10.57647/ijm2c.2027.1701.01

Investigation of Quantum Chaos in Local and Non-local Ising Models

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Ershad Damavand Institute of Higher Education, P.O.Box14676-86831, Tehran, Iran

Received: 24-07-2025

Revised: 07-12-2025

Accepted: 03-04-2026

Published in Issue 10-05-2026

How to Cite

Pirmoradian, R., Teymouri, M., Sadoogh, E., AbolghasemiAzad, N., Lahooti, M. R., & MohammadAli, Z. (2026). Investigation of Quantum Chaos in Local and Non-local Ising Models. International Journal of Mathematical Modelling & Computations. https://doi.org/10.57647/ijm2c.2027.1701.01

Abstract

Time New Roman 10 We investigate signatures of quantum chaos within Ising spin chains subjected to transverse and longitudinal fields, incorporating both local (nearest-neighbor) and non-local (long-range) couplings. While local Ising models may exhibit integrable or chaotic dynamics contingent on interaction strengths and field parameters, systems with non-local interactions generally display a stronger propensity toward chaos, even when the non-local couplings are weak. By examining the distribution of energy level spacings through the level spacing ratio, we delineate the transition from integrable to chaotic regimes and characterize the emergence of quantum chaos in these systems. Our analysis demonstrates that non-local couplings facilitate faster operator spreading and more intricate dynamical behavior, enabling these systems to approach maximal chaos more readily than their local counterparts. Additionally, we analyze Krylov complexity as a dynamical probe of chaos, observing a characteristic peak followed by a plateau at late times in chaotic regimes. This behavior provides a quantitative means to distinguish between integrable and chaotic phases, with the growth rate and saturation level of the complexity serving as effective indicators. Our findings underscore the role of non-local interactions in accelerating the onset of chaos and modifying dynamical complexity in quantum spin chains.

Keywords

  • Quantum chaos,
  • Thermalization,
  • Krylov Complexity,
  • Lanczos algorithm,
  • Level spacing,
  • Poisson and Wigner statistics Accepted manuscript

References

  1. M. Srednicki, “Chaos and Quantum Thermalization,” Phys. Rev. E 50, 888 doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.50.888 [arXiv:cond-mat/9403051 [cond-mat]].
  2. J. M. Deutsch, “Quantum statisti- cal mechanics in a closed system,” Phys. Rev. A 43, no.4, 2046 (1991) doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.43.2046.
  3. M. C. Bañuls, J. I. Cirac and M. B. Hastings, “Strong and Weak Thermalization of Infinite Nonin- tegrable Quantum Systems,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, no.5, 050405 (2011) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.050405 [arXiv:1007.3957 [quant-ph]].
  4. P. Hosur, X. L. Qi, D. A. Roberts and B. Yoshida, “Chaos in quan- tum channels,” JHEP 02, 004 (2016) doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2016)004 [arXiv:1511.04021 [hep-th]].
  5. J. Maldacena, S. H. Shenker and D. Stan- ford, “A bound on chaos,” JHEP 08, 106 (2016) doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2016)106 [arXiv:1503.01409 [hep-th]].
  6. A. Kitaev and S. J. Suh, “The soft mode in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model and its gravity dual,” JHEP 05, 183 (2018) doi:10.1007/JHEP05(2018)183 [arXiv:1711.08467 [hep-th]].
  7. D. A. Roberts, D. Stanford and Streicher, “Operator growth in the SYK model,” JHEP 06, 122 (2018) doi:10.1007/JHEP06(2018)122 [arXiv:1802.02633 [hep-th]].
  8. C. von Keyserlingk, T. Rakovszky, F. Pollmann and S. Sondhi, “Operator hy- drodynamics, OTOCs, and entanglement growth in systems without conservation laws,” Phys. Rev. X 8, no.2, 021013 (2018) doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.8.021013[arXiv:1705.08910 [cond-mat.str-el]].
  9. A. Nahum, S. Vijay and J. Haah, “Oper- ator Spreading in Random Unitary Cir- cuits,” Phys. Rev. X 8, no.2, 021014 (2018) doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.8.021014 [arXiv:1705.08975 [cond-mat.str-el]].
  10. I. L. Aleiner, L. Faoro and L. B. Ioffe, “Microscopic model of quantum but- terfly effect: out-of-time-order cor- relators and traveling combustion waves,” Annals Phys. 375, 378-406 (2016) doi:10.1016/j.aop.2016.09.006 [arXiv:1609.01251 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  11. D. Chowdhury and B. Swingle, “On- set of many-body chaos in the O(N ) model,” Phys. Rev. D 96, 065005 (2017) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.96.065005 [arXiv:1703.02545 [cond-mat.str-el]].
  12. M. Gärttner, J. G. Bohnet, A. Safavi- Naini, M. L. Wall, J. J. Bollinger and A. M. Rey, “Measuring out-of- time-order correlations and multiple quantum spectra in a trapped ion quantum magnet,” Nature Phys. 13, 781 (2017) doi:10.1038/nphys4119 [arXiv:1608.08938 [quant-ph]].
  13. J. Li, R. Fan, H. Wang, B. Ye, B. Zeng, H. Zhai, X. Peng and J. Du, “Measuring Out-of-Time-Order Correlators on a Nu- clear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Sim- ulator,” Phys. Rev. X 7, no.3, 031011 (2017) doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.7.031011 [arXiv:1609.01246 [cond-mat.str-el]].
  14. C.-J. Lin and O. I. Motrunich, “Out-of-time-ordered correlators in a quantum Ising chain,” Phys. Rev. B 97, no.14, 144304 (2018) doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.97.144304 [arXiv:1801.01636 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  15. C.-J. Lin and O. I. Motrunich, “Out-of- time-ordered correlators in short-range and long-range hard-core boson models and in the Luttinger-liquid model,” Phys. Rev. B 98, no.13, 134305 (2018) doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.98.134305 [arXiv:1807.08826 [cond-mat.str-el]].
  16. S. Gopalakrishnan, “Operator growth and eigenstate entanglement in an in- teracting integrable Floquet system,” Phys. Rev. B 98, no.6, 060302 (2018) doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.98.060302 [arXiv:1806.04156 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  17. V. Khemani, D. A. Huse and A. Nahum, “Velocity-dependent Lyapunov expo- nents in many-body quantum, semi- classical, and classical chaos,” Phys. Rev. B 98, no.14, 144304 (2018) doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.98.144304 [arXiv:1803.05902 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  18. S. Xu and B. Swingle, “Accessing scrambling using matrix product oper- ators,” Nature Phys. 16, no.2, 199-204 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41567-019-0712-4 [arXiv:1802.00801 [quant-ph]].
  19. C. Sünderhauf, L. Piroli, X. L. Qi, N. Schuch and J. I. Cirac, “Quantum chaos in the Brownian SYK model with large finite N : OTOCs and tri- partite information,” JHEP 11, 038 (2019) doi:10.1007/JHEP11(2019)038 [arXiv:1908.00775 [quant-ph]].
  20. B. Yan, L. Cincio and W. H. Zurek, “Information Scrambling and Loschmidt Echo,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, no.16, 160603 (2020) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.160603 [arXiv:1903.02651 [quant-ph]].
  21. E. B. Rozenbaum, S. Ganeshan and V. Galitski, “Lyapunov Exponent and Out-of-Time-Ordered Correlator’s Growth Rate in a Chaotic System,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, no.8, 086801 (2017) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.086801 [arXiv:1609.01707 [cond-mat.dis-nn]].
  22. S. Sachdev and J. Ye, “Gapless spin-fluid ground state in a ran- dom quantum Heisenberg magnet,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3339 (1993) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3339 [arXiv:cond-mat/9212030].
  23. J. Maldacena and D. Stanford, “Re- marks on the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model,” Phys. Rev. D 94, no.10, 106002 (2016) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.94.106002 [arXiv:1604.07818 [hep-th]].
  24. B. V. Fine, T. A. Elsayed, C. M. Kropf and A. S. de Wijn, “Absence of expo- nential sensitivity to small perturbations in nonintegrable systems of spins 1/2,” Phys. Rev. E 89, 012923 (2014) doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012923 [arXiv:1305.2817 [cond-mat.stat-mech]].
  25. K. Hashimoto, K. Murata and R. Yoshii, “Out-of-time-order correlators in quantum mechanics,” JHEP 10, 138 (2017) doi:10.1007/JHEP10(2017)138 [arXiv:1703.09435 [hep-th]].
  26. K. Hashimoto, K. B. Huh, K. Y. Kim and R. Watanabe, “Exponential growth of out-of-time-order corre- lator without chaos: inverted har- monic oscillator,” JHEP 11, 068 (2020) doi:10.1007/JHEP11(2020)068 [arXiv:2007.04746 [hep-th]].
  27. M. Doroudiani, A. Naseh and R. Pirmora- dian, “Complexity for Charged Ther- mofield Double States,” JHEP 01, 120 (2020) doi:10.1007/JHEP01(2020)120 [arXiv:1910.08806 [hep-th]].
  28. R. Pirmoradian and M. R. Tanhayi, “On the Complexity of a Charged Quantum Oscillator,” J. Korean Phys. Soc. 77, no.2, 102 (2020) doi:10.3938/jkps.77.102 [arXiv:1911.08886 [physics.gen-ph]].
  29. M. Reza Tanhayi, R. Vazirian and S. Khoeini-Moghaddam, “Complexity Growth Following Multiple Shocks,” Phys. Lett. B 790, 49-57 (2019) doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.12.067 [arXiv:1809.05044 [hep-th]].
  30. F. Khorasani, R. Pirmoradian and M. R. Tanhayi, “Position de- pendence of Nielsen complexity for the thermofield double state,” Phys. Lett. B 851, 138585 (2024) doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138585 [arXiv:2308.15836 [quant-ph]].
  31. R. Pirmoradian, N. Abolghasemiazad, E. Sadoogh, Z. MohammadAli, M. Tey- mouri, “Defining Fundamental Computa- tional Speed Limits for Quantum Oscilla- tors,” Int. J. Math. Model. Comput. 15, 4 (2025) doi:10.57647/ijm2c.2025.15041.
  32. M. Ghasemi, A. Naseh and R. Pir- moradian, “Odd entanglement entropy and logarithmic negativity for ther- mofield double states,” JHEP 10, 128 (2021) doi:10.1007/JHEP10(2021)128 [arXiv:2106.15451 [hep-th]].
  33. R. Pirmoradian and M. R. Tanhayi, “Symmetry-resolved entanglement en- tropy for local and non-local QFTs,” Eur. Phys. J. C 84, no.8, 849 (2024) doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13212-8 [arXiv:2311.00494 [hep-th]].
  34. R. Pirmoradian, M. H. Bek-Khoshnevis, S. Ebadi and M. R. Tanhayi, “Entangle- ment Structure of Nonlocal Field Theo- ries,” [arXiv:2511.10505 [quant-ph]].
  35. R. Pirmoradian and M. R. Tanhayi, “Non-local probes of entanglement in the scale-invariant gravity,” Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod. Phys. 18, no.12, 2150197 (2021) doi:10.1142/S0219887821501978 [arXiv:2103.02998 [hep-th]].
  36. R. Pirmoradian and M. R. Tanhayi, “In- formation Dynamics in Quantum Har- monic Systems: Insights from Toy Mod- els,” [arXiv:2501.14359 [quant-ph]].
  37. T. Prosen and I. Pižorn, “Opera- tor space entanglement entropy in a transverse Ising chain,” Phys. Rev. A 76, no.3, 032316 (2007) doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.76.032316 [arXiv:0706.2480 [quant-ph]].
  38. I. Pižorn and T. Prosen, “Operator space entanglement entropy in XY spin chains,” Phys. Rev. B 79, no.18, 184416 (2009) doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.184416 [arXiv:0903.2432 [quant-ph]].
  39. V. Alba, J. Dubail and M. Medenjak, “Operator Entanglement in Interacting Integrable Quantum Systems: The Case of the Rule 54 Chain,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, no.25, 250603 (2019) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.250603 [arXiv:1901.04521 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  40. B. Bertini, P. Kos and T. Prosen, “Op- erator Entanglement in Local Quantum Circuits I: Chaotic Dual-Unitary Cir- cuits,” SciPost Phys. 8, no.4, 067 (2020) doi:10.21468/SciPostPhys.8.4.067 [arXiv:1909.07407 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  41. I. MacCormack, M. T. Tan, J. Kudler- Flam and S. Ryu, “Operator and entanglement growth in nonthermaliz- ing systems: Many-body localization and the random singlet phase,” Phys.Rev. B 104, no.21, 214202 (2021) doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.104.214202 [arXiv:2001.08222 [cond-mat.str-el]].
  42. E. Mascot, M. Nozaki and M. Tezuka, “Local operator entanglement in spin chains,” SciPost Phys. Core 6, 070 (2023) doi:10.21468/SciPostPhysCore.6.4.070 [arXiv:2012.14609 [cond-mat.dis-nn]].
  43. V. Alba, “Diffusion and operator entanglement spreading,” Phys. Rev. B 104, no.9, 094410 (2021) doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.104.094410 [arXiv:2006.02788 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  44. D. E. Parker, X. Cao, A. Avdoshkin, T. Scaffidi and E. Altman, “A Uni- versal Operator Growth Hypothe- sis,” Phys. Rev. X 9, no.4, 041017 (2019) doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.041017 [arXiv:1812.08657 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  45. J. L. F. Barbón, E. Rabinovici, R. Shir and R. Sinha, “On The Evo- lution Of Operator Complexity Be- yond Scrambling,” JHEP 10, 264 (2019) doi:10.1007/JHEP10(2019)264 [arXiv:1907.05393 [hep-th]].
  46. M. J. Vasli, K. Babaei Velni, M. R. Mo- hammadi Mozaffar, A. Mollabashi and M. Alishahiha, “Krylov complexity in Lifshitz-type scalar field theories,” Eur. Phys. J. C 84, no.3, 235 (2024) doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12609-9 [arXiv:2307.08307 [hep-th]].
  47. V. S. Viswanath and G. Mueller, “The recursion method: Application to many- body dynamics,” Springer, 23, (1994). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48651-0
  48. A. Dymarsky and M. Smolkin, “Krylov complexity in conformal field theory,” Phys. Rev. D 104, no.8, L081702 (2021) doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.L081702 [arXiv:2104.09514 [hep-th]].
  49. B. Bhattacharjee, X. Cao, P. Nandy and T. Pathak, “Krylov complexity in saddle- dominated scrambling,” JHEP 05, 174 (2022) doi:10.1007/JHEP05(2022)174 [arXiv:2203.03534 [quant-ph]].
  50. A. Avdoshkin, A. Dymarsky and M. Smolkin, “Krylov complex- ity in quantum field theory, and beyond,” JHEP 06, 066 (2024) doi:10.1007/JHEP06(2024)066 [arXiv:2212.14429 [hep-th]].
  51. H. A. Camargo, V. Jahnke, K. Y. Kim and M. Nishida, “Krylov complexity in free and interacting scalar field theories with bounded power spectrum,” JHEP 05, 226 (2023) doi:10.1007/JHEP05(2023)226 [arXiv:2212.14702 [hep-th]].
  52. E. Rabinovici, A. Sánchez-Garrido, R. Shir and J. Sonner, “Krylov lo- calization and suppression of com- plexity,” JHEP 03, 211 (2022) doi:10.1007/JHEP03(2022)211 [arXiv:2112.12128 [hep-th]].
  53. E. Rabinovici, A. Sánchez-Garrido, R. Shir and J. Sonner, “Krylov complexity from integrability to chaos,” JHEP 07, 151 (2022) doi:10.1007/JHEP07(2022)151 [arXiv:2207.07701 [hep-th]].
  54. M. Alishahiha, “On quantum complex- ity,” Phys. Lett. B 842, 137979 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2023.137979 [arXiv:2209.14689 [hep-th]].
  55. M. Baggioli, K. B. Huh, H. S. Jeong, K. Y. Kim and J. F. Pedraza, “Krylov complexity as an order parameter for quantum chaotic-integrable transitions,” Phys. Rev. Res. 7, no.2, 023028 (2025) doi:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023028 [arXiv:2407.17054 [hep-th]].
  56. O. Bohigas, M. J. Giannoni and C. Schmit, “Characterization of chaotic quantum spectra and universality of level fluctuation laws,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1-4 (1984) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.1.
  57. L. D’Alessio, Y. Kafri, A. Polkovnikov and M. Rigol, “From quantum chaos and eigenstate thermalization to statis- tical mechanics and thermodynamics,” Adv. Phys. 65, no.3, 239-362 (2016) doi:10.1080/00018732.2016.1198134 [arXiv:1509.06411 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  58. A. Chan, A. De Luca and J. T. Chalker, “Spectral statistics in spatially extended chaotic quantum many-body systems,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, no.6, 060601 (2018) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.060601 [arXiv:1803.03841 [cond-mat.stat- mech]].
  59. K. Kawabata and S. Ryu, “Nonuni- tary Scaling Theory of Non- Hermitian Localization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 166801 (2021) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.166801 [arXiv:2005.00604 [cond-mat.dis-nn]].
  60. W. Mück and Y. Yang, “Krylov com- plexity and orthogonal polynomials,” Nucl. Phys. B 984, 115948 (2022) doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2022.115948 [arXiv:2205.12815 [hep-th]].
  61. B. Craps, M. De Clerck, D. Janssens, V. Luyten and C. Rabideau, “Lyapunov growth in quantum spin chains,” Phys. Rev. B 101, no.17, 174313 (2020) doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.101.174313 [arXiv:1908.08059 [hep-th]].
  62. E. Cáceres, S. Eccles, J. Pollack and S. Racz, “Generic ETH: Eigenstate Ther-malization beyond the Microcanonical,” [arXiv:2403.05197 [quant-ph]].
  63. R. Belyansky, P. Bienias, Y. A. Kharkov,A. V. Gorshkov and B. Swingle, “Mini- mal Model for Fast Scrambling,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, no.13, 130601 (2020) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.130601 [arXiv:2005.05362 [quant-ph]].