10.57647/j.jtap.2025.1905.45

Assessment of the efficacy of 20 x 100 Gb/s high-speed long-distance DWDM systems utilizing 16 QAM modulation techniques and hybrid optical amplifiers

PDF
  • Anuj Kumar1,
  • Ghanendra Kumar*1,
  • Chakresh Kumar2,
  1. University School of Automation and Robotics, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
  2. University School of Information, Communication & Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India

Received: 2025-03-12

Revised: 2025-07-07

Accepted: 2025-08-23

Published in Issue 2025-09-30

Copyright (c) 2025 Anuj Kumar, Ghanendra Kumar, Chakresh Kumar (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

1.
Kumar A, Kumar G, Kumar C. Assessment of the efficacy of 20 x 100 Gb/s high-speed long-distance DWDM systems utilizing 16 QAM modulation techniques and hybrid optical amplifiers. J Theor Appl phys. 2025 Sep. 30;19(5). Available from: https://oiccpress.com/jtap/article/view/17680
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 1

Abstract

High-capacity optical networks are required for data-intensive applications. Using cutting-edge modulation methods like RZ and 16-QAM, this article constructed and assessed a 20 × 100 Gb/s DWDM system to achieve the best spectral efficiency while optimizing resilience to impairments. A hybrid amplification technique that combines Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers, Raman Amplifiers, and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers ensures the quality of long-distance signals. The proposed configuration features 20 channels spaced 50 GHz apart and comprises 20 spans in which each span consist of 30 km dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF) and 70 km single-mode fiber (SMF). Simulations used to assess performance using BER, Q-factor, and OSNR demonstrate error-free transmission with improved noise tolerance and decreased dispersion. This paper describes the enhancement of the BER and Q-factor to improve the overall signal and noise management of the system for further integrity. Also assesses spectral reach for tradeoff in 16-QAM in hybrid-amplified systems. The work evaluates single versus hybrid amplification systems and the benefits of using more than one amplification approach for enhanced systems.

Keywords

  • 16-QAM modulation,
  • RZ pulse shaping,
  • Ultra-high-speed optical networks,
  • EDFA,
  • Raman amplifier,
  • SOA,
  • OSNR,
  • Q-factor
PDF

References

  1. H.M. Obaid, S. Ashraf, M.A. Nadeem, H. Shahid, A. Akram, and M. Zafrullah, "Performance analysis of a hybrid optical amplifier based 480-Gbps DWDM-FSO system under the effect of different atmospheric conditions," Frontiers in Computer Science, vol. 6, Feb. 2024.
  2. A. Donodin, L. Kiani, S. Noor, and W. Forysiak, "30-Gbaud PM-16-QAM transmission over E-, S-, C- and L- band with hybrid amplification," in Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), San Diego, CA, USA, Mar. 2023.
  3. A. Donodin, L. Kiani, S. Noor, and W. Forysiak, "E-band transmission of 30-Gbaud PM-16-QAM supported by Neodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier," in Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), San Diego, CA, USA, Mar. 2024.
  4. P. Hazarika, M. Tan, A. Donodin, I. Phillips, P. Harper, and W. Forysiak, "210 nm E, S, C and L Band Multistage Discrete Raman Amplifier," in Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), San Diego, CA, USA, Mar. 2023.
  5. J. Pedro and N. Costa, "Hybrid amplifier placement in mesh DWDM networks using integer linear programming models," IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1-10, Oct. 2023.
  6. X. Chen and L. Zhao, "Impact of Hybrid Amplification on Ultra-Dense WDM Systems with Nonlinear Compensation," Optics Express, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 17865-17879, 2021.
  7. J. Lin, H. Liu, and M. Wang, "High-Speed Optical Transmission Using Advanced Modulation Formats in DWDM Systems," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 7800711, 2020.
  8. M.M. Ali, F.R. Khan, and S. Rahman, "Experimental Validation of Hybrid Raman-EDFA Amplifiers in 400 Gb/s Optical Links," Optics and Laser Technology, vol. 135, pp. 106716, 2021.
  9. A. Sharma and S. Singh, "Analysis of Q-Factor in Long-Haul DWDM Systems with Hybrid Amplifiers," International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 138, pp. 153917, 2022.
  10. R. Patel, S. Kumar, and K. Sharma, "Role of Dispersion Compensation in High-Speed DWDM Networks," Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, vol. 243, pp. 167636, 2021.
  11. Z. Wang, Y. Sun, and J. He, "Nonlinear Noise Suppression Techniques in Hybrid Amplified Optical Systems," Optical Fiber Technology, vol. 61, pp. 102465, 2020.
  12. P. Gupta and A. Tripathi, "Comparison of RZ and NRZ Pulse Formats in High-Capacity DWDM Systems," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 45789-45796, 2022.
  13. H. Park and D. Lee, "Hybrid Optical Amplification Techniques for Next-Generation Networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 39, no. 18, pp. 5792-5800, 2021.
  14. S. Kim and C. Kang, "Performance Analysis of 16-QAM in Long-Haul Optical Transmission," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 209-212, 2020.
  15. A. Ahmed and R. Malik, "Noise Figure Optimization in Hybrid EDFA-Raman Amplifiers for DWDM Applications," Optics Communications, vol. 487, pp. 126838, 2021.
  16. F. Yang and J. Liu, "Advanced Modulation Formats for High-Speed DWDM Systems," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 54936-54944, 2020.
  17. K. Sun and Z. Liu, "Impact of Channel Spacing on Nonlinear Penalties in Hybrid Amplified Systems," Optics Express, vol. 29, no. 18, pp. 28912-28923, 2021.
  18. V. Singh and M. Arora, "Hybrid Optical Amplifier Design for 200 Gb/s Systems," Journal of Modern Optics, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 675-686, 2022.
  19. Y. Zhao and J. Wang, "Performance Metrics for Dispersion-Managed High-Speed Optical Links," Optics Letters, vol. 44, no. 15, pp. 3659-3662, 2019.
  20. P. Patel and R. Sharma, "Efficient Noise Reduction Techniques for 16-QAM DWDM Systems," Applied Optics, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1256-1263, 2020.
  21. M. Lee and S. Park, "High-Speed Transmission Using Hybrid Amplification in 32-Channel DWDM Networks," Journal of Optical Networking, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 875-883, 2021.
  22. N. Khan and S. Ali, "Integration of 16-QAM with Hybrid Amplifiers in Dense Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 78-85, 2022.
  23. T. Sharma and N. Gupta, "Evaluation of OSNR in High-Capacity DWDM Systems," Optical Engineering, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 096109, 2021.
  24. K. Ahmed and R. Singh, "Long-Haul Optical Transmission Using Hybrid Optical Amplifiers," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 6500112, 2022.
  25. L. Zhang and C. Yu, "Hybrid Raman-SOA Amplifiers for Improved Nonlinear Mitigation," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 5735-5744, 2020.
  26. J. Park and K. Lee, "Performance Analysis of Q-Factor in Hybrid Amplified Systems," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 421-423, 2021.
  27. A. Gupta and P. Kumar, "Enhancing Channel Count in High-Speed DWDM Systems," Optik, vol. 228, pp. 166032, 2021.
  28. P. Li and Y. Chen, "16-QAM Performance in High OSNR DWDM Systems," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 3012-3019, 2020.
  29. S. Ahmed and M. Rizwan, "Hybrid Amplifier Design for 100 Gb/s DWDM Networks," Optical Fiber Technology, vol. 68, pp. 102689, 2022.
  30. S. Singh and N. Mehra, "Advanced Modulation Formats for Long-Haul Optical Links," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1525-1528, 2020.
  31. J. Smith, M. Zhao, and L. Anderson, "Advancements in DWDM Systems for Next-Generation Optical Networks," Journal of Optical Communications, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 125-138, 2024.
  32. R. Patel and S. Gupta, "Hybrid Optical Amplification Techniques in Long-Haul Transmission," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 210-222, 2024.
  33. M. Chen and Y. Wang, "Machine Learning-Based Signal Processing in High-Capacity DWDM Systems," Optics Express, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1023-1036, 2024.
  34. T. Nakamura and H. Takahashi, "Optimization of 16-QAM Modulation for Ultra-Long-Haul Optical Networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 45-58, 2024.
  35. L. Rossi, A. Moretti, and P. Bianchi, "Nonlinear Impairment Mitigation in DWDM Systems Using AI," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 765-778, 2024.
  36. C. Davis and B. Allen, "Comparative Analysis of EDFA and Raman Amplification for 100G DWDM," Optical Fiber Technology, vol. 70, pp. 255-268, 2024.
  37. S. Müller and F. Hoffmann, "Quantum-Dot-Based Optical Amplifiers in High-Speed Networks," Applied Optics, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1345-1358, 2024.
  38. D. Thompson and K. Lee, "Advances in Hybrid Amplification for DWDM Systems," Optica, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 987-1002, 2023.
  39. E. Martinez and P. Schneider, "Effect of Nonlinearities in 16-QAM Transmission Over DWDM," IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 110-125, 2023.
  40. Y. Huang and T. Lin, "Energy-Efficient Optical Amplifiers for High-Capacity Networks," Journal of Optical Networking, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 230-244, 2023.
  41. W. Kim and J. Park, "Role of Optical Amplifiers in 6G Backbone Networks," Nature Photonics, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 560-574, 2023.
  42. M. Ahmed and O. Al-Farsi, "High-Speed DWDM Transmission With Hybrid Optical Amplifiers," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 765-778, 2022.
  43. G. Johansson and M. Eriksson, "Multi-Terabit DWDM Systems: Challenges and Solutions," Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 130-145, 2022.
  44. B. Silva and R. Costa, "Performance Optimization in Long-Haul Optical Transmission," Journal of Modern Optics, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 295-308, 2022.
  45. T. Nakamura and H. Takahashi, "16-QAM-Based Coherent Optical Systems for High-Speed Networks," Applied Physics B, vol. 128, no. 6, pp. 465-480, 2022.
  46. Elsayed, E.E., Yousif, B.B. Performance evaluation and enhancement of the modified OOK based IM/DD techniques for hybrid fiber/FSO communication over WDM-PON systems. Opt Quant Electron 52, 385 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02497-0
  47. Singh, M., Elsayed, E.E., Alayedi, M. et al. Performance analysis in spectral-amplitude-coding-optical-code-division-multiple-access using identity column shift matrix code in free space optical transmission systems. Opt Quant Electron 56, 795 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05721-9
  48. Elsayed, E.E. Investigations on modified OOK and adaptive threshold for wavelength division multiplexing free-space optical systems impaired by interchannel crosstalk, atmospheric turbulence, and ASE noise. J Opt (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-024-01929-4