10.57647/j.ijnd.2026.1701.07

Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluent Using TiO2 and N-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Under Natural Sunlight: A Comparative Study

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  • Neha Mallika Gurramkonda*1,
  • Bala Narsaiah Tumma1,
  • Lakshmana Naik Ramavathu2,
  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, JNTU College of Engineering Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan, India
Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical industrial effluent using TiO₂ and N-Doped TiO₂ nanoparticles under natural sunlight: A comparative study

Received: 2025-05-29

Revised: 2025-07-25

Accepted: 2025-07-28

Published in Issue 2026-01-02

Published Online: 2025-07-30

Copyright (c) -1 Neha Mallika Gurramkonda, Bala Narsaiah Tumma, Lakshmana Naik Ramavathu (Author)

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Gurramkonda, N. M., Tumma, B. N., & Ramavathu, L. N. (2026). Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluent Using TiO2 and N-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Under Natural Sunlight: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Nano Dimension, 17(1 (January 2026). https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijnd.2026.1701.07
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Abstract

Despite the rapid growth of pharmaceutical industries to meet rising demand, untreated or poorly treated wastewater continues to contaminate water bodies, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health. Conventional treatment methods often fall short in effectively addressing these complex and persistent pollutants. In this context, nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for advanced water purification. This study presents a novel approach by employing TiO2 and nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) nanoparticles, synthesized via a simple and scalable sol-gel method, for the treatment of actual pharmaceutical industrial effluent under natural sunlight, a cost-effective and sustainable condition rarely explored in previous works. The synthesized photocatalysts were thoroughly characterized using UV, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and EDX analyses. Unlike most previous studies focused on model pollutants, this work directly addresses the degradation of real pharmaceutical wastewater by combining adsorption and photocatalysis. Higher adsorption efficiencies were observed for N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (43.77%) compared to TiO2 (21.34%) after 2 hours. Photocatalytic treatment further enhanced the degradation to 57% (N-TiO2) and 22% (TiO2) after 3 hours under natural sunlight. The study demonstrates the potential of N-TiO2 as an efficient, sunlight-driven photocatalyst for practical wastewater treatment applications, highlighting its novelty and real-world applicability.

Keywords

  • Adsorption,
  • Doped nanoparticles,
  • Kinetics,
  • Pharmaceutical effluent,
  • Photocatalysis,
  • TiO2,
  • Wastewater treatment
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