10.57647/j.ijc.2025.1504.41

Solar-Driven Degradation of Anionic Dyes Using Ultrasonically Synthesized Trimetallic Doped ZnO-Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposite Photocatalyst

PDF
  • Vaishali Sanjay Raut1,
  • Vishal Dnyaneshwar Pardeshi2,
  • Yogeshwar Rajaram Baste1,
  • Vijay Jotiba Naukudkar2,
  • Prashant Bhimrao Koli3,
  • Sachin Girdhar Shinde*4,
  1. Research Center in Chemistry, MVP Samaj's, KSKW College, CIDCO, Arts, Commerce and Science College Nashik, Maharashtra, India
  2. Research Centre in Chemistry, MVP Samaj's, KTHM Arts, Commerce and Science College, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
  3. Research Centre in Chemistry, MVP Samaj's, K.K.Wagh Arts, Science and Commerce College, Pimpalgaon (B), Taluka - Niphad, Dist-Nashik
  4. Research Center in Chemistry, K.V.N. Naik Arts, Commerce and Science College, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Received: 2025-02-21

Revised: 2025-05-19

Accepted: 2025-07-10

Published in Issue 2025-12-31

Published Online: 2025-11-05

Copyright (c) 2025 Vaishali Sanjay Raut, Vishal Dnyaneshwar Pardeshi, Yogeshwar Rajaram Baste, Vijay Jotiba Naukudkar, Prashant Bhimrao Koli, Sachin Girdhar Shinde (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Raut, V. S., Pardeshi, V. D., Baste, Y. R., Naukudkar, V. J., Koli, P. B., & Shinde, S. G. (2025). Solar-Driven Degradation of Anionic Dyes Using Ultrasonically Synthesized Trimetallic Doped ZnO-Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposite Photocatalyst. Iranian Journal of Catalysis, 15(04). https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijc.2025.1504.41
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 56

Abstract

We report an ultrasound-assisted green synthesis of 2% Bi2O3, Co3O4, and Fe2O3 co-doped ZnO/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites. Structural and physicochemical analyses (XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDS, UV–Vis DRS, BET) confirm uniform dopant incorporation, enhanced light harvesting, and increased surface area. Under natural sunlight, the composite achieved 98.1% degradation of Indigo Carmine and 94.8% degradation of Xylidine Ponceau within 90 min, as shown by UV–Vis and TOC measurements. Optimization of pH, catalyst loading, and dye concentration, coupled with radical scavenging assays, identified •OH radicals as the primary reactive species. The catalyst retained over 78% of its initial activity after four successive cycles, demonstrating outstanding stability and reusability. This work introduces a sustainable, low-energy route and a novel trimetallic doping strategy for efficient remediation of organic pollutants.

Keywords

  • Ultrasound-assisted synthesis,
  • Doped ZnO-g-C3N4 nanocomposite,
  • Solar-driven dye degradation,
  • Indigo Carmine and Xylidine Ponceau,
  • Photocatalysis
PDF

References

  1. V. S. Raut, D. R. Malkhede, Y. R. Baste, S. G. Shinde, V. S. Shrivastava, J. Alloys Compd. Commun. (2025):100079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacomc.2025.100079
  2. U. Shanker, M. Rani, V. Jassal, Environ. Chem. Lett. 15 (2017):623-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0650-2
  3. B. Divband, A. Jodaie, M. Khatmian, Iran. J. Catal. 9 (2019):1. https://oiccpress.com/ijc/article/view/4025
  4. A. Yousefi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Iran. J. Catal. 11 (2021):3. https://oiccpress.com/ijc/article/view/3600
  5. S. Chu, M. Lin, D. Li, R. Lin, S. Xiao, Ocean Eng. 318 (2025):120139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.120139
  6. Y. Wang, S. Xia, K. Chen, J. Zhang, H. Tan, C. Yu, J. Cui, ACS Nano. 18 (2024):34403-14. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c14039
  7. H. Wu, J. Li, L. Tian, F. Zhao, J. Yin, Y. Shao, Chem. Eng. J. 495 (2024):153608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.153608
  8. Y. Yang, L. Zhang, C. Xiao, Z. Huang, F. Zhao, J. Yin, Nanophotonics. 13 (2024):443-55. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0772
  9. B. Zhuang, Y. Yang, K. Huang, J. Yin, Opt. Lett. 49 (2024):6489-92. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.540944
  10. Y. Yao, Y. Luo, Y. Yang, H. Sheng, X. Li, T. Li, Y. Song, Energy. 74 (2014):309-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.014
  11. S. Devaisy, J. Kandasamy, T. V. Nguyen, M. A. H. Johir, H. Ratnaweera, S. Vigneswaran, Water. 14 (2022):3708. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223708
  12. A. Galdámez-Martinez, G. Santana, F. Güell, P. R. Martínez-Alanis, A. Dutt, Nanomaterials. 10 (2020):857. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050857
  13. J. Jiang, J. Pi, J. Cai, Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. 2018 (2018):1062562. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1062562
  14. P. Omprakash, P. Viswesh, J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 10 (2021):031009. https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/abefaf
  15. N. Raeisi-Kheirabadi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 45 (2020):33381-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.028
  16. R. Fortulan, N. R. Kheirabadi, N. Raeisi-Kheirabadi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A. Chiolerio, A. Adamatzky, Phys. Rev. E. 110 (2024):034607. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.110.034607
  17. P. B. Koli, M. D. Birari, S. A. Ahire, S. G. Shinde, R. S. Ingale, I. J. Patil, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 146 (2022):110083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110083
  18. M. Sohail, U. Anwar, T. A. Taha, H. I. A. Qazi, A. G. Al-Sehemi, S. Ullah, H. Algarni, Arab. J. Chem. 15 (2022):104070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104070
  19. V. D. Pardeshi, V. J. Naukudkar, V. S. Raut, Y. R. Baste, K. D. Randhir, U. B. Kadam, R. S. Ingale, S. G. Shinde, Second International Conference on Current Trends in Physics and Photonics (ICCTPP 2024). SPIE; 2024:166–79. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3045455
  20. L. Jiang, X. Yuan, Y. Pan, J. Liang, G. Zeng, Z. Wu, H. Wang, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 217 (2017):388-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.06.003
  21. M. Sayed, A. Khan, S. Rauf, N. S. Shah, F. Rehman, A. A. Al-Kahtani, J. A. Khan, ACS Omega. 5 (2020):30610-24. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04574
  22. S. Sagadevan, K. Pal, Z. Z. Chowdhury, M. E. Hoque, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 83 (2017):394-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-017-4418-8
  23. H. B. Dias, M. I. B. Bernardi, V. S. Marangoni, A. A. Bernardi, A. N. S. Rastelli, A. C. Hernandes, Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 96 (2019):391-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.063
  24. P. B. Koli, K. H. Kapadnis, U. G. Deshpande, U. J. Tupe, S. G. Shinde, R. S. Ingale, Environ. Chall. 3 (2021):100043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100043
  25. A. Norouzi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, R. Fazaeli, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 122 (2021):105495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105495
  26. S. G. Shinde, M. P. Patil, G. D. Kim, V. S. Shrivastava, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 30 (2020):1141-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-019-01273-2
  27. M. Ghaedi, A. Ansari, M. H. Habibi, A. R. Asghari, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20 (2014):17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.04.031
  28. A. Yousefi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Iran. J. Catal. 11 (2021):3. https://oiccpress.com/ijc/article/view/3600
  29. R. Prabhakar, S. R. Samadder, J. Clean. Prod. 168 (2017):1201-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.063
  30. H. Wang, X. Liu, P. Niu, S. Wang, J. Shi, L. Li, Matter. 2 (2020):1377-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.04.002
  31. R. S. Ingale, S. G. Shinde, K. A. Khamkar, P. B. Koli, S. A. Kulkarni, I. J. Patil, Sensing Imaging. 25 (2024):36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11220-024-00488-z
  32. S. D. Khairnar, A. N. Kulkarni, S. G. Shinde, S. D. Marathe, Y. V. Marathe, S. D. Dhole, V. S. Shrivastava, J. Photochem. Photobiol. 6 (2021):100030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100030
  33. K. C. Nwambaekwe, V. P. Batir, L. Dermenji, N. D. Curmei, E. Arushanov, E. I. Iwuoha, Mater. Chem. Phys. 301 (2023):127594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127594
  34. C. K. Nerkar, S. G. Shinde, V. S. Raut, S. A. Shaikh, S. S. Chobe, J. Indian Chem. Soc. 2025:101751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2025.101751
  35. A. P. Naik, H. Mittal, V. S. Wadi, L. Sane, A. Raj, S. M. Alhassan, A. Al Alili, S. V. Bhosale, P. P. Morajkar, J. Environ. Manage. 258 (2020):110029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110029
  36. N. G. Shinde, R. D. Sandhanshiv, S. G. Shinde, Mater. Today Proc. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.173
  37. S. Naghdi, M. M. Shahrestani, M. Zendehbad, H. Djahaniani, H. Kazemian, D. Eder, J. Hazard. Mater. 442 (2023):130127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130127
  38. R. da Silva Fernandes, M. R. de Moura, G. M. Glenn, F. A. Aouada, J. Mol. Liq. 265 (2018):327-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.005
  39. P. B. Koli, S. G. Shinde, K. H. Kapadnis, A. P. Patil, M. P. Shinde, S. D. Khairnar, D. B. Sonawane, R. S. Ingale, J. Indian Chem. Soc. 98 (2021):100225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100225
  40. S. Ghattavi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 45 (2020):24636-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.207
  41. H. Derikvandi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 426 (2017):158-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.11.011
  42. V. Pardeshi, V. Naukudkar, V. Raut, Y. Baste, K. Randhir, U. Kadam, R. Ingale, S. Shinde, Second International Conference on Current Trends in Physics and Photonics (ICCTPP 2024). SPIE; 2024:166-79. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3045455
  43. S. Sharafzadeh, J. Zolgharnein, A. Nezamzadeh–Ejhieh, S. D. Farahani, Surf. and Interfaces. 2025:105917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2025.105917
  44. A. Yousefi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Iran. J. Catal. 11 (2021):3. https://oiccpress.com/ijc/article/view/3600
  45. M. Haghshenas, M. Mazloum-Ardakani, F. Tamaddon, A. Nasiri, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 46 (2021):3984-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.10.253
  46. N. Golestani, A. Nasiri, M. Hashemi, Desalin. Water Treat. 280 (2022):312-29. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.29118
  47. M. Pourshaban-Mazandarani, M. Ahmadian, A. Nasiri, A. Poormohammadi, Appl. Water Sci. 13 (2023):179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-02002-4
  48. A. Nasiri, M. Malakootian, N. Javid, Desalin. Water Treat. 248 (2022):134-48. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28046
  49. M. A. Gharaghani, M. Samaei, H. Mahdizadeh, A. Nasiri, M. Keshtkar, A. Mohammadpour, A. M. Khaneghah, Environ. Res. 246 (2024):118128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118128
  50. B. Manikandan, K. R. Murali, R. John, Iran. J. Catal. 11 (2021):1. https://oiccpress.com/ijc/article/view/3578
  51. S. Sharafzadeh, J. Zolgharnein, A. Nezamzadeh–Ejhieh, S. D. Farahani, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 106 (2025):1429-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.031
  52. A. Zare, M. Oraki, Iran. J. Catal. 13 (2023):2. https://doi.org/10.30495/ijc.2023.1983633.2003
  53. A. A. Alharbi, O. Aldaghri, B. A. El-Badry, K. H. Ibnaouf, F. Alfadhl, A. Albadri, Opt. Mater. 152 (2024):115443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2024.115443
  54. S. G. Shinde, V. S. Shrivastava, SN Appl. Sci. 2 (2020):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2295-1
  55. N. A. Jamalluddin, A. Z. Abdullah, Ultrason. Sonochem. 18 (2011):669-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.09.004
  56. S. Rajabi, Z. Derakhshan, S. Maleky, A. Nasiri, B. Ahmadi, M. Feilizadeh, A. Mohammadpour, M. R. Samaei, M. Hashemi, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 286 (2025):138375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138375
  57. K. Azarshab, M. Hashemi, A. Nasiri, A. Khodabakhshi, Appl. Water Sci. 14 (2024):197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-024-02261-9
  58. S. Sharafzadeh, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Electrochim. Acta. 184 (2015):371-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.164
  59. A. Sobhani-Nasab, M. Eghbali-Arani, S. M. Hosseinpour-Mashkani, F. Ahmadi, M. Rahimi-Nasrabadi, Iran. J. Catal. 10 (2020):2. https://oiccpress.com/ijc/article/view/3548
  60. Z. Sabok-khiz, A. Nasiri, H. Daraei, Environ. Technol. Innov. 36 (2024):103759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2024.103759
  61. S. Rajabi, Z. Derakhshan, A. Nasiri, M. Feilizadeh, A. Mohammadpour, M. Salmani, S. H. Kochaki, H. Shouhanian, H. Hashemi, Environ. Technol. Innov. 35 (2024):103724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2024.103724
  62. A. Pourtaheri, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 104 (2015):835-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2015.10.031
  63. N. Arabpour, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 102 (2016):431-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.04.025
  64. M. H. A. Fard, A. Nasiri, H. Daraei, Appl. Water Sci. 13 (2023):11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-02026-w
  65. S. Senobari, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 394 (2020):112455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112455
  66. A. Yousefi, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Iran. J. Catal. 11 (2021):3. https://oiccpress.com/ijc/article/view/3600
  67. H. Derikvandi, M. Vosough, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27 (2020):27582-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08817-x
  68. S. G. Shinde, M. P. Patil, G. D. Kim, V. S. Shrivastava, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8 (2020):103769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103769
  69. R. S. Ingale, S. G. Shinde, K. A. Khamkar, P. B. Koli, S. A. Kulkarni, I. J. Patil, Sensing Imaging. 25 (2024):36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11220-024-00488-z
  70. B. T. Huy, D. S. Paeng, C. T. B. Thao, N. T. K. Phuong, Y. I. Lee, Arab. J. Chem. 13 (2020):3790-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.01.003
  71. D. Channei, K. Chansaenpak, S. Phanichphant, P. Jannoey, W. Khanitchaidecha, A. Nakaruk, ACS Omega. 6 (2021):19771-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02453
  72. R. Kumar, S. Y. Janbandhu, G. K. Sukhadeve, R. S. Gedam, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30 (2023):98619-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22745-y
  73. M. El-Kammah, E. Elkhatib, S. Gouveia, C. Cameselle, E. Aboukila, Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 29 (2022):100753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100753
  74. M. Marbaniang, J. E. Kumar, T. Mulai, W. Kharmawphlang, R. N. Sharan, M. K. Sahoo, Chem. Select. 9 (2024):e202401474. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202401474
  75. N. M. Hosny, I. Gomaa, A. Abd El-Moemen, Z. M. Anwar, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 31 (2020):8413-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03376-w