10.57647/ijrowa.2026.1503.30

Rabbit Manure and Burnt Rice Husk Boosts Shallot Growth, Yield, and Soil Chemical Properties Over NPK Fertilizers

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  • Wan Asfa Farwizah Wan Muhamad1,
  • Nur Shahirah Mohd Sarwan1,
  • Muhammad Aqil Azham1,
  • Elisa Azura Azman1,
  • Munirah Mohamad2,
  • Muhammad Rahman Djuwansah3,
  • Ania Citraresmini4,
  • Sarah Baharudin1,
  • Nor Elliza Tajidin*1,
  1. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia,UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  2. Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
  3. Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
  4. Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia

Received: 2025-01-08

Revised: 2025-01-24

Accepted: 2025-04-28

Published in Issue 2026-09-30

Copyright (c) 2026 Wan Asfa Farwizah Wan Muhamad, Nur Shahirah Mohd Sarwan, Muhammad Aqil Azham, Elisa Azura Azman, Munirah Mohamad, Muhammad Rahman Djuwansah, Ania Citraresmini, Sarah Baharudin, Nor Elliza Tajidin (Author)

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Wan Muhamad, W. A. F., Mohd Sarwan, N. S., Azham, M. A., Azman, E. A., Mohamad, M., Djuwansah, M. R., Citraresmini, A., Baharudin, S., & Tajidin, N. E. (2026). Rabbit Manure and Burnt Rice Husk Boosts Shallot Growth, Yield, and Soil Chemical Properties Over NPK Fertilizers. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.57647/ijrowa.2026.1503.30
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Abstract

Purpose: Dependency on chemical fertilizers in shallot production has increased farmers’ production expenses and resulted in several environmental issues. Using organic fertilizers and soil amendments can help reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers.

Method: The three shallot cultivars utilized in this study were Bawang BAW1 (MARDI) (BM), Bawang India (BI), and Bawang Siam (BS). The experiment was arranged in three different randomized complete block designs according to the other cultivars with four replications and treated with five fertilizer treatments which were (a) control, (b) NPK fertilizer (NPK) of 15:15:15 at 450 kg/ha (CF), (c) Rabbit manure (RM) + burnt rice husk (BRH) (organic fertilizer (OF)), (d) 225 kg/ha NPK + OF (OCF1), and (e) 112.5 kg/ha NPK + OF (OCF2). Growth performance, yield and soil properties after harvest were recorded.

Results: OF treatment resulted in the best outcomes in terms of total weight, bulb diameter, bulb weight, marketable yield, and macronutrient content across the three shallot cultivars, compared to the other treatments. The combination of OF with NPK fertilizer (OCF1 and OCF2) consistently ranked second in growth, yield and macronutrient content while also leading to notable improvements in various soil chemical properties, particularly the availability of essential nutrients and cation exchange capacity (CEC).

Conclusion: The application of OF showed great promise as an organic alternative for shallot production, as it gave the highest yield and macronutrient content across the three cultivars.

Keywords

  • Plant height,
  • Marketable yield,
  • Bulb diameter,
  • Cation exchange capacity,
  • Nutrient uptake
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