Original Article
Geoheritage and Geodiversity Assessment Framework for Practical Application to Geoconservation of the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand
Authors
- Vladyslav Zakharovskyi 1
-
Karoly Nemeth
1, 2, 3
- Ilmars Gravis 2
- Chris Twemlow 2
Abstract
Life on Earth is influenced by abiotic nature, providing resources and shelter for living beings on the Earth. Hence, this part of nature should be well treated and protected. Study of geodiversity can facilitate education about abiotic nature and processes occurring around us. Geodiversity as a discipline is relatively young, but worthy of more attention and development. As well as a stand-alone scientific field, it may draw on other scientific disciplines in understanding the connection between natural materials and abiotic processes. Our research explores the paradigm of geodiversity and defines its meanings and elements. This will help us make the first steps in developing a methodology of assessment of geodiversity for any type of territory on our planet. This article provides a conceptual framework, which is based on detailed description of the methodology. Additionally, it will build a better understanding about the connections between abiotic and biotic factors in the environment, and human society within that environment. Here we provide a globally applicable method, using the Coromandel Peninsula as a case study. Coromandel Peninsula is in the north part of the North Island of New Zealand. This environmentally diverse and ecologically rich region is shaped by interactions between volcanic activities and terrestrial/shallow marine sedimentation, potentially providing a rich geodiversity. A systematic table defining the elements of geodiversity is the main product of our research, and we demonstrate how these elements can be assessed in a simple way to define values of facets of abiotic nature, ultimately resulting in a holistic, integrated, and complete view of our unliving environment. This study is an initial step in building a common system for assessment of geodiversity of any part of our world using the most available data and records as a foundational database.
Read the full text of the articleKeywords
Main Subjects
References
Adams C, Graham I, Seward D, Skinner D, Adams C, Skinner D & Moore P (1994). Geochronological and geochemical evolution of late Cenozoic volcanism in the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 37: 359–379.
Arıkan F, Ulusay R & Aydın N (2007). Characterization of weathered acidic volcanic rocks and a weathering classification based on a rating system. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 66:415.
Barker R, Torckler L & Brathwaite R (2006). Neavesville epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Hauraki goldfield. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph. 25:131–136.
Barnes JW & Lisle RJ (2013). Basic geological mapping. John Wiley & Sons.
Bell BD (1994). A review of the status of New Zealand Leiopelma species (Anura: Leiopelmatidae), including a summary of demographic studies in Coromandel and on Maud Island. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 21: 341–349.
Bell BD, Carver S, Mitchell NJ & Pledger S (2004). The recent decline of a New Zealand endemic: how and why did populations of Archey's frog Leiopelma archeyi crash over 1996-2001? Biological Conservation. 120:189–199.
Bétard F & Peulvast J-P (2019). Geodiversity hotspots: concept, method and cartographic application for geoconservation purposes at a regional scale. Environmental Management. 63: 822–834.
Betty EL, Bollard B, Murphy S, Ogle M, Hendriks H, Orams MB & Stockin KA (2020). Using emerging hot spot analysis of stranding records to inform conservation management of a data-poor cetacean species. Biodiversity and Conservation. 29:643–665.
Blatt H & Jones RL (1975). Proportions of exposed igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 86: 1085–1088.
Booden MA, Smith IE, Mauk JL & Black PM (2012). Geochemical and isotopic development of the Coromandel Volcanic Zone, northern New Zealand, since 18 Ma. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 219: 15–32.
Briggs R & Fulton B (1990). Volcanism, structure, and petrology of the Whiritoa-Whangamata coastal section, Coromandel Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: facies model evidence for the Tunaiti caldera. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 33: 623–633.
Brilha J, Gray M, Pereira DI & Pereira P (2018). Geodiversity: an integrative review as a contribution to the sustainable management of the whole of nature. Environmental Science & Policy. 86: 19–28.
Brocx M & Semeniuk V (2019). The ‘8Gs’—a blueprint for geoheritage, geoconservation, geo-education and geotourism. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 66:803–821.
Cabria XA (2015). Effects of weathering in the rock and rock mass properties and the influence of salts in the coastal roadcuts in Saint Vincent and Dominica. MSc Thesis, University of Twente.
Cañadas ES & Flaño PR (2007). Geodiversidad: concepto, evaluación y aplicación territorial: el caso de Tiermes Caracena (Soria). Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles. 45: 79–98.
Cas R & Wright J (1988). An Introduction to facies analysis in volcanic terrains. In: Volcanic Successions Modern and Ancient. Springer.
Casadevall TJ, Tormey D & Roberts J (2019). World Heritage Volcanoes : Classification, gap analysis, and recommendations for future listings. In: Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature, Gland.
Cherlinka V, Dmytruk YM & Zaharovskyy V (2017). Comparative estimation of the accuracy of simulation modeling of soil cover and forecast of cartograms of agro-industrial groups of soils. Biologichni Sistemi. 9: 298–306.
Chernyh D (2008). Lokalnye sistemy osobo ohranjaemyh prirodnyh territorij: realii i perspektivy. Izd-vo SO RAN, Novosibirsk.
Christie A, Brathwaite R, Rattenbury M & Skinner D (2001). Mineral resource assessment of the Coromandel region, New Zealand. Lower Hutt: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Science Report. 2001/11 11: 84.
da Silva MLN, do Nascimento MAL & Mansur KL (2019). Quantitative assessments of geodiversity in the area of the Seridó Geopark Project, northeast Brazil: grid and centroid analysis. Geoheritage. 11: 1177–1186.
Davidson J (2018). In search of the North Island Archaic: archaeological excavations at Sarah's Gully, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand, from 1956 to 1960. Tuhinga. 29: 90–164.
Davies W & Morgan I (1980). Geology of Caves. US Geological Survey, Reston, Va., 21 pp.
Davis WM (1899). The geographical cycle. The Geographical Journal. 14: 481–504.
Dias MCSS, Domingos JO, dos Santos Costa SS, do Nascimento MAL, da Silva MLN, Granjeiro LP & de Lima Miranda RF (2021). Geodiversity index map of Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeast Brazil: cartography and quantitative assessment. Geoheritage. 13: 10.
Fairweather JR & Swaffield SR (1999). Public perceptions of natural and modified landscapes of the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Research Report - Agribusiness & Economics Research Unit, Lincoln University. 241: 73.
Fearnley L & Hersey P (2018). To the Mountains: A Collection of New Zealand Alpine Writing. Otago University Press, 372 pp.
Fleuty M (1964). The description of folds. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 75:461–492.
Fookes P, Gourley C & Ohikere C (1988). Rock weathering in engineering time. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 21:33–57.
Fossen H (2016). Structural geology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Fossey M, Angers D, Bustany C, Cudennec C, Durand P, Gascuel-Odoux C, Jaffrezic A, Pérès G, Besse C & Walter C (2020). A framework to consider soil ecosystem services in territorial planning. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 8: 28.
García-Gaines RA & Frankenstein S (2015). USCS and the USDA soil classification system: development of a mapping scheme. US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg.
Gardner-Gee R & Beggs JR (2010). Challenges in food-web restoration: an assessment of the restoration requirements of a honeydew-gecko trophic interaction in the Auckland region, New Zealand. Restoration Ecology. 18:295–303.
Gesing F (2019). The politics of artificial dunes: sustainable coastal protection measures and contested socio-natural objects. DIE ERDE – Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin. 150: 145–157.
Gibbs HS (1980). New Zealand soils. An introduction. Oxford University Press, Wellington. Gifkins C, Herrmann W & Large RR (2005). Altered volcanic rocks: A guide to description and interpretation. Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania.
González Trueba JJ (2007). El Macizo Central de los Picos de Europa: geomorfología y sus implicaciones geoecológicas en la alta montaña cantábrica. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Cantabria.
Gossage P (2008). The Battle of the Mountains. Penguin, London.
Gravis I, Németh K & Procter JN (2017). The role of cultural and indigenous values in geosite evaluations on a quaternary monogenetic volcanic landscape at Ihumātao, Auckland volcanic field, New Zealand. Geoheritage. 9:373–393.
Gravis I, Németh K, Twemlow C & Németh B (2020). The ghosts of old volcanoes, a geoheritage trail Concept for Eastern Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Geoconservation Research. 3:40–57.
Gray M (2004). Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature. John Wiley & Sons.
Gray M (2005). Geodiversity and geoconservation: what, why, and how? The George Wright Forum. 22(3):4–12.
Gray M (2008a). Geodiversity: developing the paradigm. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association. 119:287–298.
Gray M (2008b). Geoheritage 1. Geodiversity: a new paradigm for valuing and conserving geoheritage. Geoscience Canada. 35:51–59.
Gray M (2013). Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature. 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, United Kingdom.
Gray M (2018). Geodiversity: the backbone of geoheritage and geoconservation. In Geoheritage. Elsevier.
Gray M & Gordon J (2020). Geodiversity and the ‘8Gs’: a response to Brocx & Semeniuk (2019). Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 67:437–444.
Guéguen Y & Palciauskas V (1994). Introduction to the Physics of Rocks. Princeton University Press.
Hack HRG (2020). Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering. In: Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering. Springer.
Harding J & Boothroyd I (2004). Impacts of mining. Freshwaters of New Zealand. 36: 1–10.
Hare KM & Cree A (2005). Natural history of Hoplodactylus stephensi (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) on Stephens Island, Cook Strait, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 29:137–142.
Hayward BW (2017). Out of the Ocean, Into the Fire: History in the rocks, fossils and landforms of Auckland, Northland and Coromandel. Geoscience Society of New Zealand.
Hewitt A (2010). New Zealand soil classification. Manaaki Whenu-Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd, Lincoln, New Zealand.
Hitchmough RA, Nielsen SV & Bauer AM (2020). Earning your stripes: a second species of striped gecko in the New Zealand gecko genus Toropuku (Gekkota: Diplodactylidae). Zootaxa. 4890: 578–588.
Holzapfel R (2003). Modelling sustainable ecotourism development on the Coromandel Peninsula in Aotearoa/New Zealand; a holistic systems approach based on the idea of chaos and complexity in a human-activity system. The University of Waikato.
Kelly RL & Thomas DH (2013). Archaeology: down to earth. Cengage Learning.
Knapik R, Migoń P, Krakowski KH & Jała Z (2013). Georóżnorodność i atrakcje geoturystyczne Karkonoskiego Parku Narodowego i otuliny: atlas. Karkonoski Park Narodowy.
Korf ED (2020). Ocenka geoturisticheskoj znachimosti elementov georaznoobrazija na primere bassejna Verhnej Chui. 23.
Kozłowski S (2001). Postępy prac nad ochroną georóżnorodności w Polsce. Kosmos. 50(1–2): 151–165.
Kozłowski S (2004). Geodiversity. The concept and scope of geodiversity. Przeglad Geologiczny. 52: 833–837.
Krisciunas K & Carona D (2015). At what distance can the human eye detect a candle flame? arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.06270: 9.
Lausch A, Baade J, Bannehr L, Borg E, Bumberger J, Chabrilliat S, Dietrich P, Gerighausen H, Glaesser C, Hacker J, Haase D, Jagdhuber T, Jany S, Jung A, Karnieli A, Kraemer R, Makki M, Mielke C, Moeller M, Mollenhauer H, Montzka C, Pause M, Rogass C, Rozenstein O, Schmullius C, Schrodt F, Schroen M, Schulz K, Schuetze C, Schweitzer C, Selsam P, Skidmore A, Spengler D, Thiel C, Truckenbrodt S, Vohland M, Wagner R, Weber U, Werban U, Wollschlaeger U, Zacharias S & Schaepman M (2019) Linking remote sensing and geodiversity and their traits relevant to biodiversity. Part I: soil characteristics. Remote Sensing. 11(20): 2356.
Legget J (2012). Mining the mining museum on New Zealand's North Island. In Conlin MV & Jolliffe L (eds), Mining Heritage and Tourism, A Global Synthesis (pp. pp. 57–71). Routledge, London.
Lo PC, Lo W, Wang TT & Hsieh YC (2021). Application of geological mapping using airborne-based LiDAR DEM to tunnel engineering: example of Dongao Tunnel in northeastern Taiwan. Applied Sciences. 11(10):4404.
Loskutova JI (2020). Georaznoobrazie jugo-vostochnogo Altaja kak osnova razrabotki ekskursionno-poznavatelnyh turov magisterskaja dissertacija po napravleniju podgotovki: 05.04. 02-Geografija.
Lyver POB, Davis J, Ngamane L, Anderson A & Clarkin P (2008). Hauraki Maori Matauranga for the conservation and harvest of Titi, Pterodroma macroptera gouldi. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 142: 149–159.
Malengreau B, Skinner D, Bromley C & Black P (2000). Geophysical characterisation of large silicic volcanic structures in the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 43:171–186.
Martí J, Groppelli G & da Silveira AB (2018). Volcanic stratigraphy: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 357: 68–91.
Matthews Y, Scarpa R & Marsh D (2018). Cumulative attraction and spatial dependence in a destination choice model for beach recreation. Tourism Management. 66: 318–328.
Mauk JL, Hall CM, Chesley JT & Barra F (2011). Punctuated evolution of a large epithermal province: the Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand. Economic Geology. 106: 921–943.
Maxwell JJ, McCoy MD, Tromp M, Hoffmann A & Barber IG (2018). The difficult place of deserted coasts in archaeology: new archaeological research on Cooks Beach (Pukaki), Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology. 13:1–20.
McIvor IH & Ladefoged TN (2016). A multi-scalar analysis of Maori land use on Ahuahu (Great Mercury Island), New Zealand. Archaeology in Oceania. 51: 45–61.
McPhie J (1993). Volcanic textures: a guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks. Center of Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies, University of Tasmania, 203 pp.
Milnes A, Bourman R & Fitzpatrick RW (1987). Petrology and mineralogy of ‘laterites’ in southern and eastern Australia and southern Africa. Chemical Geology. 60:237–250.
Moore PR (2013). Obsidian sources of the Coromandel Volcanic Zone, Northern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 43:38–57.
Moore PR & Ritchie NA (1996). Coromandel Gold: A guide to the historic goldfields of Coromandel Peninsula. Dunmore Press, 197 pp.
Mortimer N, Campbell H, Tulloch A, King P, Stagpoole V, Wood R, Rattenbury M, Sutherland R, Adams C & Collot J (2017). Zealandia: Earth’s hidden continent. GSA Today. 27(3):27–35.
Mortimer N, Rattenbury M, King P, Bland K, Barrell D, Bache F, Begg J, Campbell H, Cox S & Crampton J (2014). High-level stratigraphic scheme for New Zealand rocks. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 57:402–419.
Nazarenko I, Polchina S, Dmitruk J, Smaga I & Nikorich V (2006) Gruntoznavstvo z osnovami geologii. Chernivtsi Knigi. 21:504 pp.
Németh K & Palmer J (2019). Geological mapping of volcanic terrains: Discussion on concepts, facies models, scales, and resolutions from New Zealand perspective. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 385:27–45.
Ng CWW, Guan P & Shang Y (2001). Weathering mechanisms and indices of the igneous rocks of Hong Kong. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 34: 133–151.
Nicholson K, Black P, Hoskin P & Smith I (2004). Silicic volcanism and back-arc extension related to migration of the Late Cainozoic Australian–Pacific plate boundary. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 131:295–306.
Piddock G (2019). Gold and silver found on conservation land in Coromandel. In: Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/business/110876397/gold-and-silver-found-on-conservation-land-in-coromandel
Postgate JR (1994). The outer reaches of life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge..
Rangel L, Oliveira JM, Teixeira GA & Fullen M (2019). Geotourism and soil quality on trails within conservation units in south-east Brazil. Geoheritage. 11:1151–1161.
Reverte FC, Motta Garcia MdG, Brilha J & Pellejero AU (2020). Assessment of impacts on ecosystem services provided by geodiversity in highly urbanised areas: a case study of the Taubate Basin, Brazil. Environmental Science & Policy. 112:91–106.
Rowland T (2020). Covid 19 coronavirus: Thames-Coromandel region feels economic impact of pandemic. Waikato Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/covid-19-coronavirus-thames-coromandel-region-feels-economic-impact-of-pandemic/SDL46HOI2YH5SUUMA6W4Q7FROU/
Santos D, Mansur K, Seoane J, Mucivuna V & Reynard E (2020). Methodological proposal for the inventory and assessment of geomorphosites: an integrated approach focused on territorial management and geoconservation. Environmental Management. 66:476–497.
Schaer J-P (2010). Swiss and Alpine geologists between two tectonic revolutions. Part 1: from the discovery of nappes to the hypothesis of continental drift. Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 103: 503–522.
Schneider P, Glavovic B & Farrelly T (2017). So close yet so far apart: contrasting climate change perceptions in two "neighboring" coastal communities on Aotearoa New Zealand's Coromandel Peninsula. Environments 4 (3): 65.
Serrano E & Ruiz-Flaño P (2007). Geodiversity: a theoretical and applied concept. Geographica Helvetica. 62:140–147.
Sheppard DS, Christie AB, Goff J & Carver R (2009). Stream sediment geochemical survey in an area of volcanic-hosted epithermal Au-Ag-Zn-Pb-Cu deposits and porphyry Cu prospects, Thames, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Geochemistry - Exploration, Environment, Analysis. 9:279-296.
Simpson MP, Gazley MF, Stuart AG, Pearce MA, Birchall R, Chappell D, Christie AB & Stevens,MR (2019). Hydrothermal alteration at the Karangahake epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand. Economic Geology. 114:243–273.
Smith N, Cassidy J, Locke C, Mauk J & Christie A (2006). The role of regional-scale faults in controlling a trapdoor caldera, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 149: 312–328.
Spörli KB & Cargill H (2011). Structural evolution of a world-class epithermal orebody: The Martha Hill deposit, Waihi, New Zealand. Economic Geology. 106: 975–998.
Stanley M (2004). Geodiversity–Linking people, landscapes and their culture. In: Natural and Cultural Landscapes–the Geological Foundation; Parkes, M., Ed.; Royal Irish Academy: Dublin, Ireland, pp. 45–52.
Stavi I, Rachmilevitch S & Yizhaq H (2019). Geodiversity effects on soil quality and geo-ecosystem functioning in drylands. Catena. 176:372–380.
Stevens MI, Winter DJ, Morris R, McCartney J & Greenslade P (2007). New Zealand's giant Collembola: new information on distribution and morphology for Holacanthella Borner, 1906 (Neanuridae: Uchidanurinae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 34:63–78.
Suthren R (1985). Facies analysis of volcaniclastic sediments: a review. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 18:123–146.
Tantau K (2020). Coronavirus: Auckland's Covid-19 lockdown impacts 'heavily' on Coromandel tourism industries. https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/300089178/coronavirus-aucklands-covid19-lockdown-impacts-heavily-on-coromandel-tourism-industries
Tardy Y (1997). Petrology of Laterites and Tropical Soils. Taylor & Francis, London.
Thames-Coromandel District Council (2021). Summer tourism spending, economic forecast and businesses are thriving post-COVID - the latest Economic Development news. https://www.tcdc.govt.nz/Your-Council/News-and-Media/News-and-Public-Notices/News-Articles/Summer-tourism-spending-economic-forecast-and-businesses-are-thriving-post-COVID---the-latest-Economic-Development-news/
Tukiainen H, Bailey JJ, Field R, Kangas K & Hjort J (2017). Combining geodiversity with climate and topography to account for threatened species richness. Conservation Biology. 31:364–375.
Van Breemen N & Buurman P (2002). Soil Formation. Springer Science & Business Media.
Wellman HW (1962). Holocene of the North Island of New Zealand: a coastal reconnaissance. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1: 29–99.
West D, Jowett I & Richardson J (2005). Growth, diet, movement, and abundance of adult banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) in five Coromandel, New Zealand streams. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 39:915–929.
White J & Houghton B (2006). Primary volcaniclastic rocks. Geology. 34:677–680.
Wohletz K & Heiken G (1992). Volcanology and geothermal energy. University of California Press Berkeley.
Yardley B & Warren C (2021). An introduction to metamorphic petrology. Cambridge University Press.
Zaady E, Stavi I & Yizhaq H (2021). Hillslope geodiversity effects on properties and composition of biological soil crusts in drylands. European Journal of Soil Science. 72:2308–2315.
Zhuchkova V & Rakovskaja E (2004). Metody kompleksnyh fiziko-geograficheskih issledovanij. Publishing House of Moscow State University, Moscow.
Zwoliński Z (2008). Designing a map of the geodiversity of landforms in Poland. In: IAG and AIGEO International Meeting Environmental Analysis and Geomorphological Mapping for a Sustainable Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Zwoliński Z (2009). The routine of landform geodiversity map design for the Polish Carpathian Mts. Landform Analysis 11:77–85.
Zwoliński Z, Najwer A & Giardino M (2018). Methods for assessing geodiversity. In: Geoheritage, Assessment, Protection and Management. Elsevier.
Zwoliński Z & Stachowiak J (2012). Geodiversity map of the Tatra National Park for geotourism. Quaetiones Geographicae. 31:99–107.
