10.57647/ijm2c.2026.1604.24

An Operational Spectral Framework for Estimating Solutions of Systems of Fractional Integro-Differential Equations with Variable-order Derivatives

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  • Shima Mizani1,
  • Hamideh Ebrahimi*1,
  • Mahmoud Shafiee1,
  1. Department of Mathematics, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

Received: 09-11-2025

Revised: 08-02-2026

Accepted: 12-02-2026

Published in Issue 26-05-2026

Published Online: 23-02-2026

Copyright (c) 2025 Shima Mizani, Hamideh Ebrahimi, Mahmoud Shafiee (Author)

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Mizani, S., Ebrahimi, H., & Shafiee, M. (2026). An Operational Spectral Framework for Estimating Solutions of Systems of Fractional Integro-Differential Equations with Variable-order Derivatives. International Journal of Mathematical Modelling & Computations. https://doi.org/10.57647/ijm2c.2026.1604.24
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Abstract

This paper proposes a novel and efficient spectral numerical framework for approximating solutions of Volterra–Fredholm fractional integro-differential equations with variable-order derivatives. The method is based on the use of normalized and shifted Vieta–Lucas orthogonal polynomials as basis functions to represent the unknown solution. New operational matrices are derived for both the Caputo fractional derivative and the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operators, enabling the transformation of the original fractional system into a system of linear or nonlinear algebraic equations. The proposed scheme exhibits favorable properties such as simple implementation, strong numerical stability, and reliable convergence behavior. Rigorous theoretical results concerning the existence, uniqueness, and convergence of the approximate solution are established. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed approach.

Keywords

  • Volterra-Fredholm integro-differential equations,
  • Vieta-Lucas polynomials,
  • Variable-order fractional integral and derivatives operators,
  • Operational matrix
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