Received: 2025-11-19
Revised: 2026-01-06
Accepted: 2026-01-16
Published in Issue 2026-03-31
Published Online: 2026-01-30
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Alishahi (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Abstract
The seminal work conducted by Yaghi and his colleagues in 2005 led to the development of a novel class of crystalline porous organic materials, termed covalent organic frameworks (COFs). These frameworks are composed of organic building blocks connected by strong covalent bonds to form two (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) networks. These 2D or 3D networks give rise to a wide variety of morphological structures, including cavities, nanosheets, films, pores, spheres, membranes, tubes, shuttles, foams, belts, and fibers. This discovery opened new horizons, as the flexibility of covalent bonds allowed chemists to turn their conceptual molecular architecture into reality. The most common reactions lead to the formation of covalent linkages such as B–O, B–N, C–N, C=C, C≡C, and C–O.
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