10.57647/j.ijc.2025.1503.30

Green Synthesis and Characterization of NiO Nanoparticles with Enhanced Sonocatalytic Activity

PDF
  • Safaa Ridah Shakor1,
  • Saeid Taghavi Fardood*1,
  • Ali Naghipour1,
  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
Green Synthesis and Characterization of NiO Nanoparticles with Enhanced Sonocatalytic Activity

Received: 2025-02-21

Revised: 2025-04-26

Accepted: 2025-05-19

Published in Issue 2025-09-30

Published Online: 2025-07-01

Copyright (c) 2025 Safaa Ridah Shakor, Saeid Taghavi Fardood, Ali Naghipour (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Shakor, S. R., Taghavi Fardood, S., & Naghipour, A. (2025). Green Synthesis and Characterization of NiO Nanoparticles with Enhanced Sonocatalytic Activity. Iranian Journal of Catalysis, 15(3 (September 2025). https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijc.2025.1503.30
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 269

Abstract

The persistent nature and environmental toxicity of industrial dyes in wastewater necessitate the development of efficient and sustainable removal technologies, such as sonocatalysis. The sonocatalytic activity of the NiO nanoparticles (NPs) was studied for the degradation of Congo red dye (CR). NiO NPs were prepared via a green method. The obtained NiO NPs were characterized using XRD, BET, TEM, FESEM, EDX, and UV-Vis-DRS. The sonocatalytic efficiency of the NiO NPs was evaluated for the CR degradation. The results show that 95% of CR dye and 56% of total organic carbon (TOC) were removed within 30 min. Nevertheless, when a hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenger t-butanol and hole (h+) scavenger (EDTA) were added it was observed that degradation efficiency reduced from 95% to 52% and 64% respectively, which revealed that •OH is the main oxidizing agents in this process. LC-MS analysis identified degradation products and enabled the proposal of a plausible sonocatalytic degradation pathway for Congo red dye. NiO NPs' reusability was evaluated using the same reaction conditions for five consecutive cycles. However, a slight loss of sonocatalytic efficiency was obtained, illustrating the stability and reusability of the nanoparticles.

Highlights

·       Green synthesis of NiO NPs by Tragacanth gel

·       NiO NPs achieved 95% degradation of Congo Red (CR) dye and 56% TOC removal in 30 min.

·       BET analysis revealed synthesized NiO NPs with a large surface area of approximately 41.226 m²/g.

·       Degradation efficiency decreased significantly with •OH and hole scavengers, confirming the key role of •OH radicals.

·       NiO NPs demonstrated excellent stability and reusability, retaining high activity after five cycles.

Keywords

  • Dye degradation,
  • Green method,
  • NiO Nanoparticles,
  • Sonocatalysis
PDF

References

  1. M.B. Al Taee and B.M. Al Shabander, Chem. Methodol. 6 (2022) 831-841. doi: 10.22034/chemm.2022.352379.1578.
  2. M.A. Turkia and T.A. Salman, J. Chem. Rev. 6 (2024) 458-481. doi: 10.48309/jcr.2024.468135.1350.
  3. A.R. Faraji, A. Ramazi Farahani, N. Bakhsi Khoramdareh, A. Gil, S. Jafari, Z. Hekmatian, and N. Shojaei, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11 (2023) 111348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111348.
  4. H.R. Rahman, H.B. Abdulrahman and R.B. Abdulrahman, Baghdad Science Journal 22 (2025) doi: https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9346.
  5. S.F. Talebi, P. Mohammadparast-Tabas, S.A. Hosseini, A. Shahriari, M. Zare-Bidaki, S.F. Askari, M. Yousefi and M. Sedighi, Results in Chemistry 10 (2024) 101741. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101741.
  6. A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh and Z. Salimi, Desalination 280 (2011) 281-287. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.07.021.
  7. A.R. Faraji, N.B. Khoramdareh, F. Falahati, S. Jafari, S.A. Monfared and A. Faghih, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 234 (2023) 123709. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123709.
  8. Y. Min, K. Zhang, Y. Chen and Y. Zhang, Ultrason. Sonochem. 19 (2012) 883-889. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.12.015.
  9. K.K. Veni, L. Nehru, R. Kavitha and S. Sagadevan, Surfaces and Interfaces 51 (2024) 104590. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104590.
  10. E. Hadi and K.K. Jasim, Adv. J. Chem. A (2024) 604-614. doi: 10.48309/ajca.2025.474706.1654.
  11. E. Takele Assefa, G. Shumi, K. Mohammed Gendo, G. Kenasa and N. Roba, Results in Chemistry 8 (2024) 101606. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101606.
  12. S. Venkatesan, S. Suresh, J. Arumugam, P. Ramu, N. Pugazhenthiran, R. Jothilakshmi and K.M. Prabu, Results in Chemistry 7 (2024) 101315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101315.
  13. F. Moradnia, S. Taghavi Fardood and A. Ramazani, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 38 e7315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.7315.
  14. J. Shubha, H. Savitha, R. Patil, M.E. Assal, M.R. Shaik, M. Kuniyil, O. Alduhaish, N. Dubasi and S.F. Adil, J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 35 (2023) 102784. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102784.
  15. S. Dichayal, V. Murade, S. Deshmukh, S. Pansambal, D. Hase and R. Oza, J. Chem. Rev. 6 (2024) 514-531. doi: 10.48309/jcr.2024.471812.1361.
  16. Z. Sabouri, S. Sammak, S. Sabouri, S.S. Tabrizi Hafez Moghaddas and M. Darroudi, Chem. Methodol. 8 (2024) 164-176. doi: 10.48309/chemm.2024.436507.1758.
  17. B.K. Mandal, R. Mandal, S. Sikdar, S. Sarma, A. Srinivasan, S.R. Chowdhury, B. Das and R. Das, Materials Today Communications 34 (2023) 105302. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105302.
  18. S. Hussain, M. Ali Muazzam, M. Ahmed, M. Ahmad, Z. Mustafa, S. Murtaza, J. Ali, M. Ibrar, M. Shahid and M. Imran, J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 17 (2023) 2170162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2023.2170162.
  19. L. Yadeta Gemachu and A. Lealem Birhanu, Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 17 (2024) 2293841. doi: 10.1080/17518253.2023.2293841.
  20. N. Venkatalakshmi, H.J. Kini and H.B. Naik, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 151 (2023) 110490. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110490.
  21. U.O. Aigbe and A.O. Osibote, Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 13 (2024) 100401. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100401.
  22. A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh and Z. Shams-Ghahfarokhi, J. Chem. 2013 (2013) 104093. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/104093.
  23. M.A. Islam, V. Selvanathan, P. Chelvanathan, M.M. Haque, M. Mottakin, I.A. Alnaser, M.R. Karim, M.A. Ibrahim, T. Suemasu and M. Akhtaruzzaman, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 109 (2024) 580-593. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06296-3.
  24. S. Taghavi Fardood, A. Ramazani and S. Moradi, Chem. J. Mold. 12 (2017) 115-118. doi: 10.19261/cjm.2017.383
  25. V. Selvanathan, M.A. Islam, T.S. Kiong, S.A. Razali, H.F. Alharbi and M. Akhtaruzzaman, Ceram. Int. 50 (2024) 10843-10853. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.400.
  26. M.A. Abdelwahab, A. Nabil, H. El-Hosainy, R. Tahway and M.S. Taha, Results in Chemistry 7 (2024) 101274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2023.101274.
  27. G. preet Singh, K. Singh, K. Chandel, P. Kaur and J. Kaur, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 157 (2023) 111250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111250.
  28. S. Taghavi Fardood, F. Moradnia, F. Yekke Zare, S. Heidarzadeh, M. Azad Majedi, A. Ramazani, M. Sillanpää and K. Nguyen, Sci. Rep. 14 (2024) 6755. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56666-2.
  29. M.T. Kiani, A. Ramazani and S. Taghavi Fardood, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 37 (2023) e7053. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.7053.
  30. R.A. Ahmed, O.H. Salah, R.R. Abass, M.M. Karim, S.A. Khuder, S. Ahjel and I.I. Dawood, Asian J. Green Chem. 8 (2024) 308-318. doi: 10.48309/ajgc.2024.449143.1487.
  31. M. Mehdi Zabihi, S. Eghbaliferiz, M. Khorashadizadeh, S. Mortazavi-Derazkola and M. Yousefi, Results in Chemistry 7 (2024) 101510. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101510.
  32. A.B. Pebdeni, C.A. Khurshid, S.D. Abkenar and M. Hosseini, ChemistrySelect 6 (2021) 5034-5042. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202101116.
  33. D.C. Onwudiwe, N.H. Seheri, L. Hlungwani, H. Ferjani and R. Rikhotso-Mbungela, J. Mol. Struct. 1317 (2024) 139084. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.139084.
  34. D. Borah, P. Saikia, D. Gogoi, A. Das, J. Rout, N.N. Ghosh, P. Pandey, M.D. Gupta and C.R. Bhattacharjee, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 156 (2023) 111182. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111182.
  35. A.E. Ferenji, Y.E. Hassen, S.L. Mekuria and W.M. Girma, Heliyon 10 (2024) doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31669.
  36. R.K. Mandal, A.S. Mondal, S. Ghosh, A. Halder and T.P. Majumder, Results in Chemistry 5 (2023) 100810. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100810.
  37. S. Prabhu, T. Daniel Thangadurai, P. Vijai Bharathy and P. Kalugasalam, Results in Chemistry 4 (2022) 100285. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100285.
  38. S. Bavaji and A.J. Ahamed, Chemical Physics Impact 8 (2024) 100647. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100647.
  39. S. Pramila, V. Lakshmi Ranganatha, G. Nagaraju and C. Mallikarjunaswamy, Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry 53 (2023) 527-538. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2022.2081188.
  40. F. Allawi Abdul Sajad, H.K. Egzar and M.A. Mahdi, Iran. J. Catal. 13 (2023) doi: 10.30495/ijc.2023.1987426.2010.
  41. M. Choolaei, Q. Cai and B.A. Horri, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 32804-32816. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.177.
  42. M. Darbandi, M. Eynollahi, N. Badri, M.F. Mohajer and Z.-A. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 889 (2021) 161706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161706.
  43. F. Moradnia, S.T. Fardood, A. Zarei, S. Heidarzadeh, A. Ramazani and M. Sillanpää, Iranian Journal of Catalysis (IJC) 14 (2024) doi: https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijc.2024.1401.01.
  44. F. Motahari, M.R. Mozdianfard, F. Soofivand and M. Salavati-Niasari, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 27654-27660. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA02697G.
  45. F. Iazdani and A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 250 (2021) 119228. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.119228.
  46. M. Chauhan, N. Kaur, P. Bansal, R. Kumar, S. Srinivasan and G.R. Chaudhary, J. Nanomater. 2020 (2020) 6123178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6123178.
  47. S. Gadge, A. Tamboli, M. Shinde, H. Fouad, C. Terashima, R. Chauhan and S. Gosavi, J. Solid State Electrochem. 27 (2023) 2005-2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-023-05464-3.
  48. S.R. Shakor, A. Naghipour and S.T. Fardood, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 11 (2025) 101076. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101076.
  49. C. Lops, A. Ancona, K. Di Cesare, B. Dumontel, N. Garino, G. Canavese, S. Hérnandez and V. Cauda, Appl. Catal., B 243 (2019) 629-640. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.10.078.
  50. N. Yang, B.-M. Jun, J.S. Choi, C.M. Park, M. Jang, A. Son, S.-N. Nam and Y. Yoon, Chemosphere 354 (2024) 141676. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141676.
  51. S.A. Asli and M. Taghizadeh, ChemistrySelect 5 (2020) 13720-13731. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202003612.
  52. P. Qiu, B. Park, J. Choi, B. Thokchom, A.B. Pandit and J. Khim, Ultrason. Sonochem. 45 (2018) 29-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.03.003.
  53. X. Wang, X.-S. He, C.-Y. Li, S.-L. Liu, W. Lu, Z. Xiang and Y. Wang, J. Water Process Eng. 51 (2023) 103345. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103345.
  54. P.O. Oladoye, M.O. Bamigboye, O.D. Ogunbiyi and M.T. Akano, Groundwater for Sustainable Development 19 (2022) 100844. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100844.
  55. S. Joulaee, M. Mirzaei, A. Hassanpour, H. Safardoust-Hojaghan and A. Khani, Optik 290 (2023) 171324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.171324.
  56. A. Selmi, H. Teymourinia, A. Zarei, M. Timoumi and A. Ramazani, Iran. J. Catal. 12 (2022) doi: 10.30495/ijc.2022.689626.
  57. S. Taghavi Fardood, F. Moradnia, S. Ganjkhanlu, L. Ouni, A. Ramazani and M. Sillanpää, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 167 (2024) 112719. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112719.
  58. E. Abdelkader and L. Nadjia, Iran. J. Catal. 14 (2024) doi: 10.57647/j.ijc.2024.1404.41.
  59. A.K. Ramasami, M.V. Reddy and G.R. Balakrishna, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 40 (2015) 194-202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.017.
  60. A. Singh, V. Goyal, J. Singh, H. Kaur, S. Kumar, K.M. Batoo, J. Gaur, M. Pal, M. Rawat and S. Hussain, J. Cleaner Prod. 343 (2022) 131026. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131026.
  61. K. Ravindhranath and M. Ramamoorty, Orient. J. Chem. 33 (2017) 1603. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/330403.
  62. L. Nadjia, E. Abdelkader, B. Naceur and B. Ahmed, Journal of Rare Earths 36 (2018) 575-587. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2018.01.004.
  63. N. Mehrabanpour, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, S. Ghattavi and A. Ershadi, Appl. Surf. Sci. 614 (2023) 156252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.156252.
  64. S. Ghattavi and A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Catal. Sci. Technol. 13 (2023) 737-749. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CY01815B.
  65. S.A. Mirsalari, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh and A.R. Massah, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 288 (2023) 122139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.122139.
  66. S. Taghavi Fardood, F. Moradnia and T.M. Aminabhavi, Environ. Pollut. 358 (2024) 124534. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124534.
  67. S. Taghavi Fardood, F. Moradnia, R. Forootan, R. Abbassi, S. Jalalifar, A. Ramazani and M. Sillanpӓӓ, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 423 (2022) 113621. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113621.
  68. L. Nirumand, S. Farhadi, A. Zabardasti and A. Khataee, Ultrason. Sonochem. 42 (2018) 647-658. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.12.033.
  69. A. Khataee, M. Sheydaei, A. Hassani, M. Taseidifar and S. Karaca, Ultrason. Sonochem. 22 (2015) 404-411. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.07.002.
  70. L. Nadjia, A. Chakib, K. Mohamed, T. Mohamed and E. Abdelkader, Appl. Phys. A 131 (2025) 154. doi: 10.1007/s00339-024-08223-x.
  71. A. Khataee, D. Kalderis, P.Y. Motlagh, V. Binas, S. Stefa and M. Konsolakis, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 95 (2021) 73-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2020.12.006.
  72. S. Taghavi Fardood, S. Ganjkhanlu, F. Moradnia and A. Ramazani, Sci. Rep. 14 (2024) 16670. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67655-w.
  73. S. Ghattavi and A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Composites Part B 183 (2020) 107712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107712.
  74. K.K. Veni, L.C. Nehru, R. Kavitha and S. Sagadevan, Surfaces and Interfaces 51 (2024) 104590. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104590.
  75. A.Z. Abdullah and P.Y. Ling, J. Hazard. Mater. 173 (2010) 159-167. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.060.
  76. S.A. Bhat, F. Zafar, A.H. Mondal, A. Kareem, A.U. Mirza, S. Khan, A. Mohammad, Q.M.R. Haq and N. Nishat, J. Iran. Chemi. Soc. 17 (2020) 215-227. doi: 10.1007/s13738-019-01767-3.
  77. D.A.H. Harki, A. Naghipour and S. Taghavi Fardood, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 10 (2024) 101016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101016.
  78. Y.D. Chai, Y.L. Pang, S. Lim and W.C. Chong, Mater. Today:. Proc. 42 (2021) 50-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.246.
  79. S. Taghavi Fardood, F. Yekke Zare, F. Moradnia and A. Ramazani, Journal of Rare Earths 43 (2025) 736-742. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2024.03.006.