10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17556

Geochemistry and tectonomagmatic setting of the volcanic and Sub-volcanic rocks of the south Gilan, Iranian Alborz mountains: Evidence for Adakite-like and normal arc magmatism

XML PDF
  • Esmail Ebrahimi Nasirmahaleh1,
  • Mojgan Salavati *1,
  • Saeid Hakimi Asiabar1,
  • Saeed Taki1,
  1. Department of Geology, La.C., Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran

Received: 2024-12-26

Revised: 2025-04-15

Accepted: 2025-06-07

Published Online: 2025-10-04

Copyright (c) -1 Esmail Ebrahimi Nasirmahaleh, Mojgan Salavati , Saeid Hakimi Asiabar, Saeed Taki (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Ebrahimi Nasirmahaleh, E., Salavati , M., Hakimi Asiabar, S., & Taki, S. (2026). Geochemistry and tectonomagmatic setting of the volcanic and Sub-volcanic rocks of the south Gilan, Iranian Alborz mountains: Evidence for Adakite-like and normal arc magmatism. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences. https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17556
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 125

Abstract

As  part of the Alborz magmatic zone, Tertiary volcanic and subvolcanic rocks are exposed in southern Gilan province (Rudbar and Rostamabad) and have been evaluated for the first time in this study. Field and petrographic studies indicate a compositional spectrum from basalt, andesite to trachyandesite, dacite to trachy-dacite, rhyodacite. Geochemically, the rocks were divided into two distinct groups: adakitic rocks with high Sr, Sr/Y and La/Yb and low MgO, Y and Yb, and typical calc-alkaline rocks of arc nature. All rocks show a parallel enrichment trend from LREE to HREE. Both partial melting and crystal fractionation play important  role in controlling the compositional diversity and composition of the main magma of the samples. Both rock groups formed in a subduction zone environment and were produced with different degrees of melting in a slab window environment. All data indicate that the rocks were formed during the subduction to the south of the Para-Tethys oceanic crust. A “ridge-trench” model for the tectonomagmatic scenario has been proposed, suggesting that these lavas were formed in a Para-Tethys supersubduction zone. According to this model, a slab window was formed after the subduction of the Para-Tethys oceanic crust. Partial melting of this crust at depth, with different degrees of partial melting in some areas, coinciding with the formation of a tectonic window in the subduction zone, led to the production of adakitic magma. Typical arc rocks with higher degrees of melting and at shallower depths formed further away from the subduction zone.

Keywords

  • Adakite,
  • Slab window,
  • A arc magmatism,
  • Para-Tethys,
  • Gilan,
  • Iran
PDF

References

  1. Abdel-Rahman A. F. M., Nassar P. E. (2004) Cenozoic volcanism in the Middle East: petrogenesis of alkali basalts from northern Lebanon. Geological magazine 141: 545-563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756804009604
  2. Abdolahadi A., Sheikhzakariaee S.J., Yazdi A., Mousavi S.Z. (2025) Plio-Quaternary Adakite Genesis and Post-collisional Processes: Whole Rock Constraints and Sr, Nd Isotopic Compositions in Alborz Magmatic Belt, Ardabil, Iran, Journal of Mining and Environment, 16(2):737-765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2024.14781.2801
  3. Akmali S., Asiabanha A., Haghnazar S. (2019) Cretaceous magmatic evolution in the Deylaman igneous complex, Alborz zone, Iran: change from extensional to compressional regime. Geological Quarterly 63: 757-770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1500
  4. Albarede F. (1995) Introduction to Geochemical Modeling. Cambridge University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622960
  5. Aldanmaz E., Pearce J. A., Thirlwall M., Mitchell J. (2000) Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research 102: 67-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00182-7
  6. Aldanmaz E., Yaliniz M., Guectekin A., Göncüoğlu M. C. (2008) Geochemical characteristics of mafic lavas from the Neotethyan ophiolites in western Turkey: implications for heterogeneous source contribution during variable stages of ocean crust generation. Geological magazine 145: 37-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756807003986
  7. Ashwal L., Torsvik T., Horvath P., Harris C., Webb S., Werner S., Corfu F. (2016) A Mantle-derived Origin for Mauritian Trachytes. Journal of Petrology 57: 1645–1675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egw052
  8. Asiabanha A., Bardintzeff J. (2014) Globule-rich lavas in the Razjerd district, Qazvin, Iran: a unique volcanic DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1127/0077-7757/2009/0144fabric. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7: 1907-1925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-0842-4
  9. Asiabanha A., Bardintzeff J., Kananian A., Rahimi G. (2012) Post-Eocene volcanics of the Abazar district, Qazvin, Iran: Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for a complex magmatic evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 45: 79-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.09.020
  10. Asiabanha A., Ghasemi H., Meshkin M. (2009) Paleogene continental-arc type volcanism in North Qazvin, North Iran: facies analysis and geochemistry. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie-Abhandlungen 186: 201.
  11. Atherton M. P., Petford N. (1993) Generation of sodium-rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature 362: 144-146. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1038/362144a0
  12. Axen G. J., Lam P. S., Grove M., Stockli D. F., Hassanza-deh J. (2001) Exhumation of the west-central Alborz Moun-tains, Iran, Caspian subsidence, and collision-related tectonics. Geology 29: 559–562. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0559:EOTWCA>2.0.CO;2
  13. Bahajroy M., Taki S. (2014) Study of the mineralization potential of the intrusives around Valis (Tarom-Iran). Earth Sciences Research Journal 18: 123-129. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.15446/esrj.v18n2.44799
  14. Berberian F., Muir I. D., Pankhurst R. J. and Berberian M. (1982) Late Cretaceous and early Miocene Andean type plutonic activity in northern Makran and central Iran. Journal of the Geological Society 139: 605–614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.139.5.0605
  15. Berberian M., King G. (1981) Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian journal of earth sciences 18: 210-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e81-019
  16. Boudreau A. (1999) PELE—a version of the MELTS software program for the PC platform. Computers & Geosciences 25: 201-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00117-4
  17. Castillo P. R. (2012) Adakite petrogenesis. Lithos 134: 304-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.09.013
  18. Dabiri R., Akbari-Mogaddam M., Ghaffari M. (2018) Geochemical evolution and petrogenesis of the eocene Kashmar granitoid rocks, NE Iran: implications for fractional crystallization and crustal contamination processes, Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 10 (1): 68-77.
  19. Defant M. J., Drummond M. S. (1990) Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 347: 662-665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/347662a0
  20. Dicheng Z., Guitang P., Xuanxue M., Zhongli L., Xinshenng J., Liquan W., Zhidan Z. (2007) Petrogenesis of Volcanic rocks in the Sangxiu Formation, Central Segment of Tethyan Himalaya: A Probable example of Plume-Litospher interaction. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29: 320-335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.12.004
  21. Dokuz A., Uysal I., Siebel W., Turan M., Duncan R., Akçay M. (2013) Post-collisional adakitic volcanism in the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, Turkey: evidence for slab and crustal melting. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 166: 1443-1468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0936-8
  22. Eby G. N. (1992) Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitoids, petrogenetic and tectonic implications. Geology 20: 641–644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0641:CSOTAT>2.3.CO;2
  23. Eftekhar Nejad J. (1980) Tectonic classification of Iran in relation to depositional basins. Journal of Iranian Petroleum Society 82: 19-28.
  24. Elburg M. A., Van Bergen M., Hoogewerff J., Foden J., Vroon P., Zulkarnain I., Nasution A. (2002) Geochemical trends across an arc-continent collision zone: magma sources and slab-wedge transfer processes below the Pantar Strait volcanoes, Indonesia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66(15): 2771-2789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00868-2
  25. Ellam R., Cox K. (1991) An interpretation of Karoo picrite basalts in terms of interaction between asthenospheric magmas and the mantle lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 105: 330-342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90141-4
  26. Elmi R., Arian M. A., Ashja Ardalan A., Yazdi A. (2025) Petrology of volcanism in the Alasht-Haraz road of the Alborz mountain range, south of Amol (north of Iran), Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(3): 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijes.2025.16800
  27. Eyuboglu Y., Dudas F. O., Santosh M., Eroğlu-Gümrük T., Akbulut K., Yi K., Chatterjee N. (2018) The final pulse of the Early Cenozoic adakitic activity in the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey): An integrated study on the nature of transition from adakitic to non-adakitic magmatism in a slab window setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 157: 141-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.07.004
  28. Eyuboglu Y., Santosh M., Yi K., Bektaş O., Kwon S. (2012) Discovery of Miocene adakitic dacite from the Eastern Pontides Belt (NE Turkey) and a revised geodynamic model for the late Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Lithos 146: 218-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.04.034
  29. Fan W. M., Guo F., Wang Y. J., Lin G. (2003) Late Mesozoic calc-alkaline volcanism of post-orogenic extension in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research 121: 115-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00415-8
  30. Ghasemi A., Talbot C. J. (2005) A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26: 683-693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.01.003
  31. Ghasempour M. R., Mehdipour Ghazi J., Biabangard H., Dabiri R. (2014) Petrogenetic Evolution of Plio-Quaternary Mafic Lavas in Nehbandan (East Iran), Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 6 (2): 133-141.
  32. Gill J. B. (1981) Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics. Minerals and Rocks, 390.
  33. Golonka J. (2004) Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Tectonophysics 381: 235-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2002.06.004
  34. Guo Z., Wilson M., Liu J. (2007) Post-collisional adakites in south Tibet: products of partial melting of subduction-modified lower crust. Lithos 96: 205-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.09.011
  35. Hakimi Asiabar S. (2010) Collisional Tectonics of western Alborz range On the basis of Structural deformations of Dorfak-Somamous area. Ph.D. in Geology-Tectonics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
  36. Hawkesworth C., Turner S., McDermott F., Peate D., Van Calsteren P. (1997) U-Th isotopes in arc magmas: Implications for element transfer from the subducted crust. Science 276: 551-555. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.276.5312.551
  37. He X., Tan S., Liu Z., Bai Z., Wang X., Wang Y., Zhong H. (2020) Petrogenesis of the Early Cretaceous Aolunhua adakitic monzogranite porphyries, Southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: implication for geodynamic setting of Mo mineralization. Minerals 10: 332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040332
  38. Jung D., Küsten M., Tarkian M. (1976) Post-Mesozoic volcanism in Iran and its relation to the subduction of the Afro- Arabian under the Eurasian plate. In: Pilger, A. and Rosler, A. (eds.): Afar Between Continental and Oceanic Rifting. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 175–18.
  39. Kalantari K., Kananian A., Asiabanha A., Eliassi M. (2008) Source and tectonic setting of zarjebostan (NE OF Qazvin) Paleogene volcanic rocks using REE and HFSE elements. Geosciences Scientific Quarterly Journal 17: 140-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2009.57853
  40. Kamber B. S., Ewart A., Collerson K. D., Bruce M. C., McDonald G. D. (2002) Fluid-mobile trace element constraints on the role of slab melting and implications for Archaean crustal growth models. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144: 38-56. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00410-002-0374-5
  41. Kaz’min V., Tikhonova N. (2006) Late Cretaceous-Eocene marginal seas in the Black Sea-Caspian region: paleotectonic reconstructions. Geotectonics 40: 169-182. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1134/S0016852106030022
  42. Khodami M., Noghreyan M., Davoudian A. R. (2010) Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the volcanic rocks in the southeast of Isfahan area, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 3: 257-266. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12517-009-0053-1
  43. Khosaravi M., Saadat S, Dabiri R. (2020) Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in soil and water resources around Taknar copper mine (NE Iran), Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 12 (3), 212-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30495/ijes.2020.675578
  44. Le Bas M. J., Lemaitre R. W., Streckeisen A., Zanettin B. (1986) A Chemical Classification of Volcanic-Rocks Based on the Total Alkali Silica Diagram. Journal of Petrology 27: 745-750. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
  45. Le Roux P., Le Roex A., Schilling J. G., Shimizu N., Perkins W., Pearce N. (2002) Mantle heterogeneity beneath the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: trace element evidence for contamination of ambient asthenospheric mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203: 479-498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00832-4
  46. Liu S. A., Li S., He Y., Huang F. (2010) Geochemical contrasts between early Cretaceous ore-bearing and ore-barren high-Mg adakites in central-eastern China: implications for petrogenesis and Cu–Au mineralization. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74: 7160-7178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.09.003
  47. Macpherson C. G., Dreher S. T., Thirlwall M. F. (2006) Adakites without slab melting: high pressure differentiation of island arc magma, Mindanao, the Philippines. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 243: 581-593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.12.034
  48. Martin H. (1999) Adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos 46: 411-429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00076-0
  49. Martin H., Smithies R., Rapp R., Moyen J. F., Champion D. (2005) An overview of adakite, tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos 79: 1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.048
  50. McKenzie D., O'nions R. (1991) Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations. Journal of Petrology 32: 1021-1091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/32.5.1021
  51. Moghazi A. K. M. (2003) Geochemistry of a Tertiary continental basalt suite, Red Sea coastal plain, Egypt: petrogenesis and characteristics of the mantle source region. Geological magazine 140: 11-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756802006994
  52. Mollai H., Dabiri R., Torshizian H. A., Pe-Piper G., Wang W. E. (2021) Upper Neoproterozoic garnet-bearing granites in the Zeber-Kuh region from east central Iran micro plate: Implications for the magmatic evolution in the northern margin of Gondwanaland, Geologica Carpathica 72 (6): 461-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31577/GeolCarp.72.6.2
  53. Moyen J. F. (2009) High Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios: the meaning of the “adakitic signature”. Lithos 112): 556-574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.04.001
  54. Müller D., Groves D. I., Müller D. (1995) Potassic igneous rocks and associated gold-copper mineralization (Vol. 56): Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23051-1
  55. Nakamura N. (1974) Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 38: 757-775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(74)90149-5
  56. Nazari H., Salamati R. (1998) Geological map of Rudbar 1:100000, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
  57. Orozco-Esquivel T., Petrone C. M., Ferrari L., Tagami T., Manetti P. (2007) Geochemical and isotopic variability in lavas from the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: slab detachment in a subduction zone with varying dip. Lithos 93: 149-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.06.006
  58. Ousta S.h., Ashja-Ardalan A., Yazdi A., Dabiri R., Arian M.A. (2024) Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Miocene dikes in the southeast of Bam (SE Iran): Constraints on the development of active continental margin, Geopersia, 14 (1): 89-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/geope.2023.364334.648729
  59. Pearce J. A. (2005) Mantle preconditioning by melt extraction during flow: Theory and petrogenetic implications. Journal of Petrology 46: 973-997. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ petrology/egi007
  60. Pearce J. A., Harris N. B., Tindle A. G. (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 25: 956-983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956
  61. Pearce J. A., Norry M. J. (1979) Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 69: 33-47. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375192
  62. Pearce, J. A. (1983) Role of the Sub-Continental Lithosphere in Magma Genesis at Active Continental Margins. In: Hawkesworth, C. J. and Norry, M.J., Eds., Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths, Shiva Cheshire, UK, 230-249.
  63. Pe-Piper G., Piper D. J., Matarangas D. (2002) Regional implications of geochemistry and style of emplacement of Miocene I-type diorite and granite, Delos, Cyclades, Greece. Lithos 60: 47-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00068-8
  64. Prouteau G., Scaillet B., Pichavant M., Maury R. (1999) Fluid-present melting of ocean crust in subduction. Geology 27: 1111-1114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<1111:FPMOOC>2.3.CO;2
  65. Rapp R. P., Watson E. B. (1995) Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8–32 kbar: implications for continental growth and crust-mantle recycling. Journal of Petrology 36: 891-931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.4.891
  66. Rapp R., Shimizu N., Norman M., Applegate G. (1999) Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa. Chemical geology 160(4): 335-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00106-0
  67. Rezania ye Komachaly M. (2021) Petrology and geochemistry of Eshkaverat granitoeid dome in eastern Guilan, Northern Iran. MS. Theses. Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, 180 p.
  68. Rezania ye Komachaly V., Salavati M., Moghimi kandelus A. (2022) Geochemistry and tectono-magmatic setting of OIT plutonic gabbros in Northern Iran: New evidence for the Oceanic Plume magmatism in the Southern Caspian Sea. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 15:1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12517-021-09363-7
  69. Salavati M., Kananian A., Noghreiian M. (2012) Geochemical characteristics of volcanic suite from the easthern Guilan province Ophiolite complex in North of Iran. Journal of applied sciences 12: 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3923/jas.2012.1.11
  70. Salavati M., Kananian A., Noghreyan M. (2013) Geochemical characteristics of mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks in southern Caspian Sea Ophiolite (Eastern Guilan). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6: 4851-4858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0688-1
  71. Salavati M., Kananian A., Soofi A. S., Zaeimnia F. (2009) Mineral chemistry of ultramafic rocks from the Southern Caspian Sea Ophiolite (Eastern Guilan): evidence for a high-pressure crystal fractionation. Irananin Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 17: 149-166.
  72. Salehpour S., Arian M.A., Rad A.J., Zarei Sahamieh R., Yazdi A. (2025) Geochemistry and technomagmatic environment of Eocene volcanic rocks in Yuzbashi Chay region, west of Qazvin (Iran), Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(1): 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijes.2025.1701.04
  73. Sarem M. N., Abedini M. V., Dabiri R., Ansari M. R. (2021) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of basic Paleogene volcanic rocks in Alamut region, Alborz mountain, north of Iran. Earth Sciences Research Journal 25: 237-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n2.74025
  74. Seghedi I., Downes H., Vaselli O., Szakács A., Balogh K., Pécskay Z. (2004) Post-collisional Tertiary–Quaternary mafic alkalic magmatism in the Carpathian–Pannonian region: a review. Tectonophysics 393: 43-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECTO.2004.07.051
  75. Shahabpour J. (2007) Island-arc affinity of the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30: 652–665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2007.02.004
  76. Shaw D. M. (1970) Trace element fractionation during anatexis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 34: 237-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(70)90009-8
  77. Skjerlie K. P., Patino Douce A. E. (2002) The fluid-absent partial melting of a zoisite-bearing quartz eclogite from 1.0 to 3.2 GPa; Implications for melting in thickened continental crust and for subduction-zone processes. Journal of Petrology 43: 291-314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.2.291
  78. Sun S. S., McDonough W. F. (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42: 313-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
  79. Talebian Borojenie H, Sheykhzakariaei S.J., Dabiri R., Yazdi A. (2025) Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic A-type granitoids in NW Iran: geochemical and tectonic constraints, Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(4): 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijes.2025.16894
  80. Teimouri S. S., Ghasemi H., Asiabanha A. (2018) The role of crustal contamination and differentiation in the formation of the Eocene volcanic rocks in Jirande area (Northwest of Qazvin). Petrological Journal 9: 71-90. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.22108/ijp.2017.82007.0
  81. Temel A., Gündoğdu M. N., Gourgaud A. (1998) Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K calc-alkaline volcanism in Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research 85: 327-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00062-6
  82. Temizel I., Arslan M. (2008) Petrology and geochemistry of Tertiary volcanic rocks from the İkizce (Ordu) area, NE Turkey: Implications for the evolution of the eastern Pontide paleo-magmatic arc. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 31: 439-463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2007.05.004
  83. Thorkelson D. J., Breitsprecher K. (2005) Partial melting of slab window margins: genesis of adakitic and non-adakitic magmas. Lithos 79: 25-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.049
  84. Valizadeh M. V., Abdollahi H. R., Sadeghian M. (2008) Geological investigations of main intrusions of Central Iran. Geosciences Scientific Quarterly Journal 17: 182-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2009.57829
  85. Wang K., Plank T., Walker J. D., Smith E. I. (2002) A mantle melting profile across the Basin and Range, SW USA. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 107: 5-21. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2001JB000209
  86. Wang Q., Wyman D. A., Xu J., Jian P., Zhao Z., Li C., He B. (2007) Early Cretaceous adakitic granites in the Northern Dabie Complex, central China: implications for partial melting and delamination of thickened lower crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71: 2609-2636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.008
  87. Wang Q., Wyman D. A., Xu J., Wan Y., Li C., Zi F., Zhao Z. (2008) Triassic Nb-enriched basalts, magnesian andesites, and adakites of the Qiangtang terrane (Central Tibet): evidence for metasomatism by slab-derived melts in the mantle wedge. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 155: 473-490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0253-1
  88. Whitney D. L. and Evans B. W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist 95:185–187. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.2138/am.2010.3371
  89. Willson M. (1989) Igneous petrogenesis. A global tectonic approach. Springer Netherlands. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6788-4
  90. Winter J. D. (2001) An introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology. (No Title).
  91. Xiao L., Zhang H., Clemens J., Wang Q., Kan Z., Wang K., Liu X. (2007) Late Triassic granitoids of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for tectonic evolution. Lithos 96: 436-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.11.011
  92. Xu J. F., Shinjo R., Defant M. J., Wang Q., Rapp R. P. (2002) Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust? Geology 30: 1111-1114. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1111:OOMAIR>2.0.CO;2
  93. Yan J., Chen J. F., Xu X. S. (2008) Geochemistry of Cretaceous mafic rocks from the Lower Yangtze region, eastern China: Characteristics and evolution of the lithospheric mantle. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 33: 177-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2007.11.002
  94. Yang W., Li S. (2008) Geochronology and geochemistry of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Western Liaoning: Implications for lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton. Lithos 102: 88-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.018
  95. Zhai M., Fan Q., Zhang H., Sui J. (2007) Lower crustal processes leading to Mesozoic lithospheric thinning beneath eastern North China: underplating, replacement and delamination. Lithos 96: 36-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.09.016
  96. Zhang H. F., Parrish R., Zhang L., Xu W. C., Yuan H. L., Gao S., Crowley Q. G. (2007) A-type granite and adakitic magmatism association in Songpan–Garze fold belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau: implication for lithospheric delamination. Lithos 97: 323-335. DOI: http://doi. org/10.1016/j. lithos.2007.01.002
  97. Zhang K. J. (2014) Genesis of the Late Mesozoic Great Xing’an range Large Igneous Province in eastern central Asia: a Mongol–Okhotsk slab window model. International Geology Review 56: 1557-1583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.946541
  98. Zhu D., Pan G., Mo X., Liao Z., Jiang X., Wang L., Zhao Z. (2007) Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Sangxiu Formation, central segment of Tethyan Himalaya: A probable example of plume–lithosphere interaction. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29: 320-335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSEAES.2005.12.004