Impact of decomposing sawdust as an inoculum for promoting the composting of sawdust and chicken manure

Authors

• Muinat Olanike Kazeem * ¹
• Taiwo Ayodeji Sorunke ²
• Amina Ahmed- El-Imam ¹
• Mohd Huzairi Mohd Zainudin ³

1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria
2. Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Ila Orangun, Osun State, Nigeria
3. Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, University Putra Malaysia

Abstract

Purpose: Composting process can be accelerated by seeding microbial consortium into compost of  plant residues and livestock manure mixture. The consortium could also be sourced from decomposing sawdust due to extensive microbial activity. This study investigated the effect of decomposing sawdust as an inoculant on the microbial and physicochemical properties of sawdust-chicken manure compost.

Method: Decomposing sawdust collected at a depth of  0.6–1.2 m and a temperature between 40–48 °C was seeded into a sawdust-chicken manure mixture. The composting formulations used were,  fresh sawdust + chicken manure (FSCM), fresh sawdust + decomposing sawdust (FSDS), and  fresh sawdust + chicken manure + decomposing sawdust (FSCMDS).The composting process involved the use of   pyramid  piles (1.98 m x 1.89 m x 0.68 m). Physicochemical and  microbial enzyme profiling,  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and plant bioassays were carried out.

Results: The compost formulations without inoculant exhibited higher microbial and enzyme activities throughout the composting process (lasting 37 days). High temperatures (45-59 °C) eliminates coliform bacteria after day 10, while thermophilic bacteria increased, with mesophilic bacteria dominating from the 25th day until maturation. The C/N ratio decreased to 12.62 and 15.04 in FSCM and FSCMDS, respectively, with reduced lignocellulosic composition and increased nutrients. The SEM analysis indicated disintegration of the feedstock while the FTIR spectra showed improvement in the aromatic content.

Conclusion: Overall, the FSCM formulation had the greatest effect on compost qualities and Phaseolus vulgaris development. FSDS did not promote the composting process. Thus, composting sawdust and chicken manure alone was  sufficient to achieve a desirable  C/N ratio, nutrient level, efficient degradation, microbial population, compost sanitization and growth of Phaseolus vulgaris.

Highlights

• Decomposing sawdust (DS) as an inoculant for fresh sawdust (FS) and chicken manure (CM) composting.
• The addition of inoculant influenced FS and CM composting process and compost quality.
• Biological and enzymatic activity of composting with inoculant influenced compost maturity.
• FS and CM composting improved compost nutrients and Phaseolus vulgaris development.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Compost
• Scanning electron microscopy 
• Plant bioassay
• Enzyme profiling
• Physicochemical
• Biological activity

References

Abraham E, Deepa B, Pothan LA, Jacob M, Thomas S, Velbar U, Anandjiwala R (2011) Extraction of nanocellulose fibrils from lignocellulosic fibres: A novel approach. Carbohydr Polym 86 (4):1468-1475.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.034

Al-Alawi M, Szegi T, El Fels L, Hafidi M, Simon B,  Gulyas M  (2019)  Green waste composting under GORE (^R) cover membrane at industrial scale: physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic assessment. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric  8 (1):385-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-00311-w

Alavi N, Daneshpajou M, Shirmardi M, Goudarzi G, Neisi A,  Babaei AA  (2017)  Investigating the efficiency of co-composting and vermicomposting of vinasse with the mixture of cow manure wastes, bagasse, and natural zeolite. Waste Manag  69:117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.039

Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues- Wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresour Technol 99 (6):1664-1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.029

 ADDIN EN.REFLIST AOAC (1980) Official methods of analysis of analytical Chemistry (13^th ed) Wasshington, DC

 AOAC (2000) Official methods of analysisof  analytical Chemistry (15^th ed) Washington , DC

Baharuddin AS, Hock LS, Yusof MZ, Rahman NAA, Shah UK, Hassan MA, Wakisaka M, Sakai K,  Shirai Y (2010) Effects of palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic sludge from 500 m3 of closed anaerobic methane digested tank on pressed-shredded empty fruit bunch (EFB) composting process. African J Biotechnol 9 (16):2427-2436.

Barana D, Salanti A, Orlandi M, Ali DS,  Zoia L (2016) Biorefinery process for the simultaneous recovery of lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose nanocrystals and silica from rice husk and Arundo donax. Ind Crops Prod 86:31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.029

Bernal MP, Alburquerque J,  Moral R  (2009) Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment: A review. Bioresour Technol 100 (22):5444-5453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027

Binod P, Satyanagalakshmi K, Sindhu R, Janu KU, Sukumaran RK,  Pandey A (2012) Short duration microwave assisted pretreatment enhances the enzymatic saccharification and fermentable sugar yield from sugarcane bagasse. Renew Energy 37 (1): 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.007

Federici E, Pepi M, Esposito A, Scargetta S, Fidati L, Gasperini S,  Giovanni C, Roberto A  (2011)  Two-phase olive mill waste composting: community dynamics and functional role of the resident microbiota. Bioresour Technol  102 (23):10965-10972.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.062

Filip Z,  Bielek P (2002) Susceptibility of humic acids from soils with various contents of metals to microbial utilization and transformation. Biol  Fertil  Soils 36: 426-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0559-0

Goering HK,  Van Soest PJ  (1970)  Forage fiber analysis. Agricultural Handbook. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC

Goldan E, Nedeff V, Barsan N, Culea M, Panainte-Lehadus M, Mosnegutu E, Claudia T, Dana C, Oana I (2023) Assessment of manure compost used as soil amendment: A review. Processes 11 (4):1-16.                     http://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041167

Greff B, Szigeti J, Nagy Á, Lakatos E,  Varga L  (2022)  Influence of microbial inoculants on co-composting of lignocellulosic crop residues with farm animal manure: A review. J Environ Manag  302:1-14.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114088

Grube M, Lin JG, Lee PH, Kokorevicha S (2006) Evaluation of sewage sludge-based compost by FT-IR spectroscopy. Geoderma 130: 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.02.005

Guo GL, Chen WH, Chen WH, Men LC,  Hwang WS (2008) Characterization of dilute acid pretreatment of silvergrass for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 173:207-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.047

Gupta R, Garg V (2009)  Vermiremediation and nutrient recovery of non-recyclable paper waste employing Eisenia fetida. J Hazard Mater  162 (1):430-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.055

Hachicha S, Sellami F, Cegarra J, Hachicha R, Drira N, Medhioub K,  Ammar  E (2009)  Biological activity during co-composting of sludge issued from the OMW evaporation ponds with poultry manure—Physico-chemical characterization of the processed organic matter. J Hazard Mater  162 (1):402-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.053

Hamidu LAJ, Aroke UO, Osha O, Muhammad IM  (2020)  Fourier transform infrared analysis of sawdust and rice husks waste: a raw material for eco-friendly composite production. Saudi J Eng Technol  5:343-350. http://doi.org/10.36348/sjet.2020.v05i10.001

Karnchanawong S,  Nissaikla S  (2014)  Effects of microbial inoculation on composting of household organic waste using passive aeration bin. Int J  Recycl  Org Waste  Agric  3 (4):113-119. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-014-0072-0

Kazeem MO, Md shah UK,  Baharuddin AS, Rahman NAA (2017) Influence of high-pressure steam pretreatment on the structure of rice husk and enzymatic saccharification in a two-step system. Bio Resour 12 (3): 6207-6236. http://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.3.6207-6236

Kazemi  K  (2017)  Assessment of microbial communities and their relationship with enzymatic activity during composting. World J Eng  Technol  5: 93-102. http://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2017.53B011

Khatun A, Sikder S,  Joardar JC  (2020)  Effect of co-compost made from cattle manure and sawdust on the growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L.). Malaysian J  Sust Agric  4(1):36-39.             http://doi.org/ 10.26480/mjsa.01.2020.36.39

Kruyeniski J, Ferreira PJ, Carvalho Md GVS, Vallejos ME, Felissia FE,  Area MC  (2019)  Physical and chemical characteristics of pretreated slash pine sawdust influence its enzymatic hydrolysis. Ind Crops Prod  130:528-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.075

Kshirsagar SD, Waghmare PR, Loni PC, Patil SA,  Govindwar SP (2015) Dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw structural characterization and optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions by response surface methodology. RSC Advances 5 (58) 46525-46533. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA04430H

Li  MX, He XS Tang J, Li X, Zhao R, Tao YQ,  Wang C, Qiu ZP  (2021)  Influence of moisture content on chicken manure stabilization during microbial agent-enhanced composting. Chemosphere 264:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128549

Lim SL, Wu TY  (2015)  Determination of maturity in the vermicompost produced from palm oil mill effluent using spectroscopy, structural characterization and thermogravimetric analysis. Ecol Eng  84:515-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.050

Loakasikarn T, Kubota Y, Koyama M, Nakasaki K (2021) Effect of seeding materials on organic matter degradation and microbial community succession during model organic waste composting. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol  37:102182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102182

Makan A, Assobhei O,  Mountadar M  (2013) Effect of initial moisture content on the in-vessel composting under air pressure of organic fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng  10 (1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-10-3

Miller GL  (1959)  Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal Chem  31(3):426-428.

Muhammad J, Khan S, Lei M, Khan MA, Nawab J, Rashid A, Sami U, Syed BK (2020) Application of poultry manure in agriculture fields leads to food plant contamination with potentially toxic elements and causes health risk. Environ Technol Innov  19: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100909

Oluchukwu AC, Nebechukwu, AG, Egbuna SO (2018) Enrichment of nutritional contents of sawdust by composting with other nitrogen rich agro-wastes for bio-fertilizer synthesis. J Chem Technol Metall  53 (3):430-436.

Qasim W, Lee MH, Moon BE, Okyere FG, Khan F, Nafees M, Kim HT  (2018)  Composting of chicken manure with a mixture of sawdust and wood shavings under forced aeration in a closed reactor system. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric  7 (3): 261-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-018-0212-z

Qin X, Guo S, Zhai L, Pan  J, Khoshnevisan B, Wu S, Wang H, Yang B,  Ji J,  Liu H (2020) How long-term excessive manure application affects soil phosphorous species and risk of phosphorous loss in fluvo-aquic soil. Environ Pollut  266: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115304

Raabe RD (2001) The rapid composting method. Cooperative  extention, Univiversity of Califonia Division of Agric Nat Resour Leaflet 21251.

Rastogi M, Nandal M,  Khosla B  (2020)  Microbes as vital additives for solid waste composting. Heliyon  6 : e03343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03343

Ren X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Awasthi MK, He Y, Li R, Zhang Z (2020)  Improvement of humification and mechanism of nitrogen transformation during pig manure composting with black tourmaline. Bioresour Technol  307: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123236

Sinha S, Upadhyay T, Sharma S (2020) Nutritional assessment of compost by smc method for white button mushroom cultivation in maharashtra. Afr J Biol Sci 2(2):16-24.   https://doi.org/10.33472/afjbs.2.2.2020.16-24

Song B, Manu, MK, Li D, Wang C, Varjani S, Ladumor N, Michael L, Xu Y, Wong JW (2021) Food waste digestate composting: Feedstock optimization with sawdust and mature compost. Bioresour Technol  341:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125759.

Srivastava V, Goel G, Thakur VK, Singh RP, de Araujo ASF, Singh P (2020) Analysis and advanced characterization of municipal solid waste vermicompost maturity for a green environment. J Environ Manage  255:1-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109914

Stewart D (1995) Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy of plant tissues. Appl spectrosc 50: 357-365.

Suhartini S, Wijana S, Wardhani N, Muttaqin S (2020) Composting of chicken manure for biofertiliser production: A case study in Kidal Village, Malang Regency. Earth Environ Sci 524: 012016. https://doi.org.10.1088/1755-1315/524/1/012016

Topal  EIA, Ünlü A, Topal M  (2016)  Effect of aeration rate on elimination of coliforms during composting of vegetable–fruit wastes. Int J  Recycl  Org Waste  Agric  5 (3):243-249.       https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-016-0134-6

Villar I, Alves D, Garrido J,  Mato, S  (2016)  Evolution of microbial dynamics during the maturation phase of the composting of different types of waste. Waste Manag  54:83-92.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.011

Walkley A,  Black IA  (1934) An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci  37(1):29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003

Wang S, Zhao J, Liu S, Zhao R,  Hu B  (2018)  Effect of temperature on nitrogen removal and electricity generation of a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell. Water Air Soil Poll 229(8):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3840-z

Wang Y, Ai  P  (2016)  Integrating particle physical geometry into composting degradation kinetics. Bioresour Technol  200: 514-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.073

Wei H, Tucker MP, Baker JO, Harris M, Luo Y, Xu Q, Himmel ME,  Ding SY (2012)  Tracking dynamics of plant biomass composting by changes in substrate structure, microbial community, and enzyme activity. Biotechnol Biofuels  5 (20):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-20

Wei H, Xu Q, Taylor II LE, Baker JO, Tucker MP, Ding SY (2009) Natural paradigms of plant cell wall degradation. Curr Opin Biotechnol  20 (3):330-338.               https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.05.008

Wood TM,  Bhat KM  (1988)  Methods for measuring cellulase activities. Method Enzymol 160:87-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(88)60109-1

Wu H, Zhao Y, Long Y, Zhu Y, Wang H,  Lu W  (2011)  Evaluation of the biological stability of waste during landfill stabilization by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Bioresour Technol  102(20): 9403-9408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.029

Yang Q, Zhang S, Li X, Rong K, Li J, Jiang L (2023) Effects of microbial inoculant and additives on pile composting of cow manure. Front  Microbiol  13:1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1084171

Yang W,  Zhang L (2022) Addition of mature compost improves the composting of green waste. Bioresour Technol  350:126927.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126927

Zainudin MHM, Zulkarnain A, Azmi AS, Muniandy S, Sakai K, Shirai Y, Hassan MA (2022)  Enhancement of agro-industrial waste composting process via the microbial inoculation: a brief review. Agron 12 (1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010198

Zhang J, Zeng G, Chen Y, Yu M, Yu Z, Li H, Yu Y, Huang H  (2011)  Effects of physico-chemical parameters on the bacterial and fungal communities during agricultural waste composting. Bioresour Technol  102 (3):2950-2956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.089

Zhang Y, Tang B,  Du G (2017) Self-induction system for cellulase production by cellobiose produced from glucose in Rhizopus stolonifer. Sci Rep  7 (1):1-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.089