10.1007/s40204-018-0097-y

Cardiovascular stents: overview, evolution, and next generation

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  • Setareh Borhani1,
  • Shadi Hassanajili*2,
  • Seyed Hossein Ahmadi Tafti3,
  • Shahram Rabbani3,
  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR
  2. Department of Nanochemical Engineering, School of New Science and Technology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR
  3. Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
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Published in Issue 2018-09-10

How to Cite

Borhani, S., Hassanajili, S., Ahmadi Tafti, S. H., & Rabbani, S. (2018). Cardiovascular stents: overview, evolution, and next generation. Progress in Biomaterials, 7(3 (September 2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-018-0097-y
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Abstract

Abstract Compared to bare-metal stents (BMSs), drug-eluting stents (DESs) have been regarded as a revolutionary change in coronary artery diseases (CADs). Releasing pharmaceutical agents from the stent surface was a promising progress in the realm of cardiovascular stents. Despite supreme advantages over BMSs, in-stent restenosis (ISR) and long-term safety of DESs are still deemed ongoing concerns over clinically application of DESs. The failure of DESs for long-term clinical use is associated with following factors including permanent polymeric coating materials, metallic stent platforms, non-optimal drug releasing condition, and factors that have recently been supposed as contributory factors such as degradation products of polymers, metal ions due to erosion and degradation of metals and their alloys utilizing in some stents as metal frameworks. Discovering the direct relation between stent materials and associating adverse effects is a complicated process, and yet it has not been resolved. For clinical success it is of significant importance to optimize DES design and explore novel strategies to overcome all problems including inflammatory response, delay endothelialization, and sub-acute stent thrombosis (ST) simultaneously. In this work, scientific reports are reviewed particularly focusing on recent advancements in DES design which covers both potential improvements of existing and recently novel prototype stent fabrications. Covering a wide range of information from the BMSs to recent advancement, this study mostly sheds light on DES’s concepts, namely stent composition, drug release mechanism, and coating techniques. This review further reports different forms of DES including fully biodegradable DESs, shape-memory ones, and polymer-free DESs.

Keywords

  • Coronary artery diseases,
  • Cardiovascular stents,
  • In-stent restenosis,
  • Stent thrombosis
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