10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17567

Enhancement of P-Wave Detection for Earthquake Early Warning in Western Java Region

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  • Kadnan Kadnan1,2,
  • Sigit Pramono2,
  • Nelly Florida Riama2,
  • Djati Handoko1,
  • Dede Djuhana*1,
  1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  2. Indonesian Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jakarta, Indonesia

Received: 2024-12-02

Revised: 2025-02-23

Accepted: 2025-06-04

Published Online: 2025-10-04

Copyright (c) -1 Kadnan Kadnan, Sigit Pramono, Nelly Florida Riama, Djati Handoko, Dede Djuhana (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Kadnan, K., Pramono, S., Florida Riama, N., Handoko, D., & Djuhana, D. (2026). Enhancement of P-Wave Detection for Earthquake Early Warning in Western Java Region. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences. https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17567
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Abstract

In recent decades, earthquake early warning (EEW) has become an option in many countries to reduce the vulnerability to earthquake hazards. For onsite-type EEW systems, P-wave detection or P-wave picking is key in successfully providing warnings for destructive earthquakes. Furthermore, the accuracy of P-wave picking will affect the accuracy of ground shaking in the warnings issued by the EEW system. P-wave picking under noisy circumstances is a challenge and requires a suitable method. We employed the initial power of P-wave (IPP) method and compared it with other techniques. Compared to several other methods, Short Time/Long Time Average (STA/LTA), Integrated Skewness-Kurtosis (InTeg), and EQTransformer model, the IPP gives a more accurate P-wave arrival time. From the investigation of 485 earthquake events in western Java that occurred during 2009-2023, Indonesia, with various magnitudes and various Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), showed the mean deviation of IPP was 0.066 seconds, EQTranformer was 0.266 seconds, STA/LTA was 0.310 seconds, and InTeg was 0.316 seconds. The IPP method was shown to have better accuracy than other methods because of the ability to reduce the background noise without misjudgment and missing rates. The accuracy of P-wave picking makes the IPP method potentially applicable to the EEW systems.

Keywords

  • Earthquake Early Warning,
  • P-wave,
  • Arrival Time,
  • Mean Deviation
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