10.1007/s40097-020-00372-8

Electrochemical sensors using conducting polymer/noble metal nanoparticle nanocomposites for the detection of various analytes: a review

  • Anjali John1,
  • Libina Benny1,
  • Anila Rose Cherian1,
  • Sudhakar Yethadka Narahari1,
  • Anitha Varghese1,
  • Gurumurthy Hegde*2,
  1. Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560029, IN
  2. Centre for Nano-Materials and Displays, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, 560019, IN

Published in Issue 02-01-2021

How to Cite

John, A., Benny, L., Cherian, A. R., Narahari, S. Y., Varghese, A., & Hegde, G. (2021). Electrochemical sensors using conducting polymer/noble metal nanoparticle nanocomposites for the detection of various analytes: a review. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 11(1 (March 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00372-8
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

Abstract Conducting polymer/noble metal nanoparticle (CP/NMNP) composites have made a history of sorts since its inception in the field of electrochemical research, which resulted to be an impetus for scientists to indulge and explore the opportunities it can unleash. This review throws light on the synergic effects and the enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity on dispersing noble metal particles on conducting polymers. This review aids the readers to analyse the electrochemical sensing efficiency of CP/NMNP composites, and provides a platform for the researchers to engineer and develop CP/NMNP composite materials for electrochemical sensing. This work also draws the attention of the readers to the application of NMNP (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Ir, and Ru) dispersed on CPs [polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)] and their composites with other materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, zeolites, and peptide nanotubes (PNTs) for sensing of various analytes. Graphic abstract This review draws the attention of the readers to the application of NMNP (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Ir and Ru) dispersed on CPs (polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)) and their composites with other materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, zeolites, and peptide nanotubes (PNTs) for sensing of various analytes.

Keywords

  • Electrochemical sensor,
  • Conducting polymers,
  • Noble metal nanoparticles,
  • Composites

References

  1. Yamamoto et al. (2009) Metal complexes of π-conjugated polymers (pp. 3-11) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-008-9246-4
  2. Ramakrishnan (2011) From a laboratory curiosity to the market place (pp. 1254-1265) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-011-0141-x
  3. Shegefti et al. (2016) Preconcentration of cobalt(II) using polythionine-coated Fe3O4 nanocomposite prior its determination by AAS (pp. 1963-1970) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-016-1837-0
  4. Rijo et al. (2020) Review—electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols using chemically modified electrodes: a review https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abb9d0
  5. Jiang et al. (2009) Preparation of the Pt nanoparticles decorated poly(N-acetylaniline)/MWNTs nanocomposite and its electrocatalytic oxidation toward formaldehyde (pp. 1134-1140) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.08.071
  6. Akshaya et al. (2018) PEDOT decorated with PtIr nanoclusters on carbon fiber paper toward electrocatalytic reduction of a hypertensive drug Olmesartan medoxomil (pp. B582-B595) https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0671813jes
  7. Reddy et al. (2008) Self-assembly approach for the synthesis of electro-magnetic functionalized Fe3O4/polyaniline nanocomposites: effect of dopant on the properties (pp. 49-56) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.12.057
  8. Reddy et al. (2010) Synthesis of MWCNTs-core/thiophene polymer-sheath composite nanocables by a cationic surfactant-assisted chemical oxidative polymerization and their structural properties (pp. 1477-1484) https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.23883
  9. Zhang et al. (2007) Synthesis and characterization of core-shell SiO2nanoparticles/poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) composites (pp. 2743-2750) https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25938
  10. Inagaki et al. (2018) Direct and one-step synthesis of polythiophene/gold nanoparticles thin films through liquid/liquid interfacial polymerization (pp. 498-510) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.076
  11. Mathew et al. (2020) TEMPO-mediated aqueous phase electrooxidation of pyridyl methanol at palladium-decorated PANI on carbon fiber paper electrode (pp. 3283-3294)
  12. Ferreira et al. (2011) Attachment of noble metal nanoparticles to conducting polymers containing sulphur-preparation conditions for enhanced electrocatalytic activity (pp. 3567-3574) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.033
  13. Akshaya et al. (2020) Electrochemical sensing of vitamin B12 deficiency marker methylmalonic acid using PdAu-PPy tailored carbon fiber paper electrode https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121028
  14. Park et al. (2012) One-pot synthesis of silver nanoparticles decorated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes for chemical sensor application (pp. 1521-1526) https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM13237G
  15. Akshaya et al. (2019) Electrocatalytic oxidation of morin on electrodeposited Ir-PEDOT nanograins (pp. 78-85) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.074
  16. Han et al. (2017) Conducting polymer-noble metal nanoparticle hybrids: synthesis mechanism application (pp. 52-91) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.04.002
  17. Reddy et al. (2009) Conducting polymerfunctionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with noble metal nanoparticles: synthesis, morphological characteristics and electrical properties (pp. 595-603) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.11.030
  18. Awuzie (2017) Conducting polymers in materials today (pp. 5721-5726)
  19. Ishida et al. (2008) Direct deposition of gold nanoparticles onto polymer beads and glucose oxidation with H2O2 (pp. 105-111) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.02.046
  20. Wang (2012) Electrochemical biosensing based on noble metal nanoparticles (pp. 245-270) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-011-0758-1
  21. Wang and Hu (2009) Electrochemical sensors based on metal and semiconductor nanoparticles (pp. 1-22) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0136-4
  22. Ferreira et al. (2011) Conducting polymers with attached platinum nanoparticles towards the development of DNA biosensors (pp. 993-996) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2011.06.021
  23. Kung et al. (2014) Preparation and characterization of three dimensional graphene foam supported platinum–ruthenium bimetallic nanocatalysts for hydrogen peroxide based electrochemical biosensors (pp. 1-7) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.025
  24. Cao et al. (2013) Bimetallic AuPt nanochains: synthesis and their application in electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (pp. 226-230) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.046
  25. Bagheri et al. (2015) Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic activity of silver doped-titanium dioxide nanoparticles (pp. 3088-3097)
  26. Ali et al. (2015) Structural and optical properties of pure and Ag doped ZnO thin films obtained by sol gel spin coating technique (pp. 601-605) https://doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0091
  27. Naim et al. (2019) Influence of Ag and Pd contents on the properties of PANI–Ag–Pd nanocomposite thin films and its performance as electrochemical sensor for E. coli detection (pp. 70-79) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13391-018-0087-1
  28. Lu et al. (2018) One pot synthesis of dandelion-like polyaniline coated gold nanoparticles composites for electrochemical sensing applications (pp. 86-96) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.065
  29. Kaladevi et al. (2020) Silver nanoparticle–decorated PANI/reduced graphene oxide for sensing of hydrazine in water and inhibition studies on microorganism (pp. 3123-3133) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03457-0
  30. Mahmoudian et al. (2016) Sensitive dopamine biosensor based on polypyrrole—coated palladium silver nanospherical composites (pp. 6943-6951) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00570
  31. Lee et al. (2018) Label-free detection of salivary pepsin using gold nanoparticle/polypyrrole nanocoral modified screen-printed electrode https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061685
  32. Feng et al. (2006) Polyaniline/Au composite hollow spheres: synthesis, characterization, and application to the detection of dopamine (pp. 4384-4389) https://doi.org/10.1021/la053403r
  33. Zhang et al. (2006) Controllable synthesis of conducting polypyrrole nanostructures (pp. 1158-1165) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp054335k
  34. Adhikari et al. (2020) Selective sensing of dopamine by sodium cholate tailored polypyrrole-silver nanocomposite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116296
  35. Yang et al. (2005) Facile fabrication of functional polypyrrole nanotubes via a reactive self-degraded template (pp. 1736-1740) https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200500514
  36. Papi et al. (2017) Facile synthesis of a silver nanoparticles/polypyrrole nanocomposite for non-enzymatic glucose determination (pp. 88-94) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.026
  37. Destrée and Nagy (2006) Mechanism of formation of inorganic and organic nanoparticles from microemulsions (pp. 353-367) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2006.05.022
  38. Sun et al. (2012) Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole/Au nanocomposites by microemulsion polymerization (pp. 8-11) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.01.008
  39. Feifel et al. (2013) Protein multilayer architectures on electrodes for analyte detection (pp. 253-298) Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2013_236
  40. Crespilho et al. (2006) Electrochemistry of layer-by-layer films: a review (pp. 194-214)
  41. Tsakova et al. (2011) Electroanalytical applications of nanocomposites from conducting polymers and metallic nanoparticles prepared by layer-by-layer deposition (pp. 345-358) https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-CON-10-08-01
  42. Xu et al. (2008) Dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles/polyaniline nanofibers for glucose detection (pp. 1802-1807) https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28307
  43. Kayani et al. (2015) Fabrication and properties of zinc oxide thin film prepared by sol–gel dip coating method (pp. 515-520) https://doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0085
  44. Zou et al. (2013) Gold nanoparticles/polyaniline Langmuir–Blodgett Film modified glassy carbon electrode as voltammetric sensor for detection of epinephrine and uric acid (pp. 333-337) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.035
  45. Deshmukh et al. (2020) Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors based on polyaniline/reduced-graphene-oxide nanocomposites functionalized with silver nanoparticles (pp. 5112-5123) https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC06836H
  46. Tamer et al. (2011) Fabrication of biosensor based on polyaniline/gold nanorod composite (pp. 1-7) https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/869742
  47. Tiwari et al. (2015) Gold nanoparticle decorated graphene sheet-polypyrrole based nanocomposite: Its synthesis, characterization and genosensing application (pp. 15557-15566) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5DT01193K
  48. Nia et al. (2015) Hydrogen peroxide sensor: uniformly decorated silver nanoparticles on polypyrrole for wide detection range (pp. 1565-1572) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.026
  49. Narang et al. (2013) Construction of an amperometric TG biosensor based on AuPPy nanocomposite and poly (indole-5-carboxylic acid) modified Au electrode (pp. 425-432) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-012-0799-9
  50. Shi et al. (2012) An ascorbic acid amperometric sensor using over-oxidized polypyrrole and palladium nanoparticles composites (pp. 100-106) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.004
  51. Ramezani et al. (2017) NaY zeolite as a platform for preparation of Ag nanoparticles arrays in order to construction of H2O2 sensor (pp. 571-579) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.04.005
  52. Tsierkezos (2007) Cyclic voltammetric studies of ferrocene in nonaqueous solvents in the temperature range from 248.15 to 298.15 K J (pp. 289-302) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-006-9119-9
  53. Ciric-Marjanovic (2013) Recent advances in polyaniline research: polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications (pp. 1-47) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.06.004
  54. Joice et al. (2018) Poly (aniline) decorated with nano cactus platinum on carbon fiber paper and its electrocatalytic behavior toward toluene oxidation (pp. H399-H406) https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1121807jes
  55. Yari and Saidikhah (2016) Trithiane silver-nanoparticles-decorated polyaniline nanofibers as sensing element for electrochemical determination of Adenine and Guanine in DNA (pp. 288-294) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.063
  56. Norouzi et al. (2018) A sensitive biosensor for acrylamide detection based on polyaniline and au nanoparticles using FFT admittance voltammetry (pp. 18-32)
  57. Chu et al. (2020) An ultrathin robust polymer membrane for wearable solid-state electrochemical energy storage
  58. Sun et al. (2008) Studies on one-dimensional polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures and the morphological evolution (pp. 276-279) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.02.014
  59. Bhadra et al. (2009) Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline (pp. 783-810) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.003
  60. Tsele et al. (2017) Electrochemical detection of epinephrine using polyaniline nanocomposite films doped with TiO2 and RuO2 nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotube (pp. 331-348) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.031
  61. Hsu et al. (2017) Electrochemical sensor constructed using a carbon paste electrode modified with mesoporous silica encapsulating PANI chains decorated with GNPs for detection of ascorbic acid (pp. 246-256) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.021
  62. Wang et al. (2013) Design of Pd/PANI/Pd sandwich-structured nanotube array catalysts with special shape effects and synergistic effects for ethanol electrooxidation (pp. 10703-10709) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja403101r
  63. Zhang et al. (2019) Flexible self-powered high-performance ammonia sensor based on Au-decorated MoSe2 nanoflowers driven by single layer MoS2-flake piezoelectric nanogenerator
  64. Yan et al. (2007) NO2 gas sensing with polyaniline nanofibers synthesized by a facile aqueous/organic interfacial polymerization (pp. 107-113) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.07.031
  65. Hien et al. (2017) Elaboration of Pd-nanoparticle decorated polyaniline films for room temperature NH3 gas sensors (pp. 348-356) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.04.115
  66. Kshirasagar et al. (2017) Facile synthesis of palladium nanoparticle doped polyaniline nanowires in soft templates for catalytic applications https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa5947
  67. Duan et al. (2018) Non-enzymatic sensors based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Au nanoparticles/polyaniline/SnO2 fibrous nanocomposites for nitrite sensing (pp. 11516-11524) https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ01461B
  68. Chen et al. (2014) A non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on gold nanoparticles/carbon nanotube/self-doped polyaniline hollow spheres (pp. 1513-1521) https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201400080
  69. Arshak et al. (2007) Characterisation of polymer nanocomposite sensors for quantification of bacterial cultures (pp. 226-231) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.12.006
  70. Chen et al. (2011) A novel H2O2 amperometric biosensor based on gold nanoparticles/self-doped polyaniline nanofibers (pp. 87-94) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.05.004
  71. Thinh and Kim (2014) Fabrication of honeycomb-patterned polyaniline composite films using chemically modified polyaniline nanoparticles (pp. 5168-5177) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.011
  72. Narang et al. (2012) Silver nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline film for amperometric glutathione biosensor (pp. 672-678) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.023
  73. Kausaite-Minkstimiene et al. (2010) Enzymatically synthesized polyaniline layer for extension of linear detection region of amperometric glucose biosensor (pp. 790-797) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.06.023
  74. Chauhan et al. (2011) Fabrication of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline modified Au electrode for ascorbic acid determination (pp. 1938-1945) https://doi.org/10.1039/c0an00218f
  75. Zhai et al. (2013) Highly sensitive glucose sensor based on Pt nanoparticle/polyaniline hydrogel heterostructures (pp. 3540-3546) https://doi.org/10.1021/nn400482d
  76. Li et al. (2015) A nanostructured conductive hydrogels-based biosensor platform for human metabolite detection (pp. 1146-1151) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl504217p
  77. Chu et al. (2019) Electrochemically building three-dimensional supramolecular polymer hydrogel for flexible solid-state micro-supercapacitors (pp. 136-144) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.165
  78. Sinha et al. (2019) Polymer hydrogel interfaces in electrochemical sensing strategies: a review (pp. 488-501) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.014
  79. Giovanni et al. (2012) Noble metal (Pd, Ru, Rh, Pt, Au, Ag) doped graphene hybrids for electrocatalysis (pp. 5002-5008) https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr31077e
  80. Saini et al. (2012) Gold-nanoparticle decorated graphene-nanostructured polyaniline nanocomposite-based bienzymatic platform for cholesterol sensing (pp. 1-12) https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/102543
  81. Fang et al. (2009) Electroactive response of mesoporous silica and its nanocomposites with conducting polymers (pp. 2088-2092) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.003
  82. Weng et al. (2011) Preparation of electroactive silica mesopores by encapsulating polyaniline chains into silica framework via nonsurfactant templating sol–gel route (pp. 227-231) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.07.066
  83. Pedroso et al. (2013) Preparation, characterization and electrical conduction mechanism of polyaniline/ordered mesoporous silica composites (pp. 11-18) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.02.014
  84. Paleologos and Kontominas (2005) Determination of acrylamide and methacrylamide by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography and UV detection (pp. 128-135) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.037
  85. Li et al. (2017) A sensor for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen based on the polyaniline-Au nanoparticles and gap-based interdigitated electrode (pp. 874-882) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.08.101
  86. Chowdhury et al. (2014) Highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for glucose, DNA and protein using gold-polyaniline nanocomposites as a common matrix (pp. 348-356) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.08.071
  87. Kong et al. (2010) Accurately tuning the dispersity and size of palladium particles on carbon spheres and using carbon spheres/palladium composite as support for polyaniline in H2O2 electrochemical sensing (pp. 5985-5990) https://doi.org/10.1021/la904509v
  88. Deb et al. (2016) Ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, and hydrogen peroxide detection using a dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticle carbon nanotube composite (pp. 289-298) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-016-0922-8
  89. Ivanov et al. (2010) Electrocatalytically active nanocomposite from palladium nanoparticles and polyaniline: oxidation of hydrazine (pp. 271-278) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.07.004
  90. Zeng et al. (2018) A highly sensitive glucose sensor based on a gold nanoparticles/polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite modified glassy carbon electrode (pp. 11944-11953) https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ04327A
  91. Chauhan et al. (2012) Development of amperometric lysine biosensors based on Au nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polymers modified Au electrodes (pp. 5113-5122) https://doi.org/10.1039/c2an35629e
  92. Xu et al. (2009) Amperometric biosensor based on carbon nanotubes coated with polyaniline/dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles for glucose detection (pp. 1306-1310) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.10.031
  93. Miao et al. (2015) Development of a glucose biosensor based on electrodeposited gold nanoparticles-polyvinylpyrrolidone-polyaniline nanocomposites (pp. 153-160) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.08.025
  94. Chu et al. (2015) Oxidation and sensing of ascorbic acid and dopamine on self-Assembled gold nanoparticles incorporated within polyaniline film (pp. 425-432) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.06.141
  95. Salahandish et al. (2019) Sandwich-structured nanoparticles-grafted functionalized graphene based 3D nanocomposites for high-performance biosensors to detect ascorbic acid biomolecule (pp. 1-11) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37573-9
  96. Guo et al. (2017) Simultaneous electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid based on reduced graphene oxide-Ag/PANI modified glassy carbon electrode (pp. 507-512) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-017-6473-7
  97. Salahandish et al. (2015) Silver nanoparticle decorated polyaniline-zeolite nanocomposite material based non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for nanomolar detection of lindane (pp. 57657-57665) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA09461E
  98. Zhang et al. (2013) Fabrication of nanoflower-like dendritic Au and polyaniline composite nanosheets at gas/liquid interface for electrocatalytic oxidation and sensing of ascorbic acid (pp. 46-50) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.02.007
  99. Stoyanova et al. (2011) Au nanoparticle-polyaniline nanocomposite layers obtained through layer-by-layer adsorption for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and uric acid (pp. 3693-3699) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.09.054
  100. Salahandish et al. (2018) Label-free ultrasensitive detection of breast cancer miRNA-21 biomarker employing electrochemical nano-genosensor based on sandwiched AgNPs in PANI and N-doped graphene (pp. 129-136) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.025
  101. Bai et al. (2013) An electrochemical aptasensor for thrombin detection based on direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase using a functionalized graphene hybrid for amplification (pp. 6595-6599) https://doi.org/10.1039/c3an00983a
  102. Vural et al. (2018) Electrochemical immunoassay for detection of prostate specific antigen based on peptide nanotube-gold nanoparticle-polyaniline immobilized pencil graphite electrode (pp. 318-326) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.079
  103. Zhang et al. (2019) Synthesis of palladium nanocubes decorated polypyrrole nanotubes and its application for electrochemical sensing (pp. 1061-1069) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-018-01578-y
  104. Qian et al. (2014) Au nanoparticles decorated polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide hybrid sheets for ultrasensitive dopamine detection (pp. 759-763) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.12.055
  105. Loguercio et al. (2015) Enhanced electrochromic properties of a polypyrrole-indigo carmine-gold nanoparticles nanocomposite (pp. 1234-1240) https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP04262J
  106. Salunke et al. (2017) Electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles decorated single polypyrrole nanowire for arsenic detection in potable water: a chemiresistive sensor device (pp. 14672-14677) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7332-5
  107. Li et al. (2015) Reproducible preparation of a stable polypyrrole-coated-silver nanoparticles decorated polypyrrole-coated-polycaprolactone-nanofiber-based cloth electrode for electrochemical sensor application https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/44/445704
  108. Sharma and Kumar (2016) Study of structural and electro-catalytic behaviour of amperometric biosensor based on chitosan/polypyrrole nanotubes-gold nanoparticles nanocomposites (pp. 551-559) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.07.012
  109. Li et al. (2007) Overoxidized polypyrrole film directed single-walled carbon nanotubes immobilization on glassy carbon electrode and its sensing applications (pp. 3120-3125) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2007.02.001
  110. Ramanavicius et al. (2006) Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer-polypyrrole (pp. 6025-6037) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.11.052
  111. Haghighi and Tabrizi (2013) Direct electron transfer from glucose oxidase immobilized on an overoxidized polypyrrole film decorated with Au nanoparticles (pp. 566-571) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.11.010
  112. Radhakrishnan et al. (2013) Polypyrrole-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Ag (PPy-PEDOT-Ag) nanocomposite films for label-free electrochemical DNA sensing (pp. 133-140) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.049
  113. Wilson et al. (2012) Polypyrrole-polyaniline-Au (PPy-PANi-Au) nano composite films for label-free electrochemical DNA sensing (pp. 216-222) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.03.019
  114. Yan et al. (2019) Fluorescent aptasensorfor ofloxacin detection based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles and its effect on quenching the fluorescence of Rhodamine B https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117203
  115. Zang et al. (2013) A dual amplified electrochemical immunosensor for ofloxacin: polypyrrole film-Au nanocluster as the matrix and multi-enzyme-antibody functionalized gold nanorod as the label (pp. 246-253) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.021
  116. Wang et al. (2013) Sensing of glycoprotein via a biomimetic sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers and graphene-Au nanoparticles (pp. 1219-1225) https://doi.org/10.1039/c2an36297j
  117. Yu and Mugo (2019) A flexible-imprinted capacitive sensor for rapid detection of adrenaline (pp. 602-606) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.016
  118. Deiminiat et al. (2017) A novel electrochemical imprinted sensor for acetylsalicylic acid based on polypyrrole, sol-gel and SiO2@Au core-shell nanoparticles (pp. 785-795) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.059
  119. Qin et al. (2011) Preparation of Ag nanoparticle-decorated polypyrrole colloids and their application for H2O2 detection (pp. 785-787) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2011.05.002
  120. Xing et al. (2015) Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide based on polypyrrole/platinum nanocomposites (pp. 242-247) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.06.078
  121. Bian et al. (2010) Fabrication of Pt/polypyrrole hybrid hollow microspheres and their application in electrochemical biosensing towards hydrogen peroxide (pp. 813-818) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.01.020
  122. Nia et al. (2015) A novel non-enzymatic H2O2 sensor based on polypyrrole nanofibers-silver nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide nano composites (pp. 648-656) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.01.189
  123. Şenel (2015) Simple method for preparing glucose biosensor based on in-situ polypyrrole cross-linked chitosan/glucose oxidase/gold bionanocomposite film (pp. 287-293) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.020
  124. Xue et al. (2014) A novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on ternary gold nanoparticles/polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (pp. 412-416) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.07.018
  125. Yang et al. (2014) Acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on a gold nanoparticle-polypyrrole-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite modified electrode for the amperometric detection of organophosphorus pesticides (pp. 3055-3060) https://doi.org/10.1039/c4an00068d
  126. Xu et al. (2012) Modification of polypyrrole nanowires array with platinum nanoparticles and glucose oxidase for fabrication of a novel glucose biosensor (pp. 100-107) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.037
  127. Alagappan et al. (2020) Development of cholesterol biosensor using Au nanoparticles decorated f-MWCNT covered with polypyrrole network (pp. 2001-2010) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.02.018
  128. German et al. (2017) Amperometric glucose biosensor based on electrochemically deposited gold nanoparticles covered by polypyrrole (pp. 1267-1277) https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600680
  129. Cesarino et al. (2014) Determination of serotonin on platinum electrode modified with carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole/silver nanoparticles nanohybrid (pp. 49-54) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.030
  130. Selvarajan et al. (2018) A novel highly selective and sensitive detection of serotonin based on Ag/polypyrrole/Cu2O nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (pp. 319-330) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.038
  131. Tan et al. (2020) Gold nanoparticle decorated polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanosheets as a modified electrode for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid (pp. 4916-4926) https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ00166J
  132. Babu et al. (2012) Gold nanoparticle-polypyrrole composite modified TiO2 nanotube array electrode for the amperometric sensing of ascorbic acid (pp. 427-434) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-012-0416-2
  133. Vellaichamy et al. (2017) An in-situ synthesis of novel Au@NG-PPy nanocomposite for enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward selective and sensitive sensing of catechol in natural samples (pp. 392-399) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.06.147
  134. Saha et al. (2014) Interference-free electrochemical detection of nanomolar dopamine using doped polypyrrole and silver nanoparticles (pp. 2197-2206) https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201400332
  135. Saljooqi et al. (2020) A sensitive electrochemical sensor based on graphene oxide nanosheets decorated by Fe3O4 @Au nanostructure stabilized on polypyrrole for efficient triclosan sensing (pp. 1297-1303) https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201900634
  136. Babakhanian et al. (2014) Development of α-polyoxometalate-polypyrrole-Au nanoparticles modified sensor applied for detection of folic acid (pp. 185-190) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.058
  137. Akshaya et al. (2019) Amorphous Ru-Pi nanoclusters coated on Polypyrrole modified carbon fiber paper for non-enzymatic electrochemical determination of cholesterol (pp. B1016-B1027) https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1131912jes
  138. Ghadimi et al. (2015) A sensitive dopamine biosensor based on ultra-thin polypyrrole nanosheets decorated with Pt nanoparticles (pp. 39366-39374) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA03521J
  139. Che et al. (2009) Hydrogen peroxide sensor based on horseradish peroxidase immobilized on an electrode modified with DNA-l-cysteine-gold-platinum nanoparticles in polypyrrole film (pp. 159-165) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0237-0
  140. Liu et al. (2011) Electrochemical detection of avian influenza virus H5N1 gene sequence using a DNA aptamer immobilized onto a hybrid nanomaterial-modified electrode (pp. 6266-6270) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.05.055
  141. Tertiş et al. (2017) Label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on gold and polypyrrole nanoparticles for interleukin 6 detection (pp. 1208-1218) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.176
  142. Tabrizi et al. (2016) A high sensitive label-free immunosensor for the determination of human serum IgG using overoxidized polypyrrole decorated with gold nanoparticle modified electrode (pp. 965-969) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.093
  143. Wang et al. (2014) Electrochemical sensor for levofloxacin based on molecularly imprinted polypyrrole–graphene-gold nanoparticles modified electrode (pp. 642-647) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.11.037
  144. Gao et al. (2015) A label-free electrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen detection on a graphene platform doped with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Au nanoparticsle (pp. 86910-86918) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA16618G
  145. Liu et al. (2016) Facile one-pot preparation of Pd-Au/PEDOT/graphene nanocomposites and their high electrochemical sensing performance for caffeic acid detection (pp. 89157-89166) https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA16488A
  146. Jiang et al. (2013) A one-pot ‘green’ synthesis of Pd-decorated PEDOT nanospheres for nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensing (pp. 127-131) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.003
  147. Yue et al. (2015) Facile one-pot synthesis of Pd– PEDOT/graphene nanocomposites with hierarchical structure and high electrocatalytic performance for ethanol oxidation (pp. 1077-1088) https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA05131A
  148. Li et al. (2017) One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dots with efficient up-and down-converted photoluminescence for the sensitive detection of morin in a dual-readout assay (pp. 1043-1050) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04225
  149. Cheng et al. (2017) A highly sensitive morin sensor based on PEDT-Au/rGO nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrode (pp. 47781-47788) https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA08292D
  150. Wong et al. (2018) Simultaneous determination of paracetamol and levofloxacin using a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon black, silver nanoparticles and PEDOT:PSS film (pp. 2264-2273) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.020
  151. Lin et al. (2016) Electrochemical synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with gold nanoparticles, and its application to nitrite sensing (pp. 1235-1241) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-016-1751-5
  152. Mercante et al. (2017) One-pot preparation of PEDOT:PSS-reduced graphene decorated with Au nanoparticles for enzymatic electrochemical sensing of H2O2 (pp. 162-170) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.156
  153. Wang et al. (2014) A novel l-cysteine electrochemical sensor using sulfonated graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite film decorated with gold nanoparticles (pp. 648-655) https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201300551
  154. Pananon et al. (2018) A facile one-pot green synthesis of gold nanoparticle-graphene-PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for selective electrochemical detection of dopamine (pp. 12724-12732) https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA01564C
  155. Sadanandhan et al. (2017) PEDOT-reduced graphene oxide-silver hybrid nanocomposite modified transducer for the detection of serotonin (pp. 244-253) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.027
  156. Gao et al. (2018) Pt-PEDOT/rGO nanocomposites: one-pot preparation and superior electrochemical sensing performance for caffeic acid in tea (pp. 14-20) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.024
  157. Jia et al. (2018) Three-dimensional Au nanoparticles/nano-poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-graphene aerogel nanocomposite: a high-performance electrochemical immunosensing platform for prostate specific antigen detection (pp. 990-997) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.01.006
  158. Sharma et al. (2018) A highly sensitive amperometric immunosensor probe based on gold nanoparticle functionalized poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with graphene oxide for efficient detection of aflatoxin B1 (pp. 136-144) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2017.12.007
  159. Guo et al. (2015) Electrochemical immunosensor assay (EIA) for sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 with signal amplification on a SG-PEDOT-AuNPs electrode interface (pp. 551-559) https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AN01463D
  160. Zelikman et al. (2008) Polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotube systems: dispersion of CNT and CNT/PANI interaction (pp. 1872-1877) https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21208
  161. Dresselhaus and Endo (2007) Relation of carbon nanotubes to other carbon materials (pp. 11-28) https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39947-X_2
  162. Mugo and Lu (2020) Modified stainless steel microneedle electrode for polyphenolics detection (pp. 1-10)
  163. Li et al. (2014) Electrochemical application of titanium dioxide nanoparticle/gold nanoparticle/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites for nonenzymatic detection of ascorbic acid (pp. 477-485) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-013-2277-y
  164. Guo et al. (2010) Controllable N-doping of graphene” (pp. 4975-4980) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl103079j
  165. Xiong et al. (2013) The use of nitrogen-doped graphene supporting Pt nanoparticles as a catalyst for methanol electrocatalytic oxidation (pp. 181-192) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.019
  166. Qiu et al. (2012) Controllable deposition of a platinum nanoparticle ensemble on a polyaniline/graphene hybrid as a novel electrode material for electrochemical sensing (pp. 7950-7959) https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201200258
  167. Wang et al. (2016) High performance supercapacitors based on ternary graphene/Au/polyaniline (PANI) hierarchical nanocomposites (pp. 1004-1011) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA23549A
  168. Begum et al. (2019) δ-MnO2 nanoflowers on sulfonated graphene sheets for stable oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reaction (pp. 235-242) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.073
  169. Sun et al. (2015) Particle size effects of sulfonated graphene supported Pt nanoparticles on ethanol electrooxidation (pp. 282-289) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.099
  170. Abdolmaleki et al. (2018) Efficient and stable HER electrocatalyst using Pt-nanoparticles@ poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene) modified sulfonated graphene nanocomposite (pp. 8323-8332) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.03.142
  171. Zhang et al. (2011) Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources (pp. 6494-6497) https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm10239g
  172. Noroozifar et al. (2013) Highly sensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid on a novel carbon nanotube-modified ionic liquid-nanozeolite paste electrode (pp. 1317-1327) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-013-0852-y
  173. Senthilkumar and Saraswathi (2009) Electrochemical sensing of cadmium and lead ions at zeolite-modified electrodes: optimization and field measurements (pp. 65-75) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.05.029
  174. Castillo et al. (2013) Detection of cancer cells using a peptide nanotube-folic acid modified graphene electrode (pp. 1026-1031) https://doi.org/10.1039/C2AN36121C
  175. Cho et al. (2008) Fabrication of an electrochemical immunosensor with self-assembled peptide nanotubes (pp. 95-99) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.154
  176. Lakshmanan et al. (2012) Short self-assembling peptides as building blocks for modern nanodevices (pp. 155-165) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.11.001
  177. Habibi et al. (2016) Self-assembled peptide-based nanostructures: smart nanomaterials toward targeted drug delivery (pp. 41-60) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2016.02.004
  178. Slocik et al. (2005) Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using multifunctional peptides (pp. 1048-1052) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200500172