The Relationship between English Language Learners’ Achievement Goals and Academic Performance: A look at Learners’ GoalMotives
- Department of Foreign Languages, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
Revised: 2023-01-07
Accepted: 2023-02-07
Published in Issue 2023-01-01
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of New Trends in English Language Learning (JNTELL)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
PDF views: 231
Abstract
The present mixed-methods study investigated the relationship between learners’ achievement goals and academic performance.
It also explored the goal motives of English language learners. The research, a cross-sectional survey, studied 372 BA University
English language learners majoring in English language teaching, translation studies, and English literature at Islamic Azad
University, Kerman and Zahedan branches. To collect the data, the learners’ Achievement Goal Questionnaire (Elliot et al., 2011)
was submitted to English language learners either in person or via email. Their academic achievement was calculated based on
the university report including both theoretical and practical courses. In addition, a semi-structured interview was used to explore
the learners’ reflections concerning the orientations of their achievement goals. Correlations showed that achievement goals
correlated positively with academic performance among English language learners. And among learners’ achievement goals,
task-avoidance goals, other-approach goals, and other-avoidance goals could predict learners’ academic performance
meaningfully. Besides, the qualitative findings revealed that English language learners’ goals are motivated by prior experience,
personality, academic achievements, and interests. In brief, the study of the academic goals of students can facilitate the
identification of their goal orientations and therefore can become a support tool for teachers when selecting materials and adapting
the contents of the curricular program accordingly.
Keywords
- Academic performance,
- Achievement goals,
- Goal motives
References
- Alessandri, G., Borgogni, L., Latham, G. P., Cepale, G., Theodorou, A., & De Longis, E. (2020). Selfset goals improve academic performance through nonlinear effects on daily study performance.
- Learning and Individual Differences, 77, 101784.
- Barnard-Brak, L., Paton, V. O., & Lan, W. Y. (2010). Profiles in self-regulated learning in the online
- learning environment. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,
- (1), 61-80.
- Binning, M. J., Bartolini, B., Baxter, B., Budzik, R., English, J., Gupta, R., ... & Veznedaroglu, E. (2018).
- Trevo 2000: results of a large real‐world registry for stent retriever for acute ischemic
- stroke. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(24), e010867.
- Boekaerts, M., De Koning, E., & Vedder, P. (2006). Goal-directed behavior and contextual factors in the
- classroom: An innovative approach to the study of multiple goals. Educational Psychologist, 41(1),
- -51.
- Bong, M. (2009). Age-related differences in achievement goal differentiation. Journal of
- Educational Psychology, 101, 879.
- Bong, M., Hwang, A., Noh, A., & Kim, S. I. (2014). Perfectionism and motivation of adolescents in
- academic contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(3), 711–729.
- Brandstätter, V. (2003). Persistenz und Zielablösung [Persistence and goal disengagement]. Göttingen,
- Germany: Hogrefe.
- Brandstätter, V., & Frank, E. (2002). Effects of deliberative and implemental mindsets on persistence in
- goal-directed behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1366-1378.
- doi:10.1177/014616702236868.
- Covington, M. V. (2000). Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: An integrative review.
- Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 171-200.
- Creswell, J. (2008). The complete idiot's guide to coaching for excellence. Penguin.
- The Relationship between English Language Learners’ Achievement …
- Dowson, M., & McInerney, D. M. (2003). What do studens say about their motivational goals?: Towards
- a more complex and dynamic perspective on student motivation. Contemporary Educational
- Pyschology, 28, 91-113.
- Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.
- Elliot, A. J., Murayama, K., and Pekrun, R. (2011). A 3 × 2 achievement goal model. J. Educ.
- Psychol. 103, 632–648. doi: 10.1037/a0023952
- Emmons, R. A. (2003). Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life. In C. L.
- M Keyes (Ed.), Flourishing: The positive person and the good life (pp. 105-128). Washington, DC:
- American Psychological Association.
- Epton, T., Currie, S., & Armitage, C. J. (2017). Unique effects of setting goals on behavior change:
- Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 85(12), 1182.
- Heckman, J. J., Humphries, J. E., Veramendi, G., & Urzua, S. S. (2014). Education, health and
- wages (No. w19971). National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Höchli, B., Brügger, A., & Messner, C. (2018). How focusing on superordinate goals motivates broad,
- long-term goal pursuit: A theoretical perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1879-1879. doi:
- 3389/fpsyg.2018.01879.
- Human-Vogel, S., & Rabe, P. (2015). Measuring self-differentiation and academic commitment in
- University students: A case study of education and engineering students. South African Journal of
- Psychology, 45(1), 60-70.
- Klein, H. J., Cooper, J. T., Molloy, J. C., & Swanson, J. A. (2012). The assessment of commitment:
- advantages of a unidimensional, target-free approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(2), 222.
- Latham, G. P., & Brown, T. C. (2006). The effect of learning vs. outcome goals on self-efficacy,
- satisfaction and performance in an MBA program. Applied Psychology: An International Review,
- (4), 606–623.
- Lee, M., & Bong, M. (2019). Relevance of goal theories to language learning research. System, 86,
- Lekes, N., Hope, N. H., Gouveia, L., Koestner, R., & Philippe, F. L. (2012). Influencing value priorities
- and increasing well-being: The effects of reflecting on intrinsic values. The Journal of Positive
- Psychology, 7(3), 249-261.
- Locke, C. (2019). In vivo cone photoreceptor imaging in adolescents as a measure of retinal stretch
- during refractive error development (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).
- Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task
- motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American psychologist, 57(9), 705.
- Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2013). New developments in goal setting and task performance. New
- York, NY: Routledge.
- Locke, J. (1996). Some thoughts concerning education: and, of the conduct of the understanding. Hackett
- Publishing.
- Lou, N.M., & Noels, K.A. (2016). Changing language mindsets: Implications for goal orientations and
- responses to failure in and outside the second language classroom. Contemporary Educational
- Psychology, 46, 22-33.
- Ali Pasban, Haddad Narafshan, & Shahabi- JNTELL, Volume 2, Issue 1, Spring 2023
- McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health
- and well-being: an integrative, testable theory. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 242.
- Morisano, D. (2013). Goal setting in the academic arena. In E. A. Locke & G. Latham (Eds.),
- New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance (pp. 495-506). New York:
- Taylor and Francis Group.
- Morisano, D., Hirsh, J. B., Peterson, J. B., Pihl, R. O., & Shore, B. M. (2010). Setting,
- elaborating, and reflecting on personal goals improves academic performance. Journal of Applied
- Psychology, 95(2), 255-264.
- Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and
- achievement. Journal of educational psychology, 92(3), 544-555.
- Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university
- students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological
- bulletin, 138(2), 353-387.
- Rogers, C. R. (1964). Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person.
- The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(2), 160.
- Rose, D. C., & Chilvers, J. (2018). Agriculture 4.0: Broadening responsible innovation in an era of smart
- farming. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2, 87.
- Ryan, R. M., Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T., & Deci, E. L. (1996). All goals are not created equal: An
- organismic perspective on the nature of goals and their regulation. In P. M. Gollwitzer, & J. A.
- Bargh (Eds.), The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior (pp. 7–
- . New York: Guilford Press.
- Senko, C. (2016). Achievement goal theory: A story of early promises, eventual discords,
- and future possibilities. In K. R. Wentzel, & D. B. Miele (Eds.). Handbook of motivation at school
- (pp. 75–95). (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis.
- Sheldon, K. M. (2014). Becoming oneself: The central role of self‐concordant goal selection. Personality
- and Social Psychology Review, 18, 349–365.
- Travers, C. J., Morisano, D., & Locke, E. A. (2015). Self-reflection, growth goals, and academic
- outcomes: A qualitative study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(2), 224- 241. doi:
- 1111/bjep.12059.
- Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Sheldon, K. M., & Deci, E. L. (2004). Motivating learning,
- performance, and persistence: the synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomysupportive contexts. Journal of personality and social psychology, 87(2), 246.
- Vergara, M. A. L. (2020). A Computational Method for Quantitative Post Occupancy Evaluation of
- Occupants’ Spatial Behavior in Buildings (Doctoral dissertation, Princeton University).
- Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Schulz, R. (2003). The importance of goal disengagement
- in adaptive self-regulation: When giving up is beneficial. Self and Identity, 2, 1-20.
- doi:10.1080/15298860309021.
- Zheng, Z., Zhang, T., Liu, H., Chen, Y., Kwok, R. T., Ma, C., ... & Tang, B. Z. (2018). Bright nearinfrared aggregation-induced emission luminogens with strong two-photon absorption, excellent
- organelle specificity, and efficient photodynamic therapy potential. ACS nano, 12(8), 8145-8159.
10.30495/jntell.2023.1977063.1041