Anisotropic permeability evolution of high void ratio soil under static compression (a case study on clayey loess soil)
Authors
Abstract
Decreasing the void ratio of soil due to static compression causes soil structure changes and developing anisotropic structure. This phenomenon as a common result causes the development of anisotropic permeability ratio (kh/kv or rk). When the soil shows a high void ratio, it generally contains macropores that have the most effect on the permeability, soil structure changes, and rk evolution during compression. Thus, in this research, two high void ratio samples of clayey loess soil with a granular structure (containing macropores) were prepared to investigate the rk evolutions during one-dimensionally static compression. So, horizontal and vertical permeability of samples were measured at each new void ratio, from high to low values. The tests implemented by a 3D permeameter apparatus that was designed for this research. This apparatus was equipped with a camera to study the soil macrostructure changes during tests. The results show that rk have different trends during compression, so, three stages of permeability anisotropy variations recognized as A, B and C. At high void ratios (stage A), the connected macropores produce high pseudo anisotropic permeability that rapidly decreased during compression. At low void ratios, rk increased due to particle orientation. The Stage B that has minimal values of rk with low variations is the transition stage from A to C stage.
Keywords
References
Adams AL, Germaine JT, Flemings PB, Day-Stirrat RJ (2013) Stress Induced Permeability Anisotropy of Resedimented Boston Blue Clay. Water Resources Research 49, 6561–6571.
Alakukku L (1996) Persistence of soil compaction due to high axle load traffic: I. Short-term effects on the properties of clay and organic soils. Soil and Tillage Research 37:211-222.
Alaoui A, Lipiec J, Gerke HH (2011) A review of the changes in the soil pore system due to soil deformation: a hydrodynamic perspective. Soil and Tillage Research 115-116: 1-15.
Al-Tabbaa A, Wood DM (1987) Some measurements of the permeability of kaolin. Ge´otechnique 37(4):499-503.
Arch J, Maltman A (1990) Anisotropic permeability and tortuosity in deformed wet sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research 95(B6):9035-9045.
Assouline S, Tavares-Filho J, Tessier D (1997) Effect of compaction on soil physical and hydraulic properties: experimental results and modeling. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:390-398.
Basak P (1972) Soil structure and its effects on hydraulic conductivity. Soil Science 114(6):417-422.
Bayesteh H, Mirghasemi AA (2015) Numerical simulation of porosity and tortuosity effect on the permeability in clay: Microstructural approach. Soils and Foundations 55(5):1158–1170.
Berli M, Or D (2006) Deformation of Pores in Viscoplastic Soil Material. International Journal of Geomechanics 6:108-118.
Beven K, Germann P (1982) Macropores and water flow in soils. Water Resources Research 18(5):1311-1325.
Brown KM, Casey Moore J (1993) Comment on “anisotropic permeability and tortuosity in deformed wet sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research 98(B10):17859-17864.
Bryant WR, Hottman W, Trabant P (1975) Permeability of unconsolidated and consolidated marine sediments, Gulf of Mexico. Marine Geotechnology 1(1):1-14.
Cetin H (2004) Soil-particle and pore orientations during consolidation of cohesive soils. Engineering Geology 73(1-2):1-11.
Chai J, Jia R, Nie J, Aiga K, Negami T, Hino T (2015) 1D deformation induced permeability and microstructural anisotropy of Ariake clays. Journal of Geomechanics and Engineering 8(1): 81-95.
Chapuis RP, Gill DE (1989) Hydraulic anisotropy of homogeneous soils and rocks: influence of the densification process. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 39(1):75-86.
Chapuis RP, Gill DE, Baass K (1989) Laboratory permeability tests on sand: influence of the compaction method on anisotropy. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 26(4):614-622.
Chow JK, Li Zh, Wang Y (2019) Comprehensive microstructural characterizations of 1-D consolidated kaolinite samples with fabric tensors and pore elongation factors. Engineering Geology 248:22-33.
Clothier BE (2008) Soil pores. In: Chesworth, W. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 693e699.
Dai Sh, Kim J, Xu Y, Waite W, Jang J, Yoneda J, Collett T, Kumar P (2019) Permeability anisotropy and relative permeability in sediments from the National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 02, offshore India. Marine and Petroleum Geology 108:705-713.
Daigle H, Screaton E (2015) Evolution of sediment permeability during burial and subduction. Geofluids 15:84-105.
Delage P, Lefebvre G (1984) Study of the structure of a sensitive Champlain clay and of its evolution during consolidation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 21(1):21-35.
Dewhurst DN, Brown KM, Clennell MB, Westbrook GK (1996) A comparison of the fabric and permeability anisotropy of consolidated and sheared silty clay. Engineering Geology 42(4):253-267.
Dexter AR, Czyz EA, Gate OP (2004) Soil structure and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of subsoils. Soil and Tillage Research 79:185-189.
Dijck V, Asch V (2002) Compaction of loamy soils due to tractor traffic in vineyards and orchards and its effect on infiltration in southern France. Soil and Tillage Research 63(3-4): 141-153.
Eggers C, Berli M, Accorsi M, Or D (2007) Permeability of deformable soft aggregated earth materials: From single pore to sample cross section. Water Resources Research vol. 43, W08424.
Enayat M, Shoaei Gh, Nikudel M (2018) Static Compression of Loess Soil and its Effect on the Permeability Changes. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Iranian Association of Engineering Geology (Abstract in English), 10(3&4):29-41, http://www.jiraeg.ir/article_79171.html.
Griffiths FJ, Joshi RC (1989) Change in pore size distribution owing to secondary consolidation of clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28(1): 20-24.
Jang J, Narsilio GA, Santamarina JC (2011) Hydraulic conductivity in spatially varying media - a pore-scale investigation. Geophysical Journal International 184(3):1167-1179.
Khajeh M, Ghauomian J, Faiznia S (2004) The study of lateral variation of grain size and mineralogy in order to determine prevailing winds direction in the formation of loess sediments of golestan province. Desert Journal 9(2):393-306.
Lambe TW, Whitman RV (1969) Soil mechanics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y pp. 281-294.
Laskar A, Pal SK (2018) Effect of Vertical Pressure on Horizontal and Vertical Permeability of Soil and Effect of Surcharge Pressure on 3D Consolidation of Soil. Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering Article ID 9591374.
Leroueil S, Bouclin G, Tavenas F, Bergeron L, La Rochelle P (1990) Permeability anisotropy of natural clays as a function of strain. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27(6):568-579.
Lipiec J, Hajnos M, Swieboda R (2012) Estimating effects of compaction on pore size distribution of soil aggregates by mercury porosimeter. Geoderma 179-180:20-27.
Liu Zh, Liu F, Ma F, Wang M, Bai X, Zheng Y, Yin H, Zhang G (2016) Collapsibility, composition, and microstructure of a loess in China. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53:673-686.
Malinowska E, Szymanski A (2015) Vertical and horizontal permeability measurements in organic soils. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW Land Reclamation 47(2):153-161.
Mesri G, Olson RE (1971) Mechanisms controlling the permeability of clays. Clays and Clay Minerals 19:151-158.
Mesri G, Rokhsar A (1974) Theory of consolidation for clays. Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE 100(GT8):889-904.
Murphy CP, Bullock P, Biswell KJ (1977) The measurement and characterization of voids in soil thin sections by image analysis, Part II: Applications. Journal of Soil Science 28:509-518.
Nishida Y, Nakagawa S (1969) Water permeability and plastic index of soils. In: Proceedings of IASH-UNESCO Symposium, Tokyo 89:573-578.
O'Kelly BC (2006) Compression and consolidation anisotropy of some soft soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 24(6):1715-1728.
Olsen HW (1962) Hydraulic flow through saturated clays. In: Proceedings of 9th National Conference On Clays and Clay Minerals pp. 131-161.
Rezaee H, Lashkaripour Gh, Ghafoori M (2011) Engineering geology criteria for evaluation and classification on loess in Golestan province. Journal of Basic and Apploed Scientific Research 12(1):2979-2986.
Rowe PW, Barden L (1966) A new consolidation cell. Geotechnique 16(2):162-170.
Scholes ON, Clayton SA, Hoadley AFA, Tiu C (2007) Permeability anisotropy due to consolidation of compressible porous media. Transport in Porous Media 68(3):365-387.
Tavenas F, Jean P, Leblond P, Leroueil S (1983) The permeability of natural soft clays. Part II: Permeability characteristics. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 20(4):645-660.
Taylor DW (1948) Fundamentals of soil mechanics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Wilkinson WB, Shipley EL (1972) Vertical and horizontal laboratory permeability measurements in clay soils. Developments in Soil Science 2: 285-298.
Yong RN, Warkentin BP (1975) Soil Properties and Behaviour. Elsevier scientific publishing company 449 pp., Amsterdam.
Yu Ch, Chow J, Wang Y (2016) Pore-size changes and responses of kaolinite with different structures subject to consolidation and shearing. Engineering Geology 202:122-131.
Zhang S, Tullis TE, Scruggs VJ (1999) Permeability anisotropy and pressure dependency of permeability in experimentally sheared gouge materials. Journal of Structural Geology 21:795-806.
