10.1007/s40089-018-0260-4

Methods for dispersing carbon nanotubes for nanotechnology applications: liquid nanocrystals, suspensions, polyelectrolytes, colloids and organization control

HTML PDF
  • Sergio Manzetti*1,
  • Jean-Christophe P. Gabriel2,
  1. Fjordforsk A/S, Nanofactory, Midtun, Vangsnes, NO Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 23, SE
  2. Nanoscience and Innovation for Materials, Biomedicine and Energy (NIMBE), CEA/CNRS/Univ. Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, FR Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Singapore, 639798, SG
Cover Image

Published in Issue 2019-01-02

How to Cite

Manzetti, S., & Gabriel, J.-C. P. (2019). Methods for dispersing carbon nanotubes for nanotechnology applications: liquid nanocrystals, suspensions, polyelectrolytes, colloids and organization control. International Nano Letters, 9(1 (March 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-018-0260-4
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

HTML views: 333

PDF views: 112

Abstract

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a central part of advanced nanomaterials and are used in state-of-the-art technologies, based on their high tensile strength, excellent thermal transfer properties, low-band gaps and optimal chemical and physical stability. Carbon nanotubes are also intriguing given their unique π-electron-rich structures, which opens a variety of possibilities for modifications and alterations of their chemical and electronic properties. In this review, a comprehensive survey of the methods of solubilization of carbon nanotubes is presented, forming the methodological foundation for synthesis and manufacturing of modified nanomaterials. The methods presented herein show that solubilized carbon nanotubes have a great potential in being applied as reactants and components for advanced solar cell technologies, nanochemical compounds in electronics and as parts in thermal transfer management. An example lies in the preservation of the aromatic chemistry in CNTs and ligation of functional groups to their surfaces, which confers CNTs with an optimal potential as tunable Schottky contacts, or as parts in nanotransistors and nano-resistances. Future nanoelectronic circuits and structures can therefore depend more and more on how carbon nanotubes are modified and functionalized, and for this, solubilization is often a critical part of their fabrication process. This review is important, is in conjecture with the latest developments in synthesis and modification of CNTs, and provides the know-how for developing new CNT-based state-of-the-art technologies, particularly with emphasis on computing, catalysis, environmental remediation as well as microelectronics.

Keywords

  • Carbon nanotubes,
  • Nanochemistry,
  • Modification,
  • Organic,
  • Reactions,
  • Nanoelectronics,
  • Chemical,
  • Nanotechnology
HTML PDF

References

  1. Zeng et al. (2006) Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-functionalized carbon nanotubes and their biodegradation properties 16(6) (pp. 812-818) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500607
  2. Zhong et al. (2009) Bio-nano interaction of proteins adsorbed on single-walled carbon nanotubes 47(4) (pp. 967-973) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.11.051
  3. Behabtu et al. (2013) Strong, light, multifunctional fibers of carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh conductivity 339(6116) (pp. 182-186) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228061
  4. Cao et al. (2013) Arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes with full surface coverage for high-performance electronics 8(3) (pp. 180-186) https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.257
  5. De Volder et al. (2013) Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications 339(6119) (pp. 535-539) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222453
  6. Shulaker et al. (2013) Carbon nanotube computer 501(7468) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12502
  7. Wang et al. (2013) High-performance two-ply yarn supercapacitors based on carbon nanotubes and polyaniline nanowire arrays 25(10) (pp. 1494-1498) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201204598
  8. Manzetti (2014) Remediation technologies for oil-drilling activities in the Arctic: oil-spill containment and remediation in open water 3(1) (pp. 49-60) https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2014.966156
  9. Serp et al. (2003) Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in catalysis 253(2) (pp. 337-358) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(03)00549-0
  10. Matsumoto et al. (2004) Reduction of Pt usage in fuel cell electrocatalysts with carbon nanotube electrodes https://doi.org/10.1039/b400607k
  11. Yoo et al. (2004) Atomic hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes promoted by metal catalysts 108(49) (pp. 18903-18907) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp047056q
  12. Landi et al. (2009) Multi-walled carbon nanotube paper anodes for lithium ion batteries 9(6) (pp. 3406-3410) https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.NS09
  13. Landi et al. (2009) Carbon nanotubes for lithium ion batteries 2(6) (pp. 638-654) https://doi.org/10.1039/b904116h
  14. Pol and Thackeray (2011) Spherical carbon particles and carbon nanotubes prepared by autogenic reactions: evaluation as anodes in lithium electrochemical cells 4(5) (pp. 1904-1912) https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00256a
  15. Dai et al. (2012) Carbon nanomaterials for advanced energy conversion and storage 8(8) (pp. 1130-1166) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201101594
  16. Evanoff et al. (2012) Towards ultrathick battery electrodes: aligned carbon nanotube—enabled architecture 24(4) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103044
  17. Tseng et al. (2007) Ignition of carbon nanotubes using a photoflash 45(5) (pp. 958-964) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.12.033
  18. Rueckes et al. (2000) Carbon nanotube-based nonvolatile random access memory for molecular computing 289(5476) (pp. 94-97) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5476.94
  19. van der Veen, M.H., Barbarin, Y., Kashiwagi, Y., Tokei, Z: IEEE: electron mean-free path for CNT in vertical interconnects approaches Cu. In: 2014 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference/Advanced Metallization Conference (2014)
  20. van der Veen, M.H., Vereecke, B., Sugiura, M., Kashiwagi, Y., Ke, X.X., Cott, D.J., Vanpaemel, J.K.M., Vereecken, P.M., De Gendt, S., Huyghebaert, C., Tokei, Z: IEEE: electrical and structural characterization of 150 nm CNT contacts with cu damascene top metallization. In: 2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference (2012)
  21. Gimenez-Lopez et al. (2013) Assembly and magnetic bistability of Mn3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated in hollow carbon nanofibers 52(7) (pp. 2051-2054) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207855
  22. Manzetti (2013) Molecular and crystal assembly inside the carbon nanotube: encapsulation and manufacturing approaches 1(3) (pp. 198-210) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-013-0030-5
  23. Manzetti et al. (2015) Emerging carbon-based nanosensor devices: structures, functions and applications 3(1) (pp. 63-72) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-015-0100-y
  24. Gabriel, J.C.P. (2003) Large scale production of carbon nanotube transistors: a generic platform for chemical sensors. In: Velev, O.D., Bunning, T.J., Xia, Y., Yang, P. (eds.) Unconventional Approaches to Nanostructures with Applications in Electronics, Photonics, Information Storage and Sensing, vol. 776. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, pp. 271–277
  25. Star et al. (2003) Nano-electronic sensors: chemical detection using carbon nanotubes (pp. U479-U479)
  26. Star et al. (2003) Electronic detection of specific protein binding using nanotube FET devices 3(4) (pp. 459-463) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0340172
  27. Bradley et al. (2005) Integration of cell membranes and nanotube transistors 5(5) (pp. 841-845) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl050157v
  28. Kimmel et al. (2012) Electrochemical sensors and biosensors 84(2) (pp. 685-707) https://doi.org/10.1021/ac202878q
  29. Esser et al. (2012) Selective detection of ethylene gas using carbon nanotube-based devices: utility in determination of fruit ripeness 51(23) (pp. 5752-5756) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201201042
  30. Stetter et al. (2003) Nano-electronic sensors; practical device designs for sensors (pp. 313-316)
  31. Star et al. (2004) Nanoelectronic carbon dioxide sensors 16(22) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400322
  32. Star et al. (2006) Gas sensor array based on metal-decorated carbon nanotubes 110(42) (pp. 21014-21020) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp064371z
  33. Star et al. (2006) Label-free detection of DNA hybridization using carbon nanotube network field-effect transistors 103(4) (pp. 921-926) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504146103
  34. Gabriel (2010) 2d Random networks of carbon nanotubes 11(5–6) (pp. 362-374) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2010.07.016
  35. Snow et al. (2005) Chemical detection with a single-walled carbon nanotube capacitor 307(5717) (pp. 1942-1945) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109128
  36. Keefer et al. (2008) Carbon nanotube coating improves neuronal recordings 3(7) (pp. 434-439) https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.174
  37. Liu et al. (2009) Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: in vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery 2(2) (pp. 85-120) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-009-9009-8
  38. Bondavalli et al. (2009) Carbon nanotubes based transistors as gas sensors: state of the art and critical review 140(1) (pp. 304-318) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.04.025
  39. Michelis et al. (2015) Highly reproducible, hysteresis-free, flexible strain sensors by inkjet printing of carbon nanotubes (pp. 1020-1026) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.103
  40. Manzetti and Enrichi (2017) State-of-the-art developments in metal and carbon-based semiconducting nanomaterials: applications and functions in spintronics, nanophotonics, and nanomagnetics 5(2) (pp. 105-119) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-017-0172-y
  41. Zhang et al. (2010) Carbon nanotube and CdSe nanobelt schottky junction solar cells 10(9) (pp. 3583-3589) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl101888y
  42. Chen et al. (2013) Modeling and simulation of carbon nanotube-semiconductor heterojunction vertical field effect transistors 113(23) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4811295
  43. Bradley et al. (2003) Influence of mobile ions on nanotube based FET devices 3(5) (pp. 639-641) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl025941j
  44. Bradley et al. (2003) Charge transfer from ammonia physisorbed on nanotubes 91(21) https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.91.218301
  45. Bradley et al. (2003) Short-channel effects in contact-passivated nanotube chemical sensors 83(18) (pp. 3821-3823) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1619222
  46. Mahmoud et al. (2008) Picomolar detection of protease using peptide/single walled carbon nanotube/gold nanoparticle-modified electrode 2(5) (pp. 1051-1057) https://doi.org/10.1021/nn8000774
  47. Mahmoud and Luong (2008) Impedance method for detecting HIV-1 protease and screening for its inhibitors using ferrocene-peptide conjugate/Au nanoparticle/single-walled carbon nanotube modified electrode 80(18) (pp. 7056-7062) https://doi.org/10.1021/ac801174r
  48. Aguirre et al. (2009) The role of the oxygen/water redox couple in suppressing electron conduction in field-effect transistors 21(30) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200900550
  49. Tao et al. (2008) Full-band quantum transport based simulation for carbon nanotube field effect transistor from chirality to device performance 34(1) (pp. 73-80) https://doi.org/10.1080/08927020701730377
  50. Maehashi et al. (2007) Label-free protein biosensor based on aptamer-modified carbon nanotube field-effect transistors 79(2) (pp. 782-787) https://doi.org/10.1021/ac060830g
  51. Fang et al. (2014) Flexible bio-interfaced nanoelectronics 2(7) (pp. 1178-1183) https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tc32322f
  52. Pan and Xing (2008) Adsorption mechanisms of organic chemicals on carbon nanotubes 42(24) (pp. 9005-9013) https://doi.org/10.1021/es801777n
  53. Yang et al. (2008) Aqueous adsorption of aniline, phenol, and their substitutes by multi-walled carbon nanotubes 42(21) (pp. 7931-7936) https://doi.org/10.1021/es801463v
  54. Manzetti et al. (2016) Molecular simulation of carbon nanotubes as sorptive materials: sorption effects towards retene, perylene and cholesterol to 100 degrees celsius and above 42(14) (pp. 1183-1192) https://doi.org/10.1080/08927022.2016.1155212
  55. Yang et al. (2009) Adsorption of Ni(II) on oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Effect of contact time, pH, foreign ions and PAA 166(1) (pp. 109-116) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.003
  56. Gupta et al. (2011) Chromium removal by combining the magnetic properties of iron oxide with adsorption properties of carbon nanotubes 45(6) (pp. 2207-2212) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.01.012
  57. Ren et al. (2011) Carbon nanotubes as adsorbents in environmental pollution management: a review 170(2–3) (pp. 395-410) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.045
  58. Ren et al. (2011) Comparative study of Pb(II) sorption on XC-72 carbon and multi-walled carbon nanotubes from aqueous solutions 170(1) (pp. 170-177) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.050
  59. Wang et al. (2008) Sorption of organic contaminants by carbon nanotubes: influence of adsorbed organic matter 42(9) (pp. 3207-3212) https://doi.org/10.1021/es702971g
  60. Yu et al. (2014) Aqueous adsorption and removal of organic contaminants by carbon nanotubes (pp. 241-251) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.129
  61. Gong et al. (2009) Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposite as adsorbent 164(2–3) (pp. 1517-1522) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.072
  62. Ma et al. (2010) Dispersion, interfacial interaction and re-agglomeration of functionalized carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites 48(6) (pp. 1824-1834) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.028
  63. Ma et al. (2010) Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: a review 41(10) (pp. 1345-1367) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.07.003
  64. Sahoo et al. (2010) Polymer nanocomposites based on functionalized carbon nanotubes 35(7) (pp. 837-867) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.03.002
  65. Choi et al. (2011) A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sponge for the selective absorption of oil from water 3(12) (pp. 4552-4556) https://doi.org/10.1021/am201352w
  66. Zhang (2011) Electrospun poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite scaffolds for guided bone tissue regeneration 26(4) (pp. 347-362) https://doi.org/10.1177/0883911511413450
  67. Vigolo et al. (2000) Macroscopic fibers and ribbons of oriented carbon nanotubes 290(5495) (pp. 1331-1334) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5495.1331
  68. Polizu et al. (2006) Applications of carbon nanotubes-based biomaterials in biomedical nanotechnology 6(7) (pp. 1883-1904) https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.197
  69. Goldsmith et al. (2007) Conductance-controlled point functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes 315(5808) (pp. 77-81) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135303
  70. Khalap et al. (2010) Hydrogen sensing and sensitivity of palladium-decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes with defects 10(3) (pp. 896-901) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl9036092
  71. Olive-Monllau et al. (2010) Strategies for the optimization of carbon nanotube/polymer ratio in composite materials: applications as voltammetric sensors 146(1) (pp. 353-360) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.02.017
  72. Wong and Salahuddin (2015) Memory leads the way to better computing 10(3) (pp. 191-194) https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.29
  73. Matsuo et al. (2003) Theoretical studies on structures and aromaticity of finite-length armchair carbon nanotubes 5(18) (pp. 3181-3184) https://doi.org/10.1021/ol0349514
  74. Lin and Xing (2008) Adsorption of phenolic compounds by carbon nanotubes: role of aromaticity and substitution of hydroxyl groups 42(19) (pp. 7254-7259) https://doi.org/10.1021/es801297u
  75. Li et al. (2003) Carbon nanotube sensors for gas and organic vapor detection 3(7) (pp. 929-933) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl034220x
  76. Cai et al. (2008) Highly conductive carbon-nanotube/graphite-oxide hybrid films 20(9) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200702602
  77. Gojny et al. (2003) Surface modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes in CNT/epoxy-composites 370(5–6) (pp. 820-824) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00187-8
  78. Theodore et al. (2011) Influence of functionalization on properties of MWCNT-epoxy nanocomposites 528(3) (pp. 1192-1200) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.095
  79. Manzetti and Andersen (2016) A molecular dynamics study of nanoparticle-formation from bioethanol-gasoline blend emissions (pp. 55-63) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.049
  80. Manzetti and Meneses (2012) Chemical and electronic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review Nova Sciences Publishers
  81. Gotovac et al. (2007) Effect of nanoscale curvature of single-walled carbon nanotubes on adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 7(3) (pp. 583-587) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0622597
  82. Chang and Liu (2009) Functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with furan and maleimide compounds through Diels-Alder cycloaddition 47(13) (pp. 3041-3049) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.06.058
  83. Bonard et al. (1997) Purification and size-selection of carbon nanotubes 9(10) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19970091014
  84. Bandow et al. (1997) Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes by microfiltration 101(44) (pp. 8839-8842) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp972026r
  85. Islam et al. (2003) High weight fraction surfactant solubilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes in water 3(2) (pp. 269-273) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl025924u
  86. Jiang et al. (2003) Production of aqueous colloidal dispersions of carbon nanotubes 260(1) (pp. 89-94) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9797(02)00176-5
  87. Ndiaye et al. (2012) Elaboration of SWNTs-based gas sensors using dispersion techniques: evaluating the role of the surfactant and its influence on the sensor response 162(1) (pp. 95-101) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.12.041
  88. Fatemi and Foroutan (2016) Recent developments concerning the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in surfactant/polymer systems by MD simulation 6(1) (pp. 29-40) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-015-0175-9
  89. Park and Bae (2015) Tailoring environment friendly carbon nanostructures by surfactant mediated interfacial engineering (pp. 1-9) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.05.005
  90. Wang (2009) Dispersing carbon nanotubes using surfactants 14(5) (pp. 364-371) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2009.06.004
  91. Hilding et al. (2003) Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in liquids 24(1) (pp. 1-41) https://doi.org/10.1081/dis-120017941
  92. Lu et al. (1996) Mechanical damage of carbon nanotubes by ultrasound 34(6) (pp. 814-816) https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(96)89470-x
  93. Jedrzejewska et al. (2011) Systematic study on synthesis and purification of double-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized via CVD 29(4) (pp. 292-298) https://doi.org/10.2478/s13536-011-0043-3
  94. Lukaszczuk et al. (2013) Selective oxidation of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes 67(9) (pp. 1250-1254) https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0345-5
  95. Liang et al. (2016) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with a ultrahigh fraction of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups by ultrasound-assisted oxidation 51(7) (pp. 3513-3524) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9671-z
  96. Bibi et al. (2018) Comparative study of the modification of multi-wall carbon nanotubes by gamma irradiation and sonochemically assisted acid etching (pp. 23-29) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.12.047
  97. Price et al. (2018) Sonochemical modification of carbon nanotubes for enhanced nanocomposite performance (pp. 123-130) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.02.021
  98. Heller et al. (2004) Concomitant length and diameter separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes 126(44) (pp. 14567-14573) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja046450z
  99. Liu and Wang (2009) Ultrasonic-assisted chemical oxidative cutting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with ammonium persulfate in neutral media 97(4) (pp. 771-775) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-009-5314-z
  100. Liu et al. (2007) A multi-step strategy for cutting and purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes 45(10) (pp. 1972-1978) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.06.009
  101. Luong et al. (2005) Oxidation, deformation, and destruction of carbon nanotubes in aqueous ceric sulfate 109(4) (pp. 1400-1407) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0454422
  102. Park et al. (2008) The effect of pre-treatment methods on morphology and size distribution of multi-walled carbon nanotubes 19(33) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/33/335702
  103. Shelimov et al. (1998) Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes by ultrasonically assisted filtration 282(5–6) (pp. 429-434) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01265-7
  104. Shuba et al. (2012) Soft cutting of single-wall carbon nanotubes by low temperature ultrasonication in a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids 23(49) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/49/495714
  105. Wang et al. (2006) An integrated route for purification, cutting and dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes 432(1–3) (pp. 205-208) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.054
  106. Zhang et al. (2002) Structure of single-wall carbon nanotubes purified and cut using polymer 74(1) (pp. 7-10) https://doi.org/10.1007/s003390100983
  107. Zhang et al. (2001) Effect of polymer and solvent on purification and cutting of single-wall carbon nanotubes 349(1–2) (pp. 25-30) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(01)01181-2
  108. Tibbetts et al. (2001) Hydrogen storage capacity of carbon nanotubes, filaments, and vapor-grown fibers 39(15) (pp. 2291-2301) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(01)00051-3
  109. Jones et al. (2007) Use of high-purity metal-catalyst-free multiwalled carbon nanotubes to avoid potential experimental misinterpretations 23(18) (pp. 9501-9504) https://doi.org/10.1021/la701522p
  110. Jhi et al. (2004) Hydrogen storage by physisorption: beyond carbon 129(12) (pp. 769-773) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2003.12.032
  111. Dillon et al. (1997) Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes 386(6623) (pp. 377-379) https://doi.org/10.1038/386377a0
  112. Joiner, C., Gabriel, J.-C., Gruner, G., Star, A.: Nanotube sensor devices for DNA detection USA Patent (2007)
  113. Fukushima et al. (2003) Molecular ordering of organic molten salts triggered by single-walled carbon nanotubes 300(5628) (pp. 2072-2074) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082289
  114. Fukushima and Aida (2007) Ionic liquids for soft functional materials with carbon nanotubes 13(18) (pp. 5048-5058) https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200700554
  115. Barisci et al. (2004) Investigation of ionic liquids as electrolytes for carbon nanotube electrodes 6(1) (pp. 22-27) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2003.09.015
  116. Wang et al. (2008) Why single-walled carbon nanotubes can be dispersed in imidazolium-based ionic liquids 2(12) (pp. 2540-2546) https://doi.org/10.1021/nn800510g
  117. Raiah et al. (2015) Influence of the hydrocarbon chain length of imidazolium-based ionic liquid on the dispersion and stabilization of double-walled carbon nanotubes in water (pp. 107-116) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.01.015
  118. Jiang et al. (2013) Increased solubility, liquid-crystalline phase, and selective functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotube polyelectrolyte dispersions 7(5) (pp. 4503-4510) https://doi.org/10.1021/nn4011544
  119. Petit et al. (1999) Tuning and monitoring the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes 305(5–6) (pp. 370-374) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00399-1
  120. Penicaud, A., Poulin, P., Anglaret, E., Petit, P., Roubeau, O., Enouz, S., Loiseau, A.: Dissolution douce of single walled carbon nanotubes. In: Kuzmany, H., Fink, J., Mehring, M., Roth, S. (eds.) Electronic Properties of Novel Nanostructures, vol. 786. AIP Conference Proceedings, pp. 266–270 (2005)
  121. Penicaud et al. (2005) Spontaneous dissolution of a single-wall carbon nanotube salt 127(1) (pp. 8-9) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0443373
  122. Voiry et al. (2011) Portrait of carbon nanotube salts as soluble polyelectrolytes 7(18) (pp. 7998-8001) https://doi.org/10.1039/c1sm05959a
  123. Penicaud et al. (1991) C60.-with coordination-compounds—(tetraphenylporphinato)chromium(III) fulleride 113(17) (pp. 6698-6700) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00017a066
  124. Moya et al. (2007) Assembly of polyelectrolytes on CNTs by Van der Waals interactions and fabrication of LBL polyelectrolyte/CNT composites 208(6) (pp. 603-608) https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200600530
  125. Han et al. (2010) Water-soluble polyelectrolyte-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube thin films for efficient counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells 4(6) (pp. 3503-3509) https://doi.org/10.1021/nn100574g
  126. Paloniemi et al. (2005) Water-soluble full-length single-wall carbon nanotube polyelectrolytes: preparation and characterization 109(18) (pp. 8634-8642) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0443097
  127. Wang et al. (2003) Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by Nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors 125(9) (pp. 2408-2409) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja028951v
  128. Guzman et al. (2009) Hydrogen peroxide sensor based on modified vitreous carbon with multiwall carbon nanotubes and composites of Pt nanoparticles-dopamine 54(6) (pp. 1728-1732) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.09.072
  129. Banerjee et al. (2005) Covalent surface chemistry of single-walled carbon nanotubes 17(1) (pp. 17-29) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200401340
  130. Porter and Perkins (1970) A study of thermodynamics of sorption of 3 direct dyes on cellophane film 40(1) https://doi.org/10.1177/004051757004000112
  131. Zhang and Silva (2010) Reversible functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with organic dyes 63(6) (pp. 645-648) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.05.037
  132. Pan et al. (2011) Alkali doped polyvinyl alcohol/multi-walled carbon nano-tube electrolyte for direct methanol alkaline fuel cell 376(1–2) (pp. 225-232) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.04.026
  133. Shieh et al. (2007) Effects of polarity and pH on the solubility of acid-treated carbon nanotubes in different media 45(9) (pp. 1880-1890) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.04.028
  134. Liu et al. (2010) Carbon nanotube/raspberry hollow Pd nanosphere hybrids for methanol, ethanol, and formic acid electro-oxidation in alkaline media 351(1) (pp. 233-238) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.07.035
  135. Liu et al. (2006) Selective reactivity of aromatic amines toward 5-maleimidoisophthalic acid for preparation of polyamides bearing N-phenylmaleimide moieties 66(9) (pp. 924-930) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.12.005
  136. Maio et al. (2014) Statistical study of the influence of CNTs purification and plasma functionalization on the properties of polycarbonate-CNTs nanocomposites 11(7) (pp. 664-677) https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201400008
  137. Ferreira et al. (2015) Carbon nanotube functionalized with dodecylamine for the effective dispersion in solvents (pp. 2154-2159) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.202
  138. Arnold et al. (2005) Enrichment of single-walled carbon nanotubes by diameter in density gradients 5(4) (pp. 713-718) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl050133o
  139. Hersam (2009) Materials science nanotubes sorted using DNA 460(7252) (pp. 186-187) https://doi.org/10.1038/460186a
  140. Zheng et al. (2003) Structure-based carbon nanotube sorting by sequence-dependent DNA assembly 302(5650) (pp. 1545-1548) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091911
  141. Xie et al. (2005) Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: A review 49(4) (pp. 89-112) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2005.04.002
  142. Vigolo, B., Penicaud, A., Coulon, C., Sauder, C., Pailler, R., Journet, C., Bernier, P., Poulin, P.: A simple method to make carbon nanotubes fibers. In: Kuzmany, H., Fink, J., Mehring, M., Roth, S. (eds.) Electronic Properties of Molecular Nanostructures, vol. 591. AIP Conference Proceedings, pp. 562–567. (2001)
  143. Vigolo, B., Launois, P., Lucas, M., Badaire, S., Bernier, P., Poulin, P.: Fibers of carbon nanotubes. In: Bernier, P., Ajayan, P., Iwasa, Y., Nikolaev, P. (eds.) Making Functional Materials with Nanotubes, vol. 706. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, pp. 3–8 (2002)
  144. Davidson et al. (1993) A new nematic suspension based on all-inorganic polymer rods 21(3) (pp. 317-322) https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/21/3/011
  145. Davidson et al. (1993) Nematic liquid-crystalline mineral polymerS 5(9) (pp. 665-668) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19930050916
  146. Donkai et al. (1993) Lyotropic mesophase of imogolite. 3. Observation of liquid-crystal structure by scanning electron and novel polarized optical microscopy 194(2) (pp. 559-580) https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940219
  147. Gabriel and Batail (1999) Liquid crystals with a mineral core 12(8—9) (pp. 13-21)
  148. Gabriel and Davidson (2000) New trends in colloidal liquid crystals based on mineral moieties 12(1) https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(200001)12:1<9::aid-adma9>3.0.co;2-6
  149. Davidson et al. (1997) Mineral liquid crystalline polymers 22(5) (pp. 913-936) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6700(97)00012-9
  150. Gabriel, J.C.P., Davidson, P.: Mineral liquid crystals from self-assembly of anisotropic nanosystems. In: Antonietti, M. (ed.) Colloid Chemistry 1, vol. 226. Topics in Current Chemistry-Series, pp. 119–172 (2003)
  151. Ajayan et al. (1994) Aligned carbon nanotube arrays formed by cutting a polymer resin-nanotube composite 265(5176) (pp. 1212-1214) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5176.1212
  152. Arjmand et al. (2011) Electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of flow-induced oriented carbon nanotubes in polycarbonate 49(11) (pp. 3430-3440) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.04.039
  153. Dror et al. (2003) Carbon nanotubes embedded in oriented polymer nanofibers by electrospinning 19(17) (pp. 7012-7020) https://doi.org/10.1021/la034234i
  154. Haggenmueller et al. (2000) Aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes in composites by melt processing methods 330(3–4) (pp. 219-225) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01013-7
  155. Huang et al. (2001) Directed assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures into functional networks 291(5504) (pp. 630-633) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5504.630
  156. Potschke et al. (2004) Melt mixing of polycarbonate with multiwalled carbon nanotubes: microscopic studies on the state of dispersion 40(1) (pp. 137-148) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.08.008
  157. Lanticse et al. (2006) Shear-induced preferential alignment of carbon nanotubes resulted in anisotropic electrical conductivity of polymer composites 44(14) (pp. 3078-3086) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.008
  158. Onsager (1949) The effects of shape on the interaction of colloidal particles 51(4) (pp. 627-659) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949.tb27296.x
  159. Vroege (1989) The isotropic-nematic phase-transition and other properties of a solution of semiflexible poly-electrolytes 90(8) (pp. 4560-4566) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.456642
  160. Vroege and Lekkerkerker (1992) Phase-transitions in lyotropic colloidal and polymer liquid-crystals 55(8) (pp. 1241-1309) https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/55/8/003
  161. Somoza et al. (2001) Liquid-crystal phases of capped carbon nanotubes 63(8) https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.63.081403
  162. Song et al. (2003) Nematic liquid crystallinity of multiwall carbon nanotubes 302(5649) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089764
  163. Song and Windle (2005) Isotropic-nematic phase transition of dispersions of multiwall carbon nanotubes 38(14) (pp. 6181-6188) https://doi.org/10.1021/ma047691u
  164. Badaire et al. (2005) Liquid crystals of DNA-stabilized carbon nanotubes 17(13) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200401741
  165. Camerel et al. (2002) Original single walled nanotubules based on weakly interacting covalent mineral polymers, (1)(infinity) Nb2PS10- in N-methylformamide 2(4) (pp. 403-407) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl010090l
  166. Paineau et al. (2016) A liquid-crystalline hexagonal columnar phase in highly-dilute suspensions of imogolite nanotubes https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10271
  167. Gabriel et al. (2001) Swollen liquid-crystalline lamellar phase based on extended solid-like sheets 413(6855) (pp. 504-508) https://doi.org/10.1038/35097046
  168. Davidson et al. (2018) Isotropic, nematic, and lamellar phases in colloidal suspensions of nanosheets 115(26) (pp. 6662-6667) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802692115
  169. Kleshchanok et al. (2012) Lyotropic smectic B phase formed in suspensions of charged colloidal platelets 134(13) (pp. 5985-5990) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja300527w
  170. Wensink (2007) Columnar versus smectic order in systems of charged colloidal rods 126(19) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2730819
  171. Vroege et al. (2006) Smectic liquid-crystalline order in suspensions of highly polydisperse goethite nanorods 18(19) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200601112
  172. Miyamoto and Nakato (2002) Liquid crystalline nature of K4Nb6O17 nanosheet sols and their macroscopic alignment 14(18) https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020916)14:18<1267::aid-adma1267>3.0.co;2-o
  173. Lim et al. (2014) Highly ordered and highly aligned two-dimensional binary superlattice of a SWNT/cylindrical-micellar system 53(46) (pp. 12548-12554) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403458
  174. Vijayaraghavan (2014) Self-assembled ordering of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a lyotropic liquid crystal system (pp. 128-132) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2014.08.022
  175. Lustig et al. (2003) Lithographically cut single-walled carbon nanotubes: controlling length distribution and introducing end-group functionality 3(8) (pp. 1007-1012) https://doi.org/10.1021/nl034219y
  176. Kamalakaran et al. (2000) Synthesis of thick and crystalline nanotube arrays by spray pyrolysis 77(21) (pp. 3385-3387) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1327611
  177. Mayne et al. (2001) Pyrolytic production of aligned carbon nanotubes from homogeneously dispersed benzene-based aerosols 338(2–3) (pp. 101-107) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00278-0
  178. Mayne, M., Grobert, N., Terrones, M., Kamalakaran, R., Ruhle, M., Walton, D.R.M., Kroto, H.W.: Pure and aligned carbon nanotubes produced by the pyrolysis of benzene-based aerosols. In: Kuzmany, H., Fink, J., Mehring, M., Roth, S. (eds.) Electronic Properties of Molecular Nanostructures, vol. 591. AIP Conference Proceedings, pp. 204–207 (2001)
  179. Tang et al. (2010) New confinement method for the formation of highly aligned and densely packed single-walled carbon nanotube monolayers 6(14) (pp. 1488-1491) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201000212
  180. Sridi, N., Lebental, B., Merliot, E., Cojocaru, C.S., Azevedo, J., Benattar, J.J., Nowodzinski, A., Gabriel, J.C.P., Ghis, A.: Mechanical properties of suspended few layers graphene sheets. Nanotechnology 2012, vol. 1: Advanced Materials, Cnts, Particles, Films and Composites (2012)
  181. Sridi et al. (2013) Electrostatic method to estimate the mechanical properties of suspended membranes applied to nickel-coated graphene oxide 103(5) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4817301
  182. Dyke and Tour (2003) Solvent-free functionalization of carbon nanotubes 125(5) (pp. 1156-1157) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0289806
  183. Tasis et al. (2003) Soluble carbon nanotubes 9(17) (pp. 4001-4008) https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200304800
  184. Balasubramanian and Burghard (2005) Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes 1(2) (pp. 180-192) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200400118
  185. Burghard (2005) Electronic and vibrational properties of chemically modified single-wall carbon nanotubes 58(1–4) (pp. 1-109) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2005.07.001
  186. Hirsch, A., Vostrowsky, O.: Functionalization of carbon nanotubes. In: Schluter, A.D. (ed.) Functional molecular nanostructures, vol. 245. Topics in Current Chemistry-Series, pp. 193–237 (2005)
  187. Prato et al. (2008) Functionalized carbon nanotubes in drug design and discovery 41(1) (pp. 60-68) https://doi.org/10.1021/ar700089b
  188. Coleman (2009) Liquid-phase exfoliation of nanotubes and graphene 19(23) (pp. 3680-3695) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200901640
  189. Meng et al. (2009) Advanced technology for functionalization of carbon nanotubes 19(7) (pp. 801-810) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.08.011
  190. Peng and Wong (2009) Functional covalent chemistry of carbon nanotube surfaces 21(6) (pp. 625-642) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200801464
  191. Singh et al. (2009) Organic functionalisation and characterisation of single-walled carbon nanotubes 38(8) (pp. 2214-2230) https://doi.org/10.1039/b518111a
  192. Karousis et al. (2010) Current progress on the chemical modification of carbon nanotubes 110(9) (pp. 5366-5397) https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100018g
  193. Wepasnick et al. (2010) Chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanotube surfaces 396(3) (pp. 1003-1014) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3332-5
  194. Ferreira et al. (2016) Correlation of surface treatment, dispersion and mechanical properties of HDPE/CNT nanocomposites (pp. 921-929) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.164
  195. Scaffaro et al. (2012) plasma functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and their use in the preparation of nylon 6-based nanohybrids 9(5) (pp. 503-512) https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201100140
  196. Mawhinney et al. (2000) Infrared spectral evidence for the etching of carbon nanotubes: ozone oxidation at 298 K 122(10) (pp. 2383-2384) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja994094s
  197. Banerjee and Wong (2002) Rational sidewall functionalization and purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes by solution-phase ozonolysis 106(47) (pp. 12144-12151) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp026304k
  198. Simmons et al. (2006) Effect of ozone oxidation on single-walled carbon nanotubes 110(14) (pp. 7113-7118) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0548422
  199. te Velde et al. (2001) Chemistry with ADF 22(9) (pp. 931-967) https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.1056
  200. Saleh et al. (2012) Non-covalent interaction via the reduced density gradient: Independent atom model vs experimental multipolar electron densities (pp. 148-163) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2012.07.014
  201. Sochava and Trapeznikova (1957) The specific heat of chain structures at low temperatures 113(4) (pp. 784-786)
  202. Umoren et al. (2015) Effect of degree of hydrolysis of polyvinyl alcohol on the corrosion inhibition of steel: theoretical and experimental studies 29(4) (pp. 271-295) https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.985281
  203. Wurm et al. (2010) Alpha, omega(n)-heterotelechelic hyperbranched polyethers solubilize carbon nanotubes 211(8) (pp. 932-939) https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200900652