skip to main content
Menu
Original Article

Establishment of the Luoping Biota National Geopark in Yunnan, China

Authors

Abstract

Geoparks in China have been a great success story, with 284 national geoparks and 41 of them accorded UNESCO international status, the highest number for any country in the world. We track the progress of one of the geoparks, Luoping Biota National Geopark in Yunnan Province, from initial plans after its discovery as a key site for the exceptional preservation of Middle Triassic marine fossils in 2007, to acceptance as a National Geopark in 2011. Geoparks combine great scientific importance with accessibility and attraction for tourists. The scientific importance of Luoping is in the fossils, thousands of specimens of marine invertebrates, fishes and reptiles, together with rare elements from land (e.g. insects, plants), representing an important phase in the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, when life was recovering from devastation at the end of the Permian, and 8 million years later, had developed stable ecosystems with a new structure, dominated by predatory fishes and reptiles. The touristic importance of the Luoping Biota Geopark has already been demonstrated by rapid development of facilities and high visitor numbers.

Read the full text of the article

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Benton MJ & Wu FX (2022). Triassic revolution. Frontiers in Earth Science. 10: 899541 (doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.899541).
Benton MJ, Zhang QY, Hu SX, Chen ZQ, Wen W, Liu J, Huang JY, Zhou CY, Xie T. Tong JN &  Choo B (2013). Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo–Triassic mass extinction. Earth-Science Reviews. 125: 199–243.
Briggs A, Newsome D & Dowling R (2022). A proposed governance model for the adoption of geoparks in Australia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks. 10: 160–172.
Chen ZQ &  Benton MJ (2012). The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience. 5: 375–383.
Eder FW (1999). UNESCO Geoparks: a new initiative for protection and sustainable development of the earth heritage. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 214: 353–358.
Feldmann RM, Schweitzer CE, Hu SX, Zhang QY, Zhou CY, Xie T, Huang JY & Wen W (2012). Macrurous Decapoda from the Luoping Biota (Middle Triassic) of China. Journal of Paleontology. 86: 425–441.
Feng XQ, Chen ZQ, Woods A, Pei Y, Wu SQ, Fang YH, Luo M & Xu YL (2017). Anisian (Middle Triassic) marine ichnocoenoses from the eastern and western margins of the Kamdian Continent, Yunnan Province, SW China: Implications for the Triassic biotic recovery. Global and Planetary Change. 157: 194–213.
Feng XQ, Chen ZQ, Bottjer DJ, Fraiser ML, Xu YL & Luo M (2018). Additional records of ichnogenus Rhizocorallium from the Lower and Middle Triassic, South China: Implications for biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 130: 1197–1215.
Gehling J (1999). Microbial mats in terminal Proterozoic siliciclastics: Ediacaran Death Masks. Palaios. 14: 40–57.
Global Geopark Network (2018). Global geopark network - Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.europeangeoparks.org/?page_id=633
Hao WC, Sun YL, Jiang DY & Sun ZY (2006). Advance in studies of the Panxian Fauna. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekinensis 42: 817–823.
Hu SX, Zhang QY, Chen ZQ, Zhou CY, Lü T, Xie T., Wen W, Huang JY & Benton MJ (2011). The Luoping biota: exceptional preservation, and new evidence on the Triassic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278: 2274–2282.
Hu SX, Zhang QY, Feldmann RM, Benton MJ, Schweitzer CE, Huang JY, Wen W, Zhou CY, Xie T, Lü T & Hong SG (2017). Exceptional appendage and soft-tissue preservation in a Middle Triassic horseshoe crab from SW China. Scientific Reports. 7: 14112.
Huang J, Hannibal JT, Feldmann RM, Zhang QY, Hu SX, Schweitzer CE, Benton MJ, Zhou CY & Xie T (2018). A new millipede (Diplopoda, Helminthomorpha) from the Middle Triassic Luoping biota of Yunnan, Southwest China. Journal of Paleontology. 92: 1–10.
Huang YG, Chen ZQ, Wu SQ & Feng XQ (2022). Anisian (Middle Triassic) stromatolites from southwest China: biogeological features and implications for variations of filament size and diversity of Triassic cyanobacteria. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 601: 111150.
Jiang DY, Motani R, Hao WC, Rieppel O. Sun YL, Tintori A, Sun ZY & Schmitz L (2009). Biodiversity and sequence of the Middle Triassic Panxian marine reptile fauna, Guizhou Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica. 83: 451–459.
Jiang, DY, Motani R, Li C, Hao WC, Sun YL, Sun ZY & Schmitz L (2010). Guanling Biota: a marker of Triassic biotic recovery from the end-Permian extinction in the ancient Guizhou Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica. 79: 729–738.
Lee YJ & Jayakumar R (2021). Economic impact of UNESCO Global Geoparks on local communities: comparative analysis of three UNESCO Global Geoparks in Asia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Geoparks. 9: 189–198.
Li M, Huang C, Hinnov L, Chen W, J. Ogg J &Tian W (2018). Astrochronology of the Anisian stage (Middle Triassic) at the Guandao reference section, South China. Earth & Planetary Science Letters. 482: 591–606.
Liu J, Hu SX, Rieppel O, Jiang DY, Benton MJ, Kelley NP, Aitchison JC, Zhou CY, Wen W, Huang JY, Xie Y & Lv T (2014). A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implication for the Triassic biotic recovery. Scientific Reports. 4: 7142.
Liu J, Organ CL, Benton MJ, Brandley MC & Aitchison JC (2017). Live birth in an archosauromorph reptile. Nature Communications. 8: 14445.
Liu QL, Yang TL, Cheng L, Benton MJ, Moon BC, Yan CB, An ZH & Tian L (2021). An injured pachypleurosaur (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota indicating predation pressure in the Mesozoic. Scientific Reports. 11: 21818.
López-Arbarello A, Sun ZY, Sferco E, Tintoir A, Xu GH, Sun YL, Wu FX & Jiang DY (2011). New species of Sangiorgioichthys Tintori and Lombardo, 2007 (Neopterygii, Semionotiformes) from the Anisian of Luoping (Yunnan Province, South China). Zootaxa. 2749: 25–39.
Lu H, Jiang DY, Motani R, Ni PG, Sun ZY, Tintori A, Xiao SX, Zhou M, Ji C &Fu WL (2018). Middle Triassic Xingyi Fauna: showing turnover of marine reptiles from coastal to oceanic environments. Palaeoworld. 27: 107–116.
Luan FM, Wang F, Xiong HG, Wang ZG & Li BF (2016). A study on classification and zoning of Chinese geoheritage resources in national geoparks. Geoheritage. 8: 247–261.
Luan FM & Wang F (2022) Classification, spatial distribution pattern, forming reasons, and driving forces of national geoparks in China. Geoheritage. 14: 52.
Luo M, Chen ZQ, Hu SX, Zhang QY, Benton MJ, Zhou CY, Wen W & Huang JY (2013). Carbonate reticulated ridge structures from the lower middle Triassic of the Luoping area, Yunnan, southwestern China: geobiologic features and implications for exceptional preservation of the Luoping biota. Palaios. 28: 541–551.
Luo M, Chen ZQ, Zhao LS, Kershaw S, Huang JY, Wu LL, Yang H, Fang YH, Huang YG, Zhang QY, Hu SX, Zhou CY, Wen W & Jia ZH (2014). Early Middle Triassic stromatolites from the Luoping area, Yunnan Province, Southwest China: Geobiologic features and environmental implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 412: 124–140.
Luo M, Hu SX, Benton MJ, Shi GR, Zhao LS, Huang JY, Song HJ, Wen W, Zhang QY, Fang YH, Huang YG & Chen ZQ (2017). Taphonomy and palaeobiology of early Middle Triassic coprolites from the Luoping biota, southwest China: Implications for reconstruction of fossil food webs. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 474: 232–246.
Luo M, Shi GR, Chen ZQ, Hu SX, Huang JY, Zhang QY, Zhou CY & Fang YH (2018a). Youngest ambient inclusion trails from Middle Triassic phosphatized coprolites, southwestern China: New insights into an old intriguing phenomenon. Gondwana Research. 55: 60–73.
Luo M, Gong YM, Shi GR, Chen ZQ, Huang JY, Hu SX, Feng XQ, Zhang QY, Zhou CY& Wen W (2018b). Palaeoecological analysis of trace fossil Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Middle Triassic Guanling Formation in Southwestern China. Journal of Earth Sciences. 29: 854–863.
Luo M, Shi GR, Hu SX, Benton MJ, Chen ZQ, Huang JY, Zhang QY, Zhou CY & Wen W (2019). Early Middle Triassic trace fossils from the Luoping biota, southwestern China: evidence of recovery from mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatolology, Palaeoecology. 515: 6–22.
McKeever PJ & Zouros N (2005). Geoparks: celebrating earth heritage, sustaining local communities. Episodes. 28: 274–278.
Motani R, Jiang DY, Tintori A, Sun YL, Hao WC, Boyd A, Hinic-Friog S, Schmitz L, Shin JY & Sun ZY (2008). Horizons and assemblages of Middle Triassic marine reptiles from Panxian, Guizhou, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28: 900–903.
Ng SL (2014). Hong Kong Geopark: A paradigm of urban sustainable tourism. Asian Geographer. 31: 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2013.808577.
Ng SL (2017). Economic impacts of geotourism and geoparks in China. Paper presented at the Global Eco Asia-Pacific Tourism Conference 2017, Adelaide, South Australia.
Qi WF, Cheng XF & Huang QR (2017). Study on status, problems and countermeasures of developing popular science tourism of geoparks in Yunnan, China. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 95: 052015.
Ren F, Simonson L & Pan Z (2013). Interpretation of geoheritage for geotourism – A comparison of Chinese geoparks and national parks in the United States. Czech Journal of Tourism. 2: 105–125.
Ren Y & Xu GH (2021). A new species of Pteronisculus from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Luoping, Yunnan, China, and phylogenetic relationships of early actinopterygian fishes. Vertebrate PalAsiatica. 59: 169–199.
Sun ZY, Tintori A, Jiang DY, Lombardo C, Rusconi M, Hao WC & Sun YL (2009). A new perleidiform (Actinopterygii, Osteichthyes) from the Middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Yunnan, South China. Acta Geologica Sinica. 83: 460–470.
Tintori A, Sun ZY, Lombardo C, Jiang DY, Sun YL & Ha WC (2010). A new basal neopterygian from the Middle Triassic of Luoping County (South China). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafiya. 116: 161–172.
UNESCO (1999). UNESCO geoparks programme: a new initiative to promote a global network of Geoparks safeguarding and developing selected areas having significant geological features. Paris.
UNESCO (2008). Operational guidelines for the implementation of the world heritage convention.
Wang HZ (Ed.) (1985). Atlas of the Palaeogeography of China. Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing, 281 pp.
Wang XF, Bachmann GH, Hagdorn H, Sander PM, Cuny G, Chen XH, Wang CS, Chen LD, Cheng L, Meng FS & Xu GG (2008). The Late Triassic black shales of the Guanling area, Guizhou Province, south-west China: a unique marine reptile and pelagic crinoid fossil Lagerstätte. Palaeontology. 51: 27–61.
Wang Y, Yang D, Han JLW, Yao J & Liu DM (2014). The Triassic U–Pb age for the aquatic long-necked protorosaur of Guizhou, China. Geological Magazine. 151: 749–754.
Wen W, Zhang QY, Hu SX, Zhou CY, Xie T, Huang JY, Chen ZQ & Benton MJ (2012). A new basal actinopterygian fish from the Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Luoping, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57: 149–160.
Wen W, Zhang QY, Hu SX, Benton MJ, Zhou CY, Xie T, Huang JY & Chen ZQ (2013). Coelacanths from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota, Yunnan, South China, with the earliest evidence of ovoviviparity. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58: 175–193.
Wen W, Hu SX, Zhang QY, Benton MJ, Kriwet J, Chen ZQ, Zhou CY, Xie T& Huang JY (2019). A new species of Platysiagum from the Luoping Biota (Anisian, Middle Triassic, Yunnan, South China) reveals the relationship between Platysiagidae and Neopterygii. Geological Magazine. 156: 669–682.
Wu FX, Sun YL, Hao WC, Hang DY, Xu GH, Sun ZY & Tintori A (2009). New species of Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: Saurichthyidae) from Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica. 83: 440–450.
Wu FX, Sun YL, Xu GH et al. (2011). New saurichthyid actinopterygian fishes from the Anisian (Middle Triassic) of southwestern China. Acta Palaeontogia Polonica. 56: 581–614.
Xie T, Gan YL, Zhang QY, Hu SX, Zhou CY, Huang JY, W en W, Yang WL& Zhu GY (2013). Geoheritage evaluation of the Luoping Biota National Geopark in Yunnan Province. Geology in China. 40: 1959–1967. (in Chinese, with English abstract.)
Xu GH (2019). Osteology and phylogeny of Robustichthys luopingensis, the largest holostean fish in the Middle Triassic. PeerJ. 7: e7184.
Xu GH (2020). Feroxichthys yunnanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Colobodontidae, Neopterygii), a large durophagous predator from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Luoping Biota, eastern Yunnan, China. PeerJ. 8: e10229.
Xu GH (2021). A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan, China, with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191: 375–394.
Xun Z & Ting Z (2003). The socio-economic benefits of establishing national geoparks in China. Episodes. 26: 302–309.
Yang G, Chen Z, Tian M et al (2011). On the growth of national geoparks in China: distribution, interpretation, and regional comparison. Episodes. 34: 157–176
Yao MT, Zhou M & Chai J (2021). Analysis on the heritage value of Chaohu Fauna. Study on Natural and Cultural Heritage. 6: 17–23 (doi: 10.19490/j.cnki.issn2096-698X.2021.05.017-023).
Zhang QY, Zhou CY, Lü T, Xie T, Lou XY, Liu W, Sun YY & Jiang XS (2008).
Zhang QY, Zhou CY, Lü T, Xie T, Lou XY, Liu W, Sun YY, Huang JY & Zhao LS (2009). A conodont-based Middle Triassic age assignment for the Luoping Biota of Yunnan, China. Science China, Series D Earth Sciences. 52: 1673–1678.
Zhang QY, Zhou CY, Lü T & Bai JK (2010). Discovery of Middle Triassic Saurichthys in the Luoping area, Yunnan, China. Geological Bulletin China. 29: 26–30.
Zhang QY, Wen W, Hu SX, Benton MJ, Zhou CY, Xie T, Lü,T, Huang JY, Choo B, Chen ZQ, Liu J & Zhang QC (2014). Nothosaur foraging tracks from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China. Nature Communications. 5: 3973.
Zhao T & Zhao Z (2004). Geoscientific significance and classification of national geoparks of China. Acta Geologica Sinica. 78: 854–865.
Zouros N (2002). The European geoparks network: geological heritage protection and local development. Episodes. 25: 165–171