10.1007/s40204-021-00162-7

Evaluation of fluorohydroxyapatite/strontium coating on titanium implants fabricated by hydrothermal treatment

  • Ahmad Moloodi1,
  • Haniyeh Toraby2,
  • Saeed Kahrobaee2,
  • Morteza Kafaie Razavi2,
  • Akram Salehi*1,
  1. Materials Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, IR
  2. Sadjad University of Technology, Mashhad, IR

Published in Issue 2021-08-09

How to Cite

Moloodi, A., Toraby, H., Kahrobaee, S., Razavi, M. K., & Salehi, A. (2021). Evaluation of fluorohydroxyapatite/strontium coating on titanium implants fabricated by hydrothermal treatment. Progress in Biomaterials, 10(3 (September 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-021-00162-7
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

Abstract Titanium and its alloys are considered as appropriate replacements for the irreparable bone. Calcium phosphate coatings are widely used to improve the osteoinduction and osseointegration ability of titanium alloys. To further improve the performance of the calcium phosphate-coated implants, strontium (Sr) was introduced to partially replace the calcium ions. In this study, the effect of Sr ion addition on the fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA)-coated Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated and all the coatings were treated under hydrothermal condition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the phases and microstructures, respectively. Shear tests were done to evaluate the bond strength of the coating layer. MTT, adhesion, and alkaline phosphatase tests were performed to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenic behavior of the samples. Results showed that the average crystallite size for the strontium-doped FHA samples was 48 nm and the bond strength had increased 13.15% in comparison with FHA-coated samples. Analysis of variance showed p value for all MTT tests at more than 0.322 and there was not any evidence of cell death after 7 days. The results of the ALP test showed that the increase of the cell activity in Sr samples from day 7 to 14 is three times higher than the FHA ones.

Keywords

  • Fluorohydroxyapatite,
  • Strontium,
  • Hydrothermal,
  • Cell culture,
  • Alkaline phosphatase,
  • Shear,
  • Ti6Al4V alloy

References

  1. Ali et al. (2019) Hydrothermal deposition of high strength calcium phosphate coatings on magnesium alloy for biomedical applications (pp. 716-727) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.09.016
  2. Arcos and Vallet-Regi (2020) Substituted hydroxyapatite coatings of bone implants 8(9) (pp. 1781-1800) https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB02710F
  3. Avci et al. (2017) Strontium doped hydroxyapatite biomimetic coatings on Ti6Al4V plates 43(12) (pp. 9431-9436) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.04.117
  4. Batra et al. (2013) Structures and stabilities of alkaline earth metal oxide nanoclusters: a DFT study https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/720794
  5. Bennett et al. (2019) Characterization and evaluation of fluoridated apatites for the development of infection-free percutaneous devices (pp. 665-675) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.025
  6. Bigi et al. (2007) Strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite nanocrystals 360(3) (pp. 1009-1016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2006.07.074
  7. Boyd et al. (2015) Strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings deposited via a co-deposition sputter technique (pp. 290-300) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.046
  8. Bucur et al. (2020) Hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti substrates by simultaneous precipitation and electrodeposition https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146820
  9. Cacciotti (2019) Multisubstituted hydroxyapatite powders and coatings: the influence of the codoping on the hydroxyapatite performances 16(5) (pp. 1864-1884) https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13229
  10. Cao et al. (2019) Plasma spray of biofunctional (Mg, Sr)-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings for titanium alloy implants 35(5) (pp. 719-726) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.10.020
  11. Catauro et al. (2016) Biological influence of Ca/P ratio on calcium phosphate coatings by sol-gel processing (pp. 188-193) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.110
  12. Chen et al. (2017) Evaluation of new biphasic calcium phosphate bone substitute: rabbit femur defect model and preliminary clinical results 37(1) (pp. 85-93) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40846-016-0203-3
  13. Ehret et al. (2017) Strontium-doped hydroxyapatite polysaccharide materials effect on ectopic bone formation 12(9) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184663
  14. Engstrand et al. (2012) Hydroxyapatite formation on a novel dental cement in human saliva https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/624056
  15. Ergün and Başpınar (2017) Effect of acid passivation and H2 sputtering pretreatments on the adhesive strength of sol–gel derived Hydroxyapatite coating on titanium surface 42(32) (pp. 20420-20429) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.051
  16. Feroz and Khan (2020) Fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102834-6.00007-0
  17. Gallo, R (2011) Synthesis and characterization of substituted apatites for biomedical applications. PhD, University of OF PADUA
  18. Gopi et al. (2014) Development of strontium and magnesium substituted porous hydroxyapatite/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coating on surgical grade stainless steel and its bioactivity on osteoblast cells (pp. 234-240) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.10.011
  19. Graziani et al. (2017) Ion-substituted calcium phosphate coatings deposited by plasma-assisted techniques: a review (pp. 219-229) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.018
  20. Graziani et al. (2018) A review on ionic substitutions in hydroxyapatite thin films: towards complete biomimetism 8(8) (pp. 269-285) https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080269
  21. Gulati et al. (2020) Anodized anisotropic titanium surfaces for enhanced guidance of gingival fibroblasts https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110860
  22. Guo et al. (2017) Porous Li-containing biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds fabricated by three-dimensional plotting for bone repair 7(55) (pp. 34508-34516) https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA04155A
  23. Hu et al. (2017) The combined effects of nanotopography and Sr ion for enhanced osteogenic activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) 31(8) (pp. 1135-1147) https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328217692140
  24. Huang and Yoshimura (2020) Direct ceramic coating of calcium phosphate doped with strontium via reactive growing integration layer method on α-Ti alloy 10(1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67332-8
  25. Huang et al. (2017) Fabrication of silver-and strontium-doped hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube bilayer coatings for enhancing bactericidal effect and osteoinductivity 43(1) (pp. 992-1007) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.10.031
  26. Jaafar et al. (2020) Sol–gel derived hydroxyapatite coatings for titanium implants: a review 7(4) https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7040127
  27. Jansen and Leon (2009) Springer
  28. Kabir et al. (2020) Fluoride and human health: systematic appraisal of sources, exposures, metabolism, and toxicity 50(11) (pp. 1116-1193) https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1647028
  29. Kanis et al. (2011) A meta-analysis of the effect of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporosis and the interaction with FRAX® 22(8) (pp. 2347-2355) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1474-0
  30. Kavitha et al. (2018) Deposition of strontium phosphate coatings on magnesium by hydrothermal treatment: characteristics, corrosion resistance and bioactivity (pp. 725-743) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.200
  31. Kim et al. (2005) Varying Ti-6Al-4V surface roughness induces different early morphologic and molecular responses in MG63 osteoblast-like cells 74(3) (pp. 366-373) https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30327
  32. Lei et al. (2017) Strontium hydroxyapatite/chitosan nanohybrid scaffolds with enhanced osteoinductivity for bone tissue engineering (pp. 134-142) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.063
  33. Li (2010) University of Birmingham
  34. Li et al. (2019) Corrosion resistance of glucose-induced hydrothermal calcium phosphate coating on pure magnesium (pp. 1066-1077) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.203
  35. Li et al. (2020) Comparative evaluation of Sr-incorporated calcium phosphate and calcium silicate as bioactive osteogenesis coating orthopedics applications https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124834
  36. Liu et al. (2001) Water-based sol–gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite: process development 22(13) (pp. 1721-1730) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00332-X
  37. Liu et al. (2020) Microstructures and cell reaction of porous hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium discs using a novel vapour-induced pore-forming atmospheric plasma spraying https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125837
  38. Lu et al. (2019) Tantalum-incorporated hydroxyapatite coating on titanium implants: its mechanical and in vitro osteogenic properties 30(10) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-019-6308-9
  39. Makarova et al. (2020) Mechanochemical synthesis of carbonate-and fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite 28(1) (pp. 49-54)
  40. Mao et al. (2017) The synergistic effects of Sr and Si bioactive ions on osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis for osteoporotic bone regeneration (pp. 217-232) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.015
  41. Moghanian et al. (2018) A comparative study on the in vitro formation of hydroxyapatite, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of 58S bioactive glass substituted by Li and Sr (pp. 349-360) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.058
  42. Mohseni et al. (2014) Comparative investigation on the adhesion of hydroxyapatite coating on Ti–6Al–4V implant: a review paper (pp. 238-257) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2013.09.030
  43. Nguyen et al. (2020) The fabrication and characteristics of hydroxyapatite film grown on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V by anodic treatment 9(3) (pp. 4817-4825) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.002
  44. O’donnell et al. (2008) Structural analysis of a series of strontium-substituted apatites 4(5) (pp. 1455-1464) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.04.018
  45. Oryan et al. (2019) Synergistic effect of strontium, bioactive glass and nano-hydroxyapatite promotes bone regeneration of critical-sized radial bone defects 107(1) (pp. 50-64) https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34094
  46. Pal et al. (2019) Strontium doped hydroxyapatite from Mercenaria clam shells: synthesis, mechanical and bioactivity study (pp. 328-336) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.027
  47. Qadir MM (2020) Nanostructured surface modification for enhanced biocompatibility of Ti-based implant materials. phd, RMIT University
  48. Renaudin et al. (2009) Effect of strontium substitution on the composition and microstructure of sol–gel derived calcium phosphates 51(3) (pp. 287-294) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-008-1854-5
  49. Rezaee et al. (2020) Increasing fluoride content deteriorates rat bone mechanical properties https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2020.115369
  50. Robinson et al. (2017) The deposition of strontium and zinc Co-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings 28(3) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-017-5846-2
  51. Salehi et al. (2015) An ultrasound-assisted method on the formation of nanocrystalline fluorohydroxyapatite coatings on titanium scaffold by dip coating process (pp. 137-141) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.11.001
  52. Sanyal and Raja (2017) Influence of sol–gel derived strontium–cerium co-substitution in fluorohydroxyapatite and its in-vitro bioactivity 83(3) (pp. 596-608) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-017-4460-6
  53. Sedelnikova et al. (2019) Modification of titanium surface via Ag-, Sr- and Si-containing micro-arc calcium phosphate coating (pp. 224-235) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.07.001
  54. Shokri AZ, Mahjoub A and Ghammamy S (2014) Synthesis, characterization, of fluorohydroxyapatite nanopowders by sol–gel processing 291–296
  55. Su et al. (2019) Biofunctionalization of metallic implants by calcium phosphate coatings (pp. 196-206) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.05.001
  56. Suchanek et al. (2015) Crystalline hydroxyapatite coatings synthesized under hydrothermal conditions on modified titanium substrates (pp. 57-63) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.029
  57. Surmenev and Surmeneva (2019) A critical review of decades of research on calcium phosphate–based coatings: How far are we from their widespread clinical application? (pp. 35-44) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobme.2019.02.003
  58. Suwanprateeb et al. (2018) Bioactivity of a sol–gel-derived hydroxyapatite coating on titanium implants in vitro and in vivo 12(1) (pp. 35-44) https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2018-0029
  59. Tadier et al. (2012) Strontium-loaded mineral bone cements as sustained release systems: compositions, release properties, and effects on human osteoprogenitor cells 100(2) (pp. 378-390) https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31959
  60. Tang et al. (2005) Structural characterization of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite synthesized by a hydrothermal method 59(29–30) (pp. 3841-3846) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.06.060
  61. Tredwin (2009) UCL (University College London)
  62. Verma (2020) Titanium based biomaterial for bone implants: a mini review (pp. 3148-3151)
  63. Wang et al. (2008) Effect of heat-treatment atmosphere on the bond strength of apatite layer on Ti substrate 24(11) (pp. 1549-1555) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2008.03.018
  64. Wang et al. (2019) One-pot hydrothermal synthesis, in vitro biodegradation and biocompatibility of Sr-doped nanorod/nanowire hydroxyapatite coatings on ZK60 magnesium alloy (pp. 71-82) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.338
  65. Wei et al. (2009) Influence of surface wettability on competitive protein adsorption and initial attachment of osteoblasts 4(4) https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/4/4/045002
  66. Wolf-Brandstetter et al. (2020) Multifunctional calcium phosphate based coatings on titanium implants with integrated trace elements 15(2) https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ab5d7b
  67. Xia et al. (2010) Biomineralized strontium-substituted apatite/titanium dioxide coating on titanium surfaces 6(4) (pp. 1591-1600) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.030
  68. Xia et al. (2018) In situ modulation of crystallinity and nano-structures to enhance the stability and osseointegration of hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti-6Al-4V implants (pp. 711-720) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.045
  69. Xie et al. (2018) Microenvironment construction of strontium–calcium-based biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration: the equilibrium effect of calcium to strontium 6(15) (pp. 2332-2339) https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB00306H
  70. Xing et al. (2020) Improved osteogenesis of selective-laser-melted titanium alloy by coating strontium-doped phosphate with high-efficiency air-plasma treatment https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00367
  71. Xiong et al. (2010) Nanohydroxyapatite coating on a titanium–niobium alloy by a hydrothermal process 6(4) (pp. 1584-1590) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.016
  72. Yao et al. (2020) Composition and bioactivity of calcium phosphate coatings on anodic oxide nanotubes formed on pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110687
  73. Yuan et al. (2017) The incorporation of strontium in a sodium alginate coating on titanium surfaces for improved biological properties https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9867819
  74. Zhang et al. (2016) Micro-oxidation treatment to improve bonding strength of Sr and Na co-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings for carbon/carbon composites (pp. 136-141) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.216
  75. Zhang et al. (2018) Comparison of calcium phosphate coatings on AZ31 and fluoride-treated AZ31 alloy prepared by hydrothermal method and their electrochemical corrosion behaviour (pp. 395-401) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.08.085
  76. Zheng et al. (2017) Investigation of the crystallinity of suspension plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings 37(15) (pp. 5017-5021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.07.007