10.57647/pibm.2026.152605

Sol–Gel Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2–Doped Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles in the SiO2–CaO–P2O5 System for Dental Applications

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  • Golnaz Ghorbanipour1,
  • Mahboobeh Mahmoodi1,
  • Mahboubeh A. Sharif*2,
  • Masoumeh Tabatabaee3,
  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ya.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
  2. Department of Chemistry, Qo.C., Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
  3. Department of Chemistry, Ya.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran

Published in Issue 2026-03-31

Copyright (c) 2026 Golnaz Ghorbanipour, Mahboobeh Mahmoodi, Mahboubeh A. Sharif, Masoumeh Tabatabaee (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Ghorbanipour, G., Mahmoodi, M., Sharif, M. A., & Tabatabaee, M. (2026). Sol–Gel Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2–Doped Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles in the SiO2–CaO–P2O5 System for Dental Applications. Progress in Biomaterials, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.57647/pibm.2026.152605
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Abstract

In this study, TiO2–containing bioactive glass based on the SiO2–CaO–P2O5 system was synthesized via the sol–gel method and heat treated at 700 °C to obtain nanoparticles. Structural, morphological, and preliminary biological evaluations were performed to investigate the effect of TiO2 incorporation.

XRD analysis indicated a predominantly amorphous structure with broad diffraction features, consistent with nanoscale structural domains. SEM observations revealed quasi-spherical to irregular nanoparticles with particle sizes mainly below 100 nm. FTIR results confirmed the formation of a silicate-based glass network containing characteristic Si–O–Si and phosphate structural units, while spectral variations suggested successful integration of titanium species within the glass matrix. In vitro cytocompatibility was assessed using an MTT assay with L929 fibroblast cells. All samples exhibited high cell viability (approximately 99.5%) after 72 h of incubation, indicating the absence of detectable cytotoxic effects under the tested conditions. Overall, TiO2 incorporation influenced the structural and morphological characteristics of the sol–gel derived bioactive glass while maintaining a predominantly amorphous structure and non-cytotoxic behavior in preliminary in vitro evaluation. Further studies are required to comprehensively assess functional performance for specific biomedical applications.

Keywords

  • Bioactive glass,
  • Sol–gel method,
  • TiO2 incorporation,
  • Dental applications,
  • Cytocompatibility
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