi Chizoba N., “Simulated Modelling of Optical Transmission Network for Improved Transport of Electronic Health Records,” Int. J. Real-Time Appl. Comput. Syst., vol. 2, no. 02, pp. 370–381, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.ijortacs.com/papers?volume=Volume+2+Issue+II%2C+Feb+2023
  30. B. Armel, E. Dikoundou, and K. Same, “Optimization of Hybrid Optical Amplifiers (Raman-EDFA) with a Standard Fiber (SMF) and a maximum pump power of 200mw in access networks: WDM-PON,” Am. J. Comput. Eng., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 40–48, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.47672/ajce.701
  31. C. Dash, R. R. Swain, G. Tripathy, I. Naik, B. B. Sahu, Scattering and fusion reaction dynamics of O+Zr system around Coulomb barrier. Chinese Phys. C. 46(12), 124104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ac92d9.
  32. G. H. Rawitscher, Approximate Independence of Optical-Model Elastic Scattering Calculations on the Potential at Small Distances. Phys. Rev. 135(3B), B605–B612 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.135.B605.
  33. H. Feshbach, D. C. Peaslee, V. F. Weisskopf, On the Scattering and Absorption of Particles by Atomic Nuclei. Phys. Rev. 71(3), 145–158 (1947). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.71.145.
  34. G. H. Rawitscher, Ingoing wave boundary condition analysis of alpha and deuteron elastic scattering cross sections. Nucl. Phys. 85(2), 337–364 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5582(66)90629-8.
  35. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics. Wiley, New York, 3rd edition (1975).
  36. C. J. Joachain, Quantum Collision Theory. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1976).
  37. M. Abramowitz, I. S. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Dover Publications (1972).
  38. H. Timmers, J. R. Leigh, M. Dasgupta, D. J. Hinde, R. C. Lemmon, J. C. Mein, C. R. Morton, J. O. Newton, N. Rowley, Probing fusion barrier distributions with quasi-elastic scattering. Nucl. Phys. A. 584(1), 190–204 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(94)00521-N.
  39. H. Esbensen, S. Landowne, C. Price, High-spin excitations in the rotating frame and sudden approximations. Phys. Rev. C. 36(6), 2359–2364 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.36.2359.
  40. M. A. Nagarajan, N. Rowley, R. Lindsay, Adiabatic coupled-channels evaluation of inelastic scattering. J. Phys. G Nucl. Phys. 12, 529 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4616/12/6/011.
  41. F. Zamrun M., K. Hagino, Effects of anharmonic vibration on large-angle quasi-elastic scattering of 16O+144Sm. Phys. Rev. C. 77(1), 14606 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.77.014606.
  42. A. Mukherjee, D. Hinde, M. Dasgupta, J. Newton, R. Butt, K. Hagino, Failure of the Woods-Saxon nuclear potential to simultaneously reproduce precise fusion and elastic scattering measurements. Phys. Rev. C. 75(4), 044608 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PHYSREVC.75.044608.
  43. N. Wang, W. Scheid, Quasi-elastic scattering and fusion with a modified Woods-Saxon potential. Phys. Rev. C. 78(1), 14607 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.014607.
  44. Santra, S., P. Singh, S. Kailas, A. Chatterjee, A. Shrivastava, K. Mahata. Coupled reaction channel analysis of elastic, inelastic, transfer, and fusion cross sections for 12 C+ 208 Pb. Phys. Rev. C. 64(2), 024602 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.64.024602.
  45. P. R. S. Gomes, T. J. P. Penna, R. Liguori Neto, J. C. Acquadro, C. Tenreiro, P. A. B. Freitas, E. Crema, N. Carlin Filho, kM. M. Coimbra, Nuclear fusion between heavy ions by the gamma-ray spectroscopy method. Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers, Detect. Assoc. Equip. 280(2-3), 395–401 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(89)90940-6.
  46. P. R. S. Gomes, M. D. Rodríguez, G. V. Martí, I. Padron, L. C. Chamon, J. O. Fernández Niello, O. A. Capurro, A. J. Pacheco, J. E. Testoni, A. Arazi, M. Ramírez, R. M. Anjos, J. Lubian, R. Veiga, R. Liguori Neto, E. Crema, N. Added, C. Tenreiro, M. S. Hussein, Effect of the breakup on the fusion and elastic scattering of weakly bound projectiles on 64Zn. Phys. Rev. C. 71(3), 34608 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.71.034608.
  47. C. R. Morton, A. C. Berriman, M. Dasgupta, D. J. Hinde, J. O. Newton, K. Hagino, I. J. Thompson, Coupled-channels analysis of the 16O+208Pb fusion barrier distribution. Phys. Rev. C. 60, 44608 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.60.044608