10.57647/tpr.2025.0904.22

Seasonal assessment of the best harvesting months of Bangladeshi Piper betle L. (Piperaceae) leaves: Insights into polyphenols and antioxidant activity using multivariate techniques

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  • Naim Islam,
  • Jahangir Alam,
  • Manobendra Nath Mohanta,
  • Mst. Khadiza Khatun,
  • Hillol Roy,
  • Fairuz Islam,
  • Sunjida Akhter,
  • Mst. Fakid Sharmin Sristy,
  • M. Mosharef Hossain Bhuiyan,
  • Kyong Su Kim,
  • M. Atikul Islam*1,
  1. Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University

Received: 2025-09-11

Revised: 2025-11-29

Accepted: 2025-12-23

Published in Issue 2025-12-31

Copyright (c) 2026 Naim Islam, Jahangir Alam, Manobendra Nath Mohanta, Mst. Khadiza Khatun, Hillol Roy, Fairuz Islam, Sunjida Akhter, Mst. Fakid Sharmin Sristy, M. Mosharef Hossain Bhuiyan, Kyong Su Kim, M. Atikul Islam (Author)

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Islam, N., Alam, J., Mohanta, M. N., Khatun, M. K., Roy, H., Islam, F., Akhter, S., Sristy, M. F. S., Bhuiyan, M. M. H., Kim, K. S., & Islam, M. A. (2025). Seasonal assessment of the best harvesting months of Bangladeshi Piper betle L. (Piperaceae) leaves: Insights into polyphenols and antioxidant activity using multivariate techniques. Trends in Phytochemical Research, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.57647/tpr.2025.0904.22
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Abstract

This study evaluated monthly and maturity stage variations in polyphenols [total phenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF)] and antioxidant activity (AA) in Piper betle L. leaves collected between 2021 and 2024. TP and TF were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively, while AA was measured by DPPH and ABTS assays. TP and TF ranged from 23.56 ± 3.51 to 58.81 ± 26.15 mg GAE/g and 8.93 ± 0.29 to 35.55 ± 0.14 mg QE/g, respectively. IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS varied from 0.45 ± 0.010 to 1.70 ± 0.000 and 0.24 ± 0.001 to 0.87 ± 0.001 (mg AAE/mL), subsequently. The highest TP, TF, and AA were found in March, corresponding to low rainfall (18 mm), moderate temperature (25.35 °C), and humidity (70.5%). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified three seasonal clusters. March is recommended as the optimal harvest month to maximize bioactive potential for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.

Keywords

  • Piper betle L.,
  • Monthly variation,
  • Bangladesh,
  • Polyphenols,
  • Antioxidant activity
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