10.57647/pibm.2025.142504

Evaluation of Effects of Mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter Bacteria on Growth, Quantity, Quality, and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oil of Fennel plant Foeniculum vulgare Mill

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  • Mohaddeseh Larypoor*1,
  • Fatemeh Vasileh Izadmousa1,
  • Hoora Dadgostar1,
  • Shahrzad Sadeghi Amjad2,
  • Maryam Peyvandi3,
  1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2025-01-28

Revised: 2025-03-25

Accepted: 2025-03-30

Published in Issue 2025-03-31

Copyright (c) 2025 Mohaddeseh Larypoor, Fatemeh Vasileh Izadmousa, Hoora Dadgostar, Shahrzad Sadeghi Amjad, Maryam Peyvandi (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Larypoor, M., Vasileh Izadmousa, F., Dadgostar, H., Sadeghi Amjad, S., & Peyvandi, M. (2025). Evaluation of Effects of Mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter Bacteria on Growth, Quantity, Quality, and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oil of Fennel plant Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Progress in Biomaterials, 14(01). https://doi.org/10.57647/pibm.2025.142504
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Abstract

The combined effects of mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter bacteria alongside NPK fertilizer on growth, yield, essential oil quality, and antimicrobial properties of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) were evaluated. Seed inoculation with biofertilizers and chemical fertilizer applications under controlled greenhouse conditions significantly enhanced plant height (112.5±2.9 cm), umbels per plant (39±3.6), thousand-seed weight (3.95±0.21 g), biological yield (4245±230 kg/ha), seed yield (1544±228 kg/ha), and harvest index (36.3±3.3%) compared to the control (p < 0.01). Essential oils extracted from treated plants demonstrated improved antimicrobial efficacy, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Aspergillus niger reduced by 50% to 62.5 μg/mL. Similar reductions in MIC values were observed for Penicillium digitatum, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum fungicidal and bactericidal concentrations (MFC/MBC) also decreased substantially with combined treatments. Results confirm that integrating biofertilizers enhances fennel growth, yield, and the antimicrobial potency of its essential oil, providing a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers in medicinal plant cultivation.

Keywords

  • Biofertilizers,
  • Mycorrhiza,
  • Azotobacter chroococcum,
  • Foeniculum vulgare,
  • NPK fertilizer
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