10.1007/s40097-021-00464-z

Applications of graphene-based tungsten oxide nanocomposites: a review

  • Mehr-Un Nisa1,
  • Nimra Nadeem1,
  • Muhammad Yaseen2,
  • Javed Iqbal1,
  • Muhammad Zahid*1,
  • Qamar Abbas3,
  • Ghulam Mustafa4,
  • Imran Shahid5,
  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, PK
  2. Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, PK
  3. Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, AT
  4. Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, PK
  5. Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha, QA

Published in Issue 15-01-2022

How to Cite

Nisa, M.-U., Nadeem, N., Yaseen, M., Iqbal, J., Zahid, M., Abbas, Q., Mustafa, G., & Shahid, I. (2022). Applications of graphene-based tungsten oxide nanocomposites: a review. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 13(2 (April 2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-021-00464-z
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

Abstract This review describes the various applications of graphene derivative (GO/rGO) with the tungsten oxide nanocomposite such as supercapacitor, electrochromism, photocatalysis and energy sensing. This review article also presents the properties of tungsten oxide with the graphene derivatives and their classification on basis of transition metals, metal oxides, nonmetals, sulfide, and polymers. Graphene oxide is a wonder material that has the potential to impart extraordinary properties into several hybrid materials, resulting in distinctive application in enormous domains. The impressive application and properties of the graphene derivatives have been discussed in this review article. The transition metal oxides (TMOs) have gained considerable research attention due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. Among TMOs, tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) is a versatile material with excellent properties, diverse applications, stability, and low fabrication cost. The enhanced property of tungsten oxide by incorporation of graphene derivatives is also discussed in this review. The main focus of this review article is to summarize the 5-year applications of GO/rGO-based tungsten oxide nanocomposite in energy storage (super capacitors and batteries), gas sensor devices, electrochromism, and photocatalyst. This review article will also provide the research gap and can excite new ideas for further improvement of GO/rGO-based tungsten oxide nanocomposite. Graphical abstract

Keywords

  • Photocatalysis,
  • Gas sensors,
  • WO3,
  • Electrochromic materials,
  • Energy storage,
  • Z-scheme systems

References

  1. Bursten et al. (2016) Nano on reflection A number of experts from different areas of nanotechnology describe how the field has evolved in the last ten years (pp. 828-834)
  2. Dao and Jeong (2015) Graphene prepared by thermal reduction–exfoliation of graphite oxide: effect of raw graphite particle size on the properties of graphite oxide and graphene (pp. 651-657) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.05.038
  3. Hu et al. (2017) Graphene-based nanomaterials for catalysis (pp. 3477-3502) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b05048
  4. Wang et al. (2019) Graphene and graphene derivatives toughening polymers: toward high toughness and strength (pp. 831-854) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.229
  5. Dutta et al. (2019) Review on advances in photocatalytic water disinfection utilizing graphene and graphene derivatives-based nanocomposites https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103132
  6. Matijašević et al. (2016) Removal of uranium (VI) from aqueous solution by acid modified zeolites (pp. 551-558) https://doi.org/10.5937/ZasMat1604551M
  7. Dai et al. (2020) Post-engineering of biochar via thermal air treatment for highly efficient promotion of uranium (VI) adsorption https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122576
  8. Duan et al. (2021) Simultaneous adsorption of uranium (VI) and 2-chlorophenol by activated carbon fiber supported/modified titanate nanotubes (TNTs/ACF): Effectiveness and synergistic effects https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126752
  9. Rout et al. (2020) Removal of uranium (VI) from water using hydroxyapatite coated activated carbon powder nanocomposite (pp. 596-605) https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2020.1721228
  10. Qiu et al. (2021) The photocatalytic reduction of U (VI) into U (IV) by ZIF-8/g-C3N4 composites at visible light https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110349
  11. Liu et al. (2021) Reductive and adsorptive elimination of U (VI) ions in aqueous solution by SFeS@ biochar composites (pp. 1-10)
  12. Chen et al. (2021) Facile synthesis of a sandwiched Ti3C2Tx MXene/nZVI/fungal hypha nanofiber hybrid membrane for enhanced removal of Be (II) from Be (NH2) 2 complexing solutions https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129682
  13. Liu et al. (2021) Adsorption and reduction of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using cost-effective caffeic acid functionalized corn starch https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130539
  14. Sabzehmeidani et al. (2021) Carbon-based materials: a review of adsorbents for inorganic and organic compounds (pp. 598-627) https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00087F
  15. Ciceroni, C., Agresti, A., Di Carlo, A., et al.: Graphene oxide for DSSC, OPV and perovskite stability. In: Korotcenkov, G. (ed.) The Future of Semiconductor Oxides in Next-Generation Solar Cells, pp. 503–531. Elsevier (2018)
  16. Luo et al. (2015) Iodide-reduced graphene oxide with dopant-free spiro-OMeTAD for ambient stable and high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (pp. 15996-16004) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA02710A
  17. Ashiq et al. (2021) G-C3N4/Ag@ CoWO4: a novel sunlight active ternary nanocomposite for potential photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.110437
  18. Zou et al. (2022) Application of aluminosilicate clay mineral-based composites in photocatalysis (pp. 190-214)
  19. Yao et al. (2020) Bismuth oxychloride-based materials for the removal of organic pollutants in wastewater https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128576
  20. Rastogi et al. (2017) Impact of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on plant: a critical review https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2017.00078
  21. George et al. (2018) Metal oxide nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing and biosensing: a review https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-018-2894-3
  22. Xu et al. (2021) Three-dimension hierarchical composite via in-situ growth of Zn/Al layered double hydroxide plates onto polyaniline-wrapped carbon sphere for efficient naproxen removal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127192
  23. Parnianchi et al. (2018) Combination of graphene and graphene oxide with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in fabrication of electrochemical enzymatic biosensors (pp. 229-239) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-018-0253-3
  24. Galstyan et al. (2016) Reduced graphene oxide/ZnO nanocomposite for application in chemical gas sensors (pp. 34225-34232) https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA01913G
  25. Sekhar et al. (2021) Development of graphene oxide-based hybrid metal oxide nanocomposites of GO-SnO2/ZnO/Fe3O4, GO-SiO2/ZnO/Fe3O4 for energy applications https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2020.412749
  26. Kim et al. (2017) Microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene–SnO2 nanocomposites and their applications in gas sensors (pp. 31667-31682) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b02533
  27. Achary et al. (2018) Reduced graphene oxide-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite: a highly sensitive room temperature NH3 gas sensor (pp. 100-109) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.05.093
  28. Borges et al. (2017) Mechanical ventilation weaning protocol improves medical adherence and results (pp. 296-302) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.07.014
  29. Feng et al. (2016) Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) encapsulated Co3O4 composite nanofibers for highly selective ammonia sensors (pp. 864-870) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.09.021
  30. Choi et al. (2015) Facile synthesis of hierarchical porous WO3 nanofibers having 1D nanoneedles and their functionalization with non-oxidized graphene flakes for selective detection of acetone molecules (pp. 7584-7588) https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA13791D
  31. Anand and Sahoo (2019) Cost-effective approach to detect Cu (II) and Hg (II) by integrating a smartphone with the colorimetric response from a NBD-benzimidazole-based dyad (pp. 11839-11845) https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP00002J
  32. Allahbakhsh and Arjmand (2019) Graphene-based phase change composites for energy harvesting and storage: state of the art and future prospects (pp. 441-480) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.009
  33. Solomon et al. (2020) Semiconducting metal oxides empowered by graphene and its derivatives: progresses and critical perspective on selected functional applications https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0021826
  34. Zhao et al. (2013) A facile route to synthesize transition metal oxide/reduced graphene oxide composites and their lithium storage performance (pp. 16597-16603) https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra42044b
  35. Khan et al. (2015) Graphene-based metal and metal oxide nanocomposites: synthesis, properties and their applications (pp. 18753-18808) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA02240A
  36. Korotcenkov and Cho (2017) Metal oxide composites in conductometric gas sensors: achievements and challenges (pp. 182-210) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.12.117
  37. Chidembo et al. (2012) Globular reduced graphene oxide-metal oxide structures for energy storage applications (pp. 5236-5240) https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EE02784K
  38. Jeevitha et al. (2018) Tungsten oxide-graphene oxide (WO3-GO) nanocomposite as an efficient photocatalyst, antibacterial and anticancer agent (pp. 137-147) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2018.01.021
  39. Martins et al. (2018) Methane production and conductive materials: a critical review (pp. 10241-10253) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01913
  40. Wang et al. (2020) Remarkable near-infrared electrochromism in tungsten oxide driven by interlayer water-induced battery-to-pseudocapacitor transition (pp. 33917-33925) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08270
  41. Godbole et al. (2017) Surface morphology dependent tungsten oxide thin films as toxic gas sensor (pp. 212-219) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2017.02.023
  42. Shehzad et al. (2019) Fabrication of highly efficient and stable indirect Z-scheme assembly of AgBr/TiO2 via graphene as a solid-state electron mediator for visible light induced enhanced photocatalytic H2 production (pp. 445-455) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.08.250
  43. Cronin, J.P., Agrawal, A., Adams, L.: Electrochromic device structures with conductive nanoparticles. U.S. Patent Application No. 16/259195 (2019)
  44. Pourbaix (1974) National Association of Corrosion Engineers
  45. Cavalcante et al. (2009) Photoluminescent behavior of BaWO4 powders processed in microwave-hydrothermal (pp. 195-200) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.06.049
  46. Song et al. (2015) Oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide as versatile and efficient hydrogenation catalyst (pp. 6594-6599) https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b01522
  47. Shaver (1967) Activated tungsten oxide gas detectors (pp. 255-257) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1755123
  48. Deb (1973) Optical and photoelectric properties and colour centres in thin films of tungsten oxide (pp. 801-822) https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437308227562
  49. Hodes et al. (1976) Tungsten trioxide as a photoanode for a photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) (pp. 312-313) https://doi.org/10.1038/260312a0
  50. Butler et al. (1976) Tungsten trioxide as an electrode for photoelectrolysis of water (pp. 1011-1014) https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(76)90642-6
  51. Huang et al. (2016) Hollow cobalt-based bimetallic sulfide polyhedra for efficient all-pH-value electrochemical and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (pp. 1359-1365) https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b11986
  52. Wu et al. (2019) Recent advances in tungsten-oxide-based materials and their applications https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2019.00049
  53. Huang et al. (2015) Tungsten oxides for photocatalysis, electrochemistry, and phototherapy (pp. 5309-5327) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501217
  54. Zheng et al. (2011) Nanostructured tungsten oxide–properties, synthesis, and applications (pp. 2175-2196) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002477
  55. Chacón et al. (2015) Synthesis and characterization of WO3 polymorphs: monoclinic, orthorhombic and hexagonal structures (pp. 5526-5531) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-014-2053-5
  56. Shinde and Jun (2020) Review on recent progress in the development of tungsten oxide-based electrodes for electrochemical energy storage (pp. 11-38) https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201902071
  57. Wang et al. (2019) Transition metal-doped ultrathin RuO2 networked nanowires for efficient overall water splitting across a broad pH range (pp. 6411-6416) https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA00598F
  58. Kumar et al. (2021) C–, N–vacancy defect engineered polymeric carbon nitride towards photocatalysis: viewpoints and challenges (pp. 111-153) https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA08384D
  59. Yu et al. (2021) Defect engineering of rutile TiO2 ceramics: route to high voltage stability of colossal permittivity (pp. 10-15) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.046
  60. Liu et al. (2018) Surface oxygen vacancy and defect engineering of WO3 for improved visible light photocatalytic performance (pp. 4399-4406) https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CY00994E
  61. Guan et al. (2020) Chemical environment and magnetic moment effects on point defect formations in CoCrNi-based concentrated solid-solution alloys (pp. 122-134) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.044
  62. Davazoglou and Dritsas (2001) Fabrication and calibration of a gas sensor-based on chemically vapor deposited WO3 films on silicon substrates: application to H2 sensing (pp. 359-362) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(01)00734-1
  63. Ionescu et al. (2003) Response model for thermally modulated tin oxide-based microhotplate gas sensors (pp. 203-211) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00420-9
  64. Stankova et al. (2005) Influence of the annealing and operating temperatures on the gas-sensing properties of rf sputtered WO3 thin-film sensors (pp. 271-277) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.06.009
  65. Lu et al. (2014) Strongly coupled Pd nanotetrahedron/tungsten oxide nanosheet hybrids with enhanced catalytic activity and stability as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts (pp. 11687-11697) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja5041094
  66. Lee et al. (2014) Simple fabrication of flexible electrodes with high metal-oxide content: electrospun reduced tungsten oxide/carbon nanofibers for lithium ion battery applications (pp. 10147-10155) https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR01033G
  67. Huang et al. (2019) In-situ growth of nanowire WO2.72 on carbon cloth as a binder-free electrode for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors with high performance (pp. 58-64) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.01.024
  68. Yan et al. (2015) Tungsten oxide single crystal nanosheets for enhanced multichannel solar light harvesting (pp. 1580-1586) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404792
  69. Chala et al. (2018) Melt electrospun reduced tungsten oxide/polylactic acid fiber membranes as a photothermal material for light-driven interfacial water evaporation (pp. 28955-28962) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b07434
  70. Dong et al. (2017) WO3-based photocatalysts: morphology control, activity enhancement and multifunctional applications (pp. 539-557)
  71. Van Bommel et al. (1975) LEED and auger electron observations of the SiC (0001) surface (pp. 463-472) https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(75)90419-7
  72. Kano et al. (2017) One-atom-thick 2D copper oxide clusters on graphene (pp. 3980-3985) https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR06874J
  73. Nguyen and Nguyen (2016) Promising applications of graphene and graphene-based nanostructures
  74. Singh et al. (2015) Annealing induced electrical conduction and band gap variation in thermally reduced graphene oxide films with different sp2/sp3 fraction (pp. 236-242) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.11.121
  75. Wu et al. (2017) Synthesis of RGO/TiO2 hybrid as a high performance photocatalyst (pp. 1530-1535) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.10.126
  76. Sehrawat et al. (2018) Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based wideband optical sensor and the role of temperature, defect states and quantum efficiency (pp. 1-13)
  77. Malas et al. (2017) Effect of the GO reduction method on the dielectric properties, electrical conductivity and crystalline behavior of PEO/rGO nanocomposites https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110613
  78. Huang, X., Liu, F., Jiang, P., et al.: Is graphene oxide an insulating material? In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD). (2013)
  79. Zhu et al. (2010) Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications (pp. 3906-3924) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001068
  80. Mohan et al. (2016) Improvements in electronic structure and properties of graphene derivatives (pp. 421-429) https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2016.6123
  81. Rabchinskii et al. (2020) From graphene oxide towards aminated graphene: facile synthesis, its structure and electronic properties (pp. 1-12) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63935-3
  82. Hu et al. (2021) Solvent effects on photocatalytic anaerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol over Pt-loaded defective SrTiO3 nanoparticles (pp. 9254-9264) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c01750
  83. Mondal et al. (2021) Boosting photocatalytic activity using reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/semiconductor nanocomposites: issues and future scope (pp. 8734-8743) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c06045
  84. Geng et al. (2019) Room-temperature NO2 gas sensors-based on rGO@ZnO1-x composites: experiments and molecular dynamics simulation (pp. 690-702) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.11.123
  85. Thiyagarajan et al. (2018) Defects induced magnetism in WO3 and reduced graphene oxide/WO3 nanocomposites (pp. 117-125) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-017-4184-4
  86. Zhang et al. (2014) Enhanced microwave absorption property of reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-MnFe2O4 nanocomposites and polyvinylidene fluoride (pp. 7471-7478) https://doi.org/10.1021/am500862g
  87. Yu et al. (2015) Creation of reduced graphene oxide-based field effect transistors and their utilization in the detection and discrimination of nucleoside triphosphates (pp. 10718-10726) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00155
  88. Toda et al. (2015) Recent progress in applications of graphene oxide for gas sensing: a review (pp. 43-53) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.002
  89. Zhang et al. (2015) Continuous graphene and carbon nanotube-based high flexible and transparent pressure sensor arrays https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/11/115501
  90. Kumar et al. (2015) Reduced graphene oxide modified smart conducting paper for cancer biosensor (pp. 114-122) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.040
  91. Xu et al. (2008) Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets (pp. 5856-5857) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja800745y
  92. Wei et al. (2018) Multilayered graphene oxide membranes for water treatment: a review (pp. 964-981) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.07.040
  93. Li et al. (2008) Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.451
  94. Wang et al. (2014) Nickel cobalt oxide nanowire-reduced graphite oxide composite material and its application for high performance supercapacitor electrode material (pp. 7104-7110) https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.8982
  95. Bakker and Telting-Diaz (2002) Electrochemical sensors (pp. 2781-2800) https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0202278
  96. Lee et al. (2012) Synthesis of TiO2 nanorod-decorated graphene sheets and their highly efficient photocatalytic activities under visible-light irradiation (pp. 13-18) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.033
  97. Tabasum et al. (2021) UV-accelerated photocatalytic degradation of pesticide over magnetite and cobalt ferrite decorated graphene oxide composite https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010006
  98. Tabasum et al. (2020) Degradation of acetamiprid using graphene-oxide-based metal (Mn and Ni) ferrites as Fenton-like photocatalysts (pp. 178-189) https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.098
  99. Nadeem et al. (2020) Degradation of reactive dye using heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysts: ZnFe2O4 and GO-ZnFe2O4 composite https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab66ee
  100. Qureshi et al. (2019) Graphene oxide decorated ZnWO4 architecture synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity evaluation (pp. 778-789) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.139
  101. Asma et al. (2019) Fe3O4 -GO composite as efficient heterogeneous photo-Fenton’s catalyst to degrade pesticides
  102. Upadhyay et al. (2014) Role of graphene/metal oxide composites as photocatalysts, adsorbents and disinfectants in water treatment: a review (pp. 3823-3851) https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA45013A
  103. Xiang et al. (2012) Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts (pp. 782-796) https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CS15172J
  104. Shakoor et al. (2021) Physical characteristics of barium-based cubic perovskites https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138835
  105. Zahid et al. (2020) Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and nanocomposite with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for EMI shielding application (pp. 967-974) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02607-z
  106. Singh et al. (2011) Graphene oxide/ferrofluid/cement composites for electromagnetic interference shielding application https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/46/465701
  107. Jia et al. (2020) Graphene foams for electromagnetic interference shielding: a review (pp. 6140-6155) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c00835
  108. Anand et al. (2019) Graphene oxide and carbon dots as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents—a minireview (pp. 117-137) https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NH00174J
  109. Pandit et al. (2021) Graphene-based antimicrobial biomedical surfaces https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202000769
  110. Fatima et al. (2021) Recent developments for antimicrobial applications of graphene-based polymeric composites: a review (pp. 40-58) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.050
  111. Vasseghian et al. (2021) A review on graphene-based electrochemical sensor for mycotoxins detection https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111931
  112. Chatterjee et al. (2015) Graphene–metal oxide nanohybrids for toxic gas sensor: a review (pp. 1170-1181) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.070
  113. Olabi et al. (2021) Application of graphene in energy storage device—a review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110026
  114. Askari et al. (2021) ZnFe2O4 nanorods on reduced graphene oxide as advanced supercapacitor electrodes https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158497
  115. Sharma et al. (2017) Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for gas sensing application https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201700006
  116. Ul Haque et al. (2020) Applications of chitosan (CHI)-reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-polyaniline (PAni) conducting composite electrode for energy generation in glucose biofuel cell (pp. 1-12) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67253-6
  117. Choi et al. (2016) A novel biomolecule-mediated reduction of graphene oxide: a multifunctional anti-cancer agent https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030375
  118. Jose et al. (2020) Reduced graphene oxide/silver nanohybrid as a multifunctional material for antibacterial, anticancer, and SERS applications (pp. 1-16) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-3237-x
  119. Tian et al. (2017) Graphene and graphene-like two-denominational materials-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays for biological applications (pp. 123-135) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.046
  120. Zhong et al. (2020) The fabrication of 3D hierarchical flower-like δ-MnO2@COF nanocomposites for the efficient and ultra-fast removal of UO22+ ions from aqueous solution (pp. 3303-3317)
  121. Pu, F., Bai, Y., Lv, J., et al.: Yolk–shell Cu
  122. 2
  123. O
  124. @
  125. CuO‐decorated RGO for high‐performance lithium‐ion battery anode. Energy Environ. Mater. 1–8 (2021)
  126. Alkhouzaam and Qiblawey (2021) Functional GO-based membranes for water treatment and desalination: fabrication methods, performance and advantages. A review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129853
  127. Panahi-Sarmad et al. (2019) Programing polyurethane with systematic presence of graphene-oxide (GO) and reduced graphene-oxide (rGO) platelets for adjusting of heat-actuated shape memory properties (pp. 619-632) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.034
  128. Hao et al. (2020) rGO-wrapped porous LaFeO3 microspheres for high-performance triethylamine gas sensors (pp. 9363-9369) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.12.194
  129. Eda and Chhowalla (2009) Graphene-based composite thin films for electronics (pp. 814-818) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl8035367
  130. Zhou et al. (2012) Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of WO3 nanorods@ graphene nanocomposites (pp. 258-261) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.08.081
  131. Nagaraju et al. (2018) Rapid synthesis of WO3/graphene nanocomposite via in-situ microwave method with improved electrochemical properties (pp. 250-260) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2018.04.046
  132. Guo et al. (2012) Synthesis of WO3@graphene composite for enhanced photocatalytic oxygen evolution from water (pp. 1356-1363) https://doi.org/10.1039/C1RA00621E
  133. Hu et al. (2018) Synthesis and characterization of WO3/graphene nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic activities by one-step in-situ hydrothermal reaction https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11010147
  134. Zhi et al. (2016) Sol–gel fabrication of WO3/RGO nanocomposite film with enhanced electrochromic performance (pp. 67488-67494) https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA13947G
  135. Firat (2021) Pseudocapacitive energy storage properties of rGO/WO3 electrode synthesized by electrodeposition https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.105938
  136. Yadav et al. (2021) Porous nanoplate-like tungsten trioxide/reduced graphene oxide catalyst for sonocatalytic degradation and photocatalytic hydrogen production https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101075
  137. Kalaiarasi, S., Kavitha, M., Karpagavinayagam, P., et al.: Tungsten oxide decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite: chemical synthesis, characterization and application in super capacitors. Mater. Today Proc. 1–8 (2020)
  138. Liu et al. (2017) WO3 nanowires on graphene sheets as negative electrode for supercapacitors https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2494109
  139. Huang et al. (2020) Cathodic plasma–induced syntheses of graphene nanosheet/MnO2/WO3 architectures and their use in supercapacitors https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136043
  140. Shchegolkov et al. (2021) A brief overview of electrochromic materials and related devices: a nanostructured materials perspective https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092376
  141. Demon et al. (2020) Graphene-based materials in gas sensor applications: a review (pp. 759-777)
  142. Su et al. (2020) Advances in photonics of recently developed xenes (pp. 1621-1649) https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0561
  143. Wan et al. (2015) Flexible transparent films-based on nanocomposite networks of polyaniline and carbon nanotubes for high-performance gas sensing (pp. 5409-5415) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201501772
  144. Li et al. (2021) Multifunctional HDPE/CNTs/PW composite phase change materials with excellent thermal and electrical conductivities (pp. 171-179) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.009
  145. Tao et al. (2018) Two-dimensional antimonene-based photonic nanomedicine for cancer theranostics https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802061
  146. Shi, M., Zhu, H., Yang, C., et al.: Chemical reduction-induced fabrication of graphene hybrid fibers for energy-dense wire-shaped supercapacitors. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. In press and available online (2021)
  147. Luo et al. (2019) 2D black phosphorus–based biomedical applications https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808306
  148. Wang et al. (2014) Enhanced sensitivity and stability of room-temperature NH3 sensors using core–shell CeO2 nanoparticles@cross-linked PANI with p–n heterojunctions (pp. 14131-14140) https://doi.org/10.1021/am503286h
  149. Meng et al. (2015) Flower-like hierarchical structures consisting of porous single-crystalline ZnO nanosheets and their gas sensing properties to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (pp. 124-130) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.175
  150. Abideen et al. (2015) Excellent gas detection of ZnO nanofibers by loading with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (pp. 1499-1507) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.120
  151. Patil et al. (2015) Semiconductor metal oxide compounds-based gas sensors: a literature review (pp. 14-37) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-015-0279-7
  152. Zhang et al. (2020) Preparation of PI porous fiber membrane for recovering oil-paper insulation structure (pp. 13344-13351) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03888-5
  153. Fardindoost et al. (2010) Pd doped WO3 films prepared by sol–gel process for hydrogen sensing (pp. 854-860) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.033
  154. Xie et al. (2012) Hydrogen activity tuning of Pt-doped WO3 photonic crystal (pp. 4063-4067) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.01.027
  155. Choi et al. (2014) Fast responding exhaled-breath sensors using WO3 hemitubes functionalized by graphene-based electronic sensitizers for diagnosis of diseases (pp. 9061-9070) https://doi.org/10.1021/am501394r
  156. Tu et al. (2015) Remarkable conversion between n-and p-type reduced graphene oxide on varying the thermal annealing temperature (pp. 7362-7369) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02999
  157. Phan and Chung (2013) p–n junction characteristics of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on n-type Si(111) (pp. 1509-1514) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2013.02.007
  158. Qin et al. (2014) A biomimetic nest-like ZnO: controllable synthesis and enhanced ethanol response (pp. 770-778) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.10.075
  159. Shankar and Rayappan (2015) Gas sensing mechanism of metal oxides: the role of ambient atmosphere, type of semiconductor and gases—a review
  160. Yin et al. (2018) WO3-SnO2 nanosheet composites: hydrothermal synthesis and gas sensing mechanism (pp. 322-331) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.11.185
  161. Shi et al. (2016) Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/hexagonal WO3 nanosheets composites with enhanced H2S sensing properties (pp. 736-745) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.02.134
  162. Hao et al. (2017) Controllable synthesis and enhanced gas sensing properties of a single-crystalline WO3–rGO porous nanocomposite (pp. 14192-14199) https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA28379A
  163. Jiang et al. (2018) High performance acetylene sensor with heterostructure-based on WO3 nanolamellae/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets operating at low temperature https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8110909
  164. Jeevitha et al. (2019) Porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/WO3 nanocomposites for the enhanced detection of NH3 at room temperature (pp. 1799-1811) https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00048H
  165. Sandil et al. (2018) Biofunctionalized tungsten trioxide-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for sensitive electrochemical immunosensing of cardiac biomarker (pp. 102-110) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.293
  166. Zhao et al. (2016) Porous WO3/reduced graphene oxide composite film with enhanced electrochromic properties (pp. 261-267) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-015-1547-3
  167. Khan et al. (2020) Reduced graphene oxide layered WO3 thin film with enhanced electrochromic properties (pp. 185-193) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.029
  168. Jo et al. (2011) Investigation of pseudocapacitive charge-storage behavior in highly conductive ordered mesoporous tungsten oxide electrodes (pp. 11880-11886) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp2036982
  169. Machida and Enyo (1990) Structural and electrochromic properties of tungsten and molybdenum trioxide electrodes in acidic media (pp. 1169-1175) https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2086622
  170. Conway et al. (1997) The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors (pp. 1-14) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(96)02474-3
  171. Zhu et al. (2014) Proton-insertion-enhanced pseudocapacitance-based on the assembly structure of tungsten oxide (pp. 18901-18910) https://doi.org/10.1021/am504756u
  172. Cai et al. (2014) Graphene nanosheets-tungsten oxides composite for supercapacitor electrode (pp. 4109-4116) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.08.065
  173. Xing et al. (2016) Preparation of layered graphene and tungsten oxide hybrids for enhanced performance supercapacitors (pp. 17439-17446) https://doi.org/10.1039/C6DT03719D
  174. Ma et al. (2015) Hydrothermal preparation and supercapacitive performance of flower-like WO3·H2O/reduced graphene oxide composite (pp. 609-615) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.06.040
  175. Ribeiro and Abrantes (2016) Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor the corrosion of reinforced concrete: a new approach (pp. 98-104) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.047
  176. Park et al. (2015) Hierarchically structured reduced graphene oxide/WO3 frameworks for an application into lithium ion battery anodes (pp. 724-729) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.009
  177. Chu et al. (2017) WO3 nanoflower coated with graphene nanosheet: synergetic energy storage composite electrode for supercapacitor application (pp. 568-572) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.226
  178. Wong et al. (2017) Hydrothermal preparation of reduced graphene oxide/tungsten trioxide nanocomposites with enhanced electrochemical performance (pp. 14554-14567) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7319-2
  179. Korkmaz et al. (2020) Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide/tungsten oxide thin film supercapacitor for electrochemical energy storage https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2019.113718
  180. Ibrahim et al. (2020) Laser-induced anchoring of WO3 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide sheets for photocatalytic water decontamination and energy storage (pp. 444-451) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.08.281
  181. Ji et al. (2017) A novel potassium-ion-based dual-ion battery https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700519
  182. Tong et al. (2016) Carbon-coated porous aluminum foil anode for high-rate, long-term cycling stability, and high energy density dual-ion batteries (pp. 9979-9985) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603735
  183. Wang et al. (2018) Reversible calcium alloying enables a practical room-temperature rechargeable calcium-ion battery with a high discharge voltage (pp. 667-672) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-018-0045-4
  184. Zhang et al. (2016) A novel aluminum–graphite dual-ion battery https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201502588
  185. Yoon, S., Pyo, S.G., Son, H., et al.: Investigation of novel nanostructured tungsten oxides as high volumetric and safe anode materials in lithium ion batteries. 224th ECS Meeting Abstracts. MA2013,
  186. 2,
  187. (2013)
  188. Gu et al. (2016) Three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks anchored with bamboo-like tungsten oxide nanorods as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries (pp. 231-238) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.103
  189. Herdt et al. (2019) Tungsten oxide nanorod architectures as 3D anodes in binder-free lithium-ion batteries (pp. 598-610) https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR07636G
  190. Kumar et al. (2020) Perspective and status of polymeric graphitic carbon nitride-based Z-scheme photocatalytic systems for sustainable photocatalytic water purification https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123496
  191. Wang et al. (2019) Recent developments in heterogeneous photocatalysts for solar-driven overall water splitting (pp. 2109-2125) https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00542G
  192. Zahid et al. (2020) Hybrid nanomaterials for water purification (pp. 155-188) Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821354-4.00007-8
  193. Nadeem, N., Zahid, M., Rehan, Z A., et al.: Improved photocatalytic degradation of dye using coal fly ash-based zinc ferrite (CFA/ZnFe
  194. 2
  195. O
  196. 4
  197. ) composite. Int J Environ Sci Technol. (2021) (In press and available online)
  198. Nadeem et al. (2021) Coal fly ash-based copper ferrite nanocomposites as potential heterogeneous photocatalysts for wastewater remediation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150542
  199. Nadeem et al. (2021) (pp. 149-174) Elsevier
  200. Nadeem et al. (2021) (pp. 599-622) Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823528-7.00004-4
  201. Nadeem, N., Yaseen, M., Rehan, Z.A., et al.: Coal fly ash supported CoFe
  202. 2
  203. O
  204. 4
  205. nanocomposites: Synergetic Fenton-like and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Environ. Res. 112280 (2021)
  206. Singh et al. (2020) Review on various strategies for enhancing photocatalytic activity of graphene-based nanocomposites for water purification (pp. 3498-3520) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.12.001
  207. Sonu., Dutta, V., Sharma, S., et al.: Review on augmentation in photocatalytic activity of CoFe
  208. 2
  209. O
  210. 4
  211. via heterojunction formation for photocatalysis of organic pollutants in water. J. Saudi Chem. Soc.s.
  212. 23,
  213. –1136 (2019)
  214. Raizada et al. (2019) Ag3PO4 modified phosphorus and sulphur co-doped graphitic carbon nitride as a direct Z-scheme photocatalyst for 2, 4-dimethyl phenol degradation (pp. 22-35) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.01.015
  215. Zahid, M., Nadeem, N., Hanif, M.A., et al.: Metal ferrites and their graphene-based nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization, and applications in wastewater treatment. In: Magnetic nanostructures. Springer, Cham, 181-212 (2019)
  216. Rahman et al. (2021) Solar driven photocatalytic degradation potential of novel graphitic carbon nitride-based nanozero-valent iron doped bismuth ferrite ternary composite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111408
  217. Saher et al. (2021) Sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye by Ag/FeWO4/g-C3N4 composites (pp. 927-938) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02888-6
  218. Saeed et al. (2021) Mixed metal ferrite (Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4) intercalated g-C3N4 nanocomposite: efficient sunlight driven photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac2847
  219. Dutta et al. (2019) Review on augmentation in photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4 via heterojunction formation for photocatalysis of organic pollutants in water (pp. 1119-1136) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2019.07.003
  220. Raizada et al. (2017) Kinetics of photocatalytic mineralization of oxytetracycline and ampicillin using activated carbon supported ZnO/ZnWO4 (pp. 204-213)
  221. Philippopoulos, C., Nikolaki, M.: Photocatalytic processes on the oxidation of organic compounds in water. In: Šramová, B. (ed.) New Trends in Technologies. IntechOpen (2010)
  222. Saravanan et al. (2017) Basic principles, mechanism, and challenges of photocatalysis (pp. 19-40) Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62446-4_2
  223. Serpone (2012) Emeline, A, semiconductor photocatalysis—past, present, and future outlook (pp. 673-677) https://doi.org/10.1021/jz300071j
  224. Riboni et al. (2013) WO3–TiO2 vs. TiO2 photocatalysts: effect of the W precursor and amount on the photocatalytic activity of mixed oxides (pp. 28-34) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2013.01.008
  225. Anwer et al. (2019) Photocatalysts for degradation of dyes in industrial effluents: opportunities and challenges (pp. 955-972) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2287-0
  226. Cong et al. (2016) Tungsten oxide materials for optoelectronic applications (pp. 10518-10528) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601109
  227. Thangavel et al. (2012) Synthesis and properties of tungsten oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (pp. 327-334) https://doi.org/10.1166/mex.2012.1087
  228. Chai et al. (2014) Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/WO3 nanoplates composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity (pp. 177-181) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.01.094
  229. Peiris et al. (2017) Biochar-based removal of antibiotic sulfonamides and tetracyclines in aquatic environments: a critical review (pp. 150-159) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.150
  230. Ahmed et al. (2015) Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water and wastewater: progress and challenges (pp. 112-126) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.130
  231. Zhu et al. (2017) Facile fabrication of RGO/WO3 composites for effective visible light photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole (pp. 93-102) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.02.012
  232. Jiang et al. (2011) TiO2 nanoparticles assembled on graphene oxide nanosheets with high photocatalytic activity for removal of pollutants (pp. 2693-2701) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.059
  233. Kasap et al. (2018) Interfacial engineering of a carbon nitride-graphene oxide–molecular Ni catalyst hybrid for enhanced photocatalytic activity (pp. 6914-6926) https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b01969
  234. Sajjad et al. (2019) Potential visible WO3/GO composite photocatalyst (pp. 1218-1227) https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13124
  235. Ke et al. (2019) Enhanced light-driven water splitting by fast electron transfer in 2D/2D reduced graphene oxide/tungsten trioxide heterojunction with preferential facets (pp. 413-422) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.008
  236. Wang et al. (2020) In-situ synthesis of free-standing FeNi-oxyhydroxide nanosheets as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for water oxidation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125180
  237. Qin et al. (2011) Graphene-wrapped WO3 nanoparticles with improved performances in electrical conductivity and gas sensing properties (pp. 17167-17174) https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12692j
  238. Chen et al. (2013) Graphene and its derivatives for the development of solar cells, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic applications (pp. 1362-1387) https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee23586f
  239. Park et al. (2014) Room temperature hydrogen sensing of multiple networked ZnO/WO3 core–shell nanowire sensors under UV illumination (pp. 1171-1175) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2014.06.019
  240. Sajjad et al. (2018) ZnO/WO3 nanostructure as an efficient visible light catalyst (pp. 9364-9371) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.02.150
  241. Luo et al. (2013) Facile one-step synthesis of inorganic-framework molecularly imprinted TiO2/WO3 nanocomposite and its molecular recognitive photocatalytic degradation of target contaminant (pp. 7404-7412) https://doi.org/10.1021/es4013596
  242. Song et al. (2013) Electrochromic Properties of WO3-MoO3 nanocomposite films prepared by electrodeposition method (pp. 330-334) https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413711309030006
  243. Vallejos et al. (2015) Nanoscale heterostructures-based on Fe2O3@WO3-x nanoneedles and their direct integration into flexible transducing platforms for toluene sensing (pp. 18638-18649) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b05081
  244. Bai et al. (2014) Surface decoration of WO3 architectures with Fe2O3 nanoparticles for visible-light-driven photocatalysis (pp. 3289-3295) https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ce42410c
  245. Gesheva et al. (2016) Optical, structural and electrochromic properties of sputter-deposited W–Mo oxide thin films
  246. Su and Peng (2014) Fabrication of a room-temperature H2S gas sensor-based on PPy/WO3 nanocomposite films by in-situ photopolymerization (pp. 637-643) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.12.027
  247. Mane et al. (2015) Room temperature NO2 gas sensing properties of DBSA doped PPy–WO3 hybrid nanocomposite sensor (pp. 15-25) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2015.01.018
  248. Inomata et al. (2008) Selective reduction of NO with CO in the presence of O2 with Ir/WO3 catalysts: influence of preparation variables on the catalytic performance (pp. 783-789) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.06.011
  249. Zhou et al. (2015) Fabrication of two-dimensional lateral heterostructures of WS2/WO3·H2O through selective oxidation of monolayer WS2 (pp. 15441-15445) https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201508216
  250. Shang et al. (2017) Novel WS2/WO3 heterostructured nanosheets as efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (pp. 123-128) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.05.027
  251. Negreiros et al. (2017) Surface Fe vacancy defects on haematite and their role in light-induced water splitting in artificial photosynthesis (pp. 31410-31417) https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP06558B
  252. Zhang et al. (2014) Improvement of hematite as photocatalyst by doping with tantalum (pp. 16842-16850) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp500395a
  253. Sugrañez et al. (2015) Efficient behaviour of hematite towards the photocatalytic degradation of NOx gases (pp. 529-536) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.10.025
  254. Xie et al. (2015) Synthesis of α-Fe2O3/ZnO composites for photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol under UV–vis light irradiation (pp. 2622-2625) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.043
  255. Dozzi et al. (2016) Photocatalytic activity of TiO2–WO3 mixed oxides in relation to electron transfer efficiency (pp. 157-165) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.01.004
  256. Patrocinio et al. (2014) Layer-by-layer TiO2/WO3 thin films as efficient photocatalytic self-cleaning surfaces (pp. 16859-16866) https://doi.org/10.1021/am504269a
  257. Pérez-González et al. (2015) Optical, structural, and morphological properties of photocatalytic TiO2–ZnO thin films synthesized by the sol–gel process (pp. 304-309) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.04.073
  258. Hernández et al. (2015) Comparison of photocatalytic and transport properties of TiO2 and ZnO nanostructures for solar-driven water splitting (pp. 7775-7786)
  259. Park et al. (2008) Graphene oxide papers modified by divalent ions—enhancing mechanical properties via chemical cross-linking (pp. 572-578) https://doi.org/10.1021/nn700349a
  260. An et al. (2016) Separation performance of graphene oxide membrane in aqueous solution (pp. 4803-4810) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00620
  261. Kusiak-Nejman et al. (2017) Graphene oxide-TiO2 and reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposites: insight in charge-carrier lifetime measurements (pp. 189-195) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2016.11.008
  262. Hao et al. (2017) Photocatalyst TiO2/WO3/GO nano-composite with high efficient photocatalytic performance for BPA degradation under visible light and solar light illumination (pp. 140-148) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.06.038
  263. Yashni et al. (2021) Reusability performance of green zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalysis of bathroom greywater (pp. 364-376) https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.118
  264. Hasannia et al. (2021) Oxidative desulfurization of a model liquid fuel over an rGO-supported transition metal modified WO3 catalyst: experimental and theoretical studies https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118729
  265. Govindaraj et al. (2021) Fabrication of WO3 nanorods/RGO hybrid nanostructures for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Ciprofloxacin and Rhodamine B in an ecosystem https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159091
  266. Dong et al. (2018) Double Z-scheme ZnO/ZnS/g-C3N4 ternary structure for efficient photocatalytic H2 production (pp. 293-300) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.186
  267. Patial et al. (2021) Recent advances in photocatalytic multivariate metal organic frameworks-based nanostructures toward renewable energy and the removal of environmental pollutants https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100589
  268. Mohamed (2019) Rationally designed Fe2O3/GO/WO3 Z-scheme photocatalyst for enhanced solar light photocatalytic water remediation (pp. 74-84) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.04.023
  269. Sikong et al. (2016) The photochromic properties of reduced graphene oxide doped tungsten/molybdenum trioxide nano-composites (pp. 821-831)
  270. Chaudhary et al. (2020) Binary WO3–ZnO nanostructures supported rGO ternary nanocomposite for visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116526
  271. Patial et al. (2020) Recent advances in photocatalytic multivariate metal organic framework (MOFs)-based nanostructures toward renewable energy and the removal of environmental pollutants https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100589
  272. Fakhri and Bagheri (2020) Highly efficient Zr-MOF@WO3/graphene oxide photocatalyst: synthesis, characterization and photodegradation of tetracycline and malathion https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2019.104815
  273. Zhang et al. (2021) Fabrication of WO3/RGO/Ni: FeOOH heterostructure for synergistically enhancing photoelectrochemical water oxidation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148579
  274. Tang et al. (2011) Growth of silver nanocrystals on graphene by simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide and silver ions with a rapid and efficient one-step approach (pp. 3084-3086) https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc05613h
  275. Kamali et al. (2016) Amalgamation-based optical and colorimetric sensing of mercury (II) ions with silver@graphene oxide nanocomposite materials (pp. 369-377) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-015-1658-6
  276. Tran et al. (2021) Excellent photocatalytic activity of ternary Ag@WO3@rGO nanocomposites under solar simulation irradiation (pp. 108-117)
  277. Huang et al. (2021) Polyoxometalate-derived Ir/WOx/rGO nanocomposites for enhanced electrocatalytic water splitting (pp. 681-686) https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12150
  278. Gao et al. (2018) Free-standing WS 2-MWCNTs hybrid paper integrated with polyaniline for high-performance flexible supercapacitor https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-018-4409-x
  279. Yang et al. (2019) Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/tungsten disulfide/tungsten oxide nanohybrids for high performance supercapacitor with excellent rate capability (pp. 150-158) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.08.185
  280. Naz et al. (2019) One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of ternary 1T-MoS2/hexa/WO3/graphene composites for high-performance supercapacitors (pp. 16054-16062) https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201903336
  281. Zhu et al. (2021) Porous N-doped carbon/MnO2 nanoneedles for high performance ionic liquid-based supercapacitors https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129837
  282. Jabed et al. (2021) Understanding of light absorption properties of the N-doped graphene oxide quantum dot with TD-DFT (pp. 14979-14990) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03012
  283. Hasija et al. (2019) Carbon quantum dots supported AgI/ZnO/phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride as Z-scheme photocatalyst for efficient photodegradation of 2, 4-dinitrophenol https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103272
  284. Wei et al. (2015) One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of N-doped carbon quantum dots using the waste of shrimp for hydrogen evolution from formic acid (pp. 241-243) https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.140977
  285. Arabatzis et al. (2003) Silver-modified titanium dioxide thin films for efficient photodegradation of methyl orange (pp. 187-201) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00233-3
  286. Jamila et al. (2020) Nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots and GO modified WO3 nanosheets combination as an effective visible photo catalyst https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121087
  287. Gupta and Miura (2006) Polyaniline/single-wall carbon nanotube (PANI/SWCNT) composites for high performance supercapacitors (pp. 1721-1726) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.01.074
  288. Khan et al. (2015) Preparation of polyaniline grafted graphene oxide–WO3 nanocomposite and its application as a chromium(III) chemi-sensor (pp. 105169-105178) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA17925D
  289. Malefane et al. (2019) In-situ synthesis of tetraphenylporphyrin/tungsten(VI) oxide/reduced graphene oxide (TPP/WO3/RGO) nanocomposite for visible light photocatalytic degradation of acid blue 25 (pp. 8379-8389) https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201901589
  290. Raizada et al. (2019) Converting type II AgBr/VO into ternary Z scheme photocatalyst via coupling with phosphorus doped g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic activity https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115692
  291. Lu et al. (2019) Construction of Z-scheme g-C3N4/RGO/WO3 with in situ photoreduced graphene oxide as electron mediator for efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (pp. 444-453) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.065
  292. Choobtashani and Akhavan (2013) Visible light-induced photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide by tungsten oxide thin films (pp. 628-634) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.03.144
  293. Khan et al. (2016) Fabrication of WO3 nanorods on graphene nanosheets for improved visible light-induced photocapacitive and photocatalytic performance (pp. 20824-20833) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA24575C