10.57647/ijamad.2025.17013

Evaluating Iranian Pistachio Export Potential: A Comprehensive Analysis Utilizing the Random Border Gravity Model

PDF
  • Salman Vaezifar1,
  • Alireza Keikha*1,
  • Vahid Dehbashi1,
  • Alireza Sargazi1,
  • Mahmoud Ahmadpour Borazjani1,
  • Saman Ziaee1,
  1. Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

Received: 11-07-2025

Revised: 23-08-2025

Accepted: 04-09-2025

Published in Issue 30-09-2025

Copyright (c) 2025 salman vaezifar, alirezakeikha keikha, vahid dehbashi, alireza sargazi, mahmoud ahmadpour borazjani, saman ziaee (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Vaezifar, S., Keikha, A., Dehbashi, V., Sargazi, A., Ahmadpour Borazjani, M., & Ziaee, S. (2025). Evaluating Iranian Pistachio Export Potential: A Comprehensive Analysis Utilizing the Random Border Gravity Model. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.57647/ijamad.2025.17013
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 24

Abstract

Currency fluctuations and the trade deficit in Iran’s net agricultural exports highlight the need for policy measures to boost agricultural exports. The agricultural sector not only plays a vital role in ensuring food security but also significantly contributes to economic development and non-oil exports. This study estimates the determinants of export efficiency and export potential for Iran’s pistachios to 32 trading partners from 2011 to 2022 using the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. Export potential represents the maximum possible export volume a country can achieve when trade restrictions are removed, offering valuable insights into untapped opportunities in global markets.The results indicate that the economic size of Iran and its trading partners positively affects pistachio exports, while the distance between capitals has a negative impact. The findings further show that variables such as population size, shared borders, and membership in trade agreements contribute positively to Iran’s pistachio exports. In contrast, factors such as economic sanctions, exchange rate volatility, and religious differences have no statistically significant effect on trade flows. Export efficiency reached its peak average during the 2014–2017 period. The K-means model reveals that trading partners were grouped into five distinct clusters, leading to the key policy recommendation that decision-makers should prioritize neighboring markets and strengthen trade relations through bilateral and multilateral agreements.

Keywords

  • Trade deficit,
  • GDP,
  • Efficiency,
  • Trade Partners
PDF

References

  1. Aghasafari, H, Mohammadi H., and M. Aminizadeh. 2020. “Measuring the Efficiency of Iranian Pistachio Exports Using the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model.” Economics and agricultural development(in iran) 34(1): 29–45. doi:10.22067/jead2.vi0.83705.
  2. Aghlmand, Siamak, Bahlol Rahimi, Hamidreza Farrokh-Eslamlou, Bahram Nabilou, and Hassan Yusefzadeh. 2018. “Determinants of Iran’s Bilateral Intra-Industry Trade in Pharmaceutical Industry.” Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 17(2): 822–28.
  3. Aigner, Dennis, C A Knox Lovell, and Peter Schmidt. 1977. “Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models.” 6: 21–37.
  4. Ben Ali, Mohamed Sami, and Mosbah Mdhillat. 2015. “Does Corruption Impede International Trade? New Evidence from the EU and the MENA Countries.” Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development 36(4): 107–20.
  5. Aminizadeh, Milad, Hossin Mohammadi, Alireza Karbasi, and Hamed Rafiee. 2025. “Application of Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model for Determining Seafood Export.” 27: 1–15.
  6. Anderson, James E. 1997. “A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation.” Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice 1–4(1): 6–7. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0037.
  7. Anderson, James E, and Eric. Van Wincoop. 2001. “Gravity with Gravitas a Solution to the Border Puzzle. American Economic Review. 93=170-192.” National Bureau of Economic Research 3.
  8. Ashktorab, Nilofar. 2010. “Investigating Factors Affecting Iranian Pistachio Exports with Emphasis on Food Safety.” Farumashia 2(4): 1–24.
  9. Atif, Rao Muhammad, Liu Haiyun, Haider Mahmood, and Rao Muhammad Atif. 2017. “Pakistan ’ s Agricultural Exports , Determinants and Its Potential : An Application of Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model Model.” 8199. doi:10.1080/09638199.2016.1243724.
  10. Baier, Scott L, and Jeffrey H Bergstrand. 2009. “Estimating the Effects of Free Trade Agreements on International Trade Fl Ows Using Matching Econometrics.” Journal of International Economics 77(1): 63–76. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.09.006.
  11. Bělín, Matěj, and Jan Hanousek. 2021. “Which Sanctions Matter? Analysis of the EU/Russian Sanctions of 2014.” Journal of Comparative Economics 49(1): 244–57. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2020.07.001.
  12. Bergstrand, Jeffrey H. 1997. “The Gravity Approach for Modeling International Trade Patterns for Economies in Transition.” International Advances in Economic Research 6(4): 633–48. doi:10.1007/BF02295374.
  13. Boughanmi, Houcine, Fatma Al-Saadi, Lokman Zaibet, Ibtisam Al Abri, and Abdallah Akintola. 2021. “Trade in Intermediates and Agro-Food Value Chain Integration: The Case of the Arab Region.” SAGE Open 11(1). doi:10.1177/21582440211002513.
  14. Chizari, A H, and S Sadafi Abkenar. 2020. “Impact of Price and Non-Price Factors on the Iranian Pistachios Market.” 22: 1415–30.
  15. Chung Van Dong and Hoan Quang. 2023. “Determinants and Potential of Seafood Trade_ Evidence from a Transitional Economy.” Foreign Trade Review 58(3): 428–54.
  16. Crescimanno, Maria, Antonino Galati, and Dorra Yahiaoui. 2013. “Determinants of Italian Agri-Food Exports in Non-EU Mediterranean Partner Countries: An Empirical Investigation through a Gravity Model Approach.” New Medit 12(4): 46–54.
  17. Deardorff, Alan V. 1998. “Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World?” 0-226–2599(January): 7–32.
  18. Doan, Thang N, and Yuqing Xing. 2017. “Trade Efficiency, Free Trade Agreements and Rules of Origin.” Journal of Asian Economics. doi:10.1016/j.asieco.2017.12.007.
  19. Durusu-Ciftci, Dogukan Tarakci & Fevzi Olmez & Dilek. 2022. “Exchange Rate Volatility and Export in Turkey_ Does the Nexus Vary across the Type of Commodity.” Elsevier (2): 77–89.
  20. European Commission. 2010. “Trade, Growth and World Affairs Trade Policy as a Core Component of the EU’s 2020 Strategy.” 9: 612.
  21. Fugazza, Marco, and Ana Cristina Molina. 2011. “United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities on the Determinants of Exports Survival.” United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series (46). https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/itcdtab47_en.pdf.
  22. Gao, Qi, Qiang Wang, and Wei Zhang. 2019. “Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model Approach.” (2024): 1–11. doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02994-7.
  23. Gupta, Aishwary Kant, Seema Sangita, and Murali Kallummal. 2024. “Impact of International Food Standards on Firms’ Export Behavior: A Case of Indian Marine Industry.” Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy: 1–28. doi:10.1142/S1793993324500200.
  24. Haghighi, Sara Baghban, Saeed Yazdani, and Milad Aminizadeh. 2021. “Measuring the Export Efficiency of Iran ’ s Agricultural Products in ECO Countries.” Iranian Journal Agricultural Economics and Development Research The 55(2): 351–63.
  25. HELPMAN, Elhanan. 1987. “IMPERFECT COMPETITION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE Opening Remarks.” European Economic (31): 77–81.
  26. Hosseini, Elham Mehrparvar, Hamed Rafiee, Zeinab Rostamzadeh, and Milad Aminizadeh. 2024. “The Effect of Membership in Trade Agreements on Iran ’ s Agricultural Bilateral Trade Balance.” Agricultural Economics Research (in Iran) 15(4): 93–107. doi:10.30495/JAE.2023.28591.2273.
  27. Hossini, seyad safdar, and Mahdiye Homayonpoor. 2012. “Study of Factors Affecting the Export of Iranian Agricultural Products.” Iranian Agricultural Economics Resea 6(4): 1–16.
  28. JAMES E. ANDERSON AND ERIC VAN WINCOO. 2003. “Gravity with Gravitas : A Solution to the Border Puzzle.” 93(1): 170–92.
  29. Jarreau, Joachim. 2015. “Determinants of Trade Policy: Insights from a Structural Gravity Model.” World Bank Economic Review 29: S155–63. doi:10.1093/wber/lhv024.
  30. JEFFREY A. FRANKEL. 1992. “Measuring International Capital Mobility: A Review.” 82(2): 197202.
  31. Kalirajan, K. 1999. 26 Journal of Applied Statistics Stochastic Varying Coefficients Gravity Model: An Application in Trade Analysis. doi:10.1080/02664769922520.
  32. Karbasi, Alireza, and Milad Aminizade. 2013. “Yeap. T. W, Salleh Abd Rashid1.” Iranian Agricultural Economics Resea 11(3): 1–22.
  33. Karbasi, Alireza, and amir hossin Tohidi. 2014. “Factors Affecting Iranian Pistachio Exports.” 7(1): 91–112.
  34. Kareem, Olayinka Idowu. 2016. “Food Safety Regulations and Fish Trade : Evidence from European Union-Africa Trade Relations.” Journal of Commodity Markets: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcomm.2016.07.002.
  35. Kazemnezhad, M, S Baghban Haghighi, and E Mehrparvar Hosseini. 2024. “Investigating and Analyzing the Efficiency of Iran ’ s Agricultural Export Target Markets in Member Countries of Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” 32(125): 111–32. doi:10.30490/AEAD.2024.361665.1505.
  36. Keith Head and Thierry Mayer. 2000. “Non-Europe : The Magnitude and Causes of Market Fragmentation in the EU.” 2(2000): 284–314.
  37. Kim, Chang Min, Dae Eui Kim, and Song Soo Lim. 2023. “Assessing the Seafood Trade Diversion Arising from Economic Sanctions : Evidence from Russia and Western Countries.”
  38. Khmeleva, Galina Anatolievna, Marina Viktorovna Kurnikova, Elena Alexandrovna Kandrashina, and Maria Sergeevna Guseva. 2025. “The Assessment of the Potential of Russian Grain Trade in Asian and African Countries: A Gravity Model Approach.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 17(2): 1–21. doi:10.3390/su17020413
  39. Krugman, Paul R. 1985. “Peturns and Theory of International Trade.” (1752).
  40. Mohammadi, Hossin, and Fateme Sakhiha. 2015. “Factors Affecting the Supply of Iranian Pistachio Exports.” Iranian Agricultural Economics Resea 7(2): 63–81.
  41. Muhammad, Nazir, Qiangqiang Zhang, Saleh Shahriar, Muhammad Saqib Irshad, Bala Ado Abdullahi, and Xuexi Huo. 2022. “Examining the Determinants and Efficiency of China’s Agricultural Exports Using a Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model.” PLoS ONE 17(9 September): 1–20.
  42. Najafi, Iman, Reza Moghadasi, and seyed yaghob zerayat kish. 2012. “Investigating Factors Affecting Export Prices of Major Pistachio Exporting Countries Using Global Vector Autoregressive Model.” Iranian Agricultural Economics Research 193: 193–216.
  43. Natale, Fabrizio, Borrello A, and Motova A. 2015. “Analysis of the Determinants of International Seafood Trade Using a Gravity Model.” MARINE POLICY 60: 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.05.016.
  44. Nguyen, Dao Dinh. 2020. “Determinants of Vietnam ’ s Rice and Coffee Exports : Using Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model.” doi:10.1108/JABES-05-2020-0054.
  45. Nguyen, Dao Dinh, and Ha Noi. 2022. “Determinants of Vietnam ’ s Rice and Coffee Exports : Using Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model.” 29(1): 19–34. doi:10.1108/JABES-05-2020-0054.
  46. Rafiee, Hamed, Milad Aminizadeh, Elham Mehrparvar Hosseini, Hanane Aghasafari, and Ali Mohammadi. 2022. “A Cluster Analysis on the Energy Use Indicators and Carbon Footprint of Irrigated Wheat Cropping Systems.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 14(7): 1–19.
  47. Salette, G., and Jan Tinbergen. 1965. “Shaping the World Economy. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy.” Revue économique 16(5): 840. doi:10.2307/3498790.
  48. Shamshiri, Mohammad Hosein, Mahboubeh Hoseini, and Mohammad Reza Dehghani. 2024. “Physio-Biochemical Changes of Some Pistachio Rootstocks in Response to Drought and Recovery Periods.” Journal of Nuts 15(2): 127–40. doi:10.22034/jon.2023.1979552.1214.
  49. Shepherd, Ben, and Norbert L W Wilson. 2013. “Voluntary Standards and Developing Country Agricultural Exports : The Case of the European Union.” developig trade: 1–10.
  50. Tahir, Muhammad, S A F Hasnu, and Mario Ruiz Estrada. 2018. “Macroeconomic Determinants of Trade Openness: Empirical Investigation of SAARC Region.” Journal of Asia Business Studies 12(2): 151–61. doi:10.1108/JABS-12-2015-0207.
  51. W.Yeap.T Abd Rashid, Salleh, and Mohammad Nazeri. 2016. “Effectiveness Beta Wave in Literacy on the Concentration Learning 971 of Pupils in Level One Primary School Research on Determinants of Trade Balance in Vietnam: A VAR Approach.” 2016(November 2016): 14–15.
  52. Wall, Howard J. 2000. “Gravity Model Specification and the Effects of the Canada-U . S . Border.” (July).
  53. Y.boston ; s.shafei ; a.fatahi ardekani ; r.erfani moghadam. 2020. “Investigating the Effect of Granted Credits on Labor Demand in Agricultural Subsectors.” Agricultural Economics Research (1): 45–62.
  54. yaser solimany and Naser azad. 2017. “Identifying and Ranking Factors Affecting Iranian Pistachio Exports Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method.” Applied research in management and accounting (8): 16–24.
  55. Zheng, Zijuan, Sayed Saghaian, and ReedMichael. 2012. “Factors Affecting the Export Demand for U.S. Pistachios.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 15(3): 138–54. file:///F:/Spec 2/Traffic Delay Model.pdf.
  56. Aghasafari, H, Mohammadi H., and M. Aminizadeh. 2020. “Measuring the Efficiency of Iranian Pistachio Exports Using the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model.” Economics and agricultural development(in iran) 34(1): 29–45. doi:10.22067/jead2.vi0.83705.
  57. Aghlmand, Siamak, Bahlol Rahimi, Hamidreza Farrokh-Eslamlou, Bahram Nabilou, and Hassan Yusefzadeh. 2018. “Determinants of Iran’s Bilateral Intra-Industry Trade in Pharmaceutical Industry.” Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 17(2): 822–28.
  58. Aigner, Dennis, C A Knox Lovell, and Peter Schmidt. 1977. “Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models.” 6: 21–37.
  59. Ben Ali, Mohamed Sami, and Mosbah Mdhillat. 2015. “Does Corruption Impede International Trade? New Evidence from the EU and the MENA Countries.” Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development 36(4): 107–20.
  60. Aminizadeh, Milad, Hossin Mohammadi, Alireza Karbasi, and Hamed Rafiee. 2025. “Application of Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model for Determining Seafood Export.” 27: 1–15.
  61. Anderson, James E. 1997. “A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation.” Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice 1–4(1): 6–7. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0037.
  62. Anderson, James E, and Eric. Van Wincoop. 2001. “Gravity with Gravitas a Solution to the Border Puzzle. American Economic Review. 93=170-192.” National Bureau of Economic Research 3.
  63. Ashktorab, Nilofar. 2010. “Investigating Factors Affecting Iranian Pistachio Exports with Emphasis on Food Safety.” Farumashia 2(4): 1–24.
  64. Atif, Rao Muhammad, Liu Haiyun, Haider Mahmood, and Rao Muhammad Atif. 2017. “Pakistan ’ s Agricultural Exports , Determinants and Its Potential : An Application of Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model Model.” 8199. doi:10.1080/09638199.2016.1243724.
  65. Author, Volume, Editor Jeffrey, and Alan V Deardorff. 1998. “Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassical World?” (January): 7–32.
  66. Baier, Scott L, and Jeffrey H Bergstrand. 2009. “Estimating the Effects of Free Trade Agreements on International Trade Fl Ows Using Matching Econometrics.” Journal of International Economics 77(1): 63–76. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.09.006.
  67. Bělín, Matěj, and Jan Hanousek. 2021. “Which Sanctions Matter? Analysis of the EU/Russian Sanctions of 2014.” Journal of Comparative Economics 49(1): 244–57. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2020.07.001.
  68. Bergstrand, Jeffrey H. 1997. “The Gravity Approach for Modeling International Trade Patterns for Economies in Transition.” International Advances in Economic Research 6(4): 633–48. doi:10.1007/BF02295374.
  69. Boughanmi, Houcine, Fatma Al-Saadi, Lokman Zaibet, Ibtisam Al Abri, and Abdallah Akintola. 2021. “Trade in Intermediates and Agro-Food Value Chain Integration: The Case of the Arab Region.” SAGE Open 11(1). doi:10.1177/21582440211002513.
  70. Chang, T., Zhu, W., & Chen, Y. (2025). Spillover Effects of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement on Agricultural Trade: A Structural Gravity Model Approach. Agribusiness. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.2206
  71. Chizari, A H, and S Sadafi Abkenar. 2020. “Impact of Price and Non-Price Factors on the Iranian Pistachios Market.” 22: 1415–30.
  72. Chung Van Dong and Hoan Quang. 2023. “Determinants and Potential of Seafood Trade_ Evidence from a Transitional Economy.” Foreign Trade Review 58(3): 428–54.
  73. Crescimanno, Maria, Antonino Galati, and Dorra Yahiaoui. 2013. “Determinants of Italian Agri-Food Exports in Non-EU Mediterranean Partner Countries: An Empirical Investigation through a Gravity Model Approach.” New Medit 12(4): 46–54.
  74. Doan, Thang N, and Yuqing Xing. 2017. “Trade Efficiency, Free Trade Agreements and Rules of Origin.” Journal of Asian Economics. doi:10.1016/j.asieco.2017.12.007.
  75. Durusu-Ciftci, Dogukan Tarakci & Fevzi Olmez & Dilek. 2022. “Exchange Rate Volatility and Export in Turkey_ Does the Nexus Vary across the Type of Commodity.” Elsevier (2): 77–89.
  76. European Commission. 2010. “Trade, Growth and World Affairs Trade Policy as a Core Component of the EU’s 2020 Strategy.” 9: 612.
  77. Fugazza, Marco, and Ana Cristina Molina. 2011. “United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities on the Determinants of Exports Survival.” United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series (46). https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/itcdtab47_en.pdf.
  78. Gao, Qi, Qiang Wang, and Wei Zhang. 2019. “Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model Approach.” (2024): 1–11. doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02994-7.
  79. Gupta, Aishwary Kant, Seema Sangita, and Murali Kallummal. 2024. “Impact of International Food Standards on Firms’ Export Behavior: A Case of Indian Marine Industry.” Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy: 1–28. doi:10.1142/S1793993324500200.
  80. Haghighi, Sara Baghban, Saeed Yazdani, and Milad Aminizadeh. 2021. “Measuring the Export Efficiency of Iran ’ s Agricultural Products in ECO Countries.” Iranian Journal Agricultural Economics and Development Research The 55(2): 351–63.
  81. HELPMAN, Elhanan. 1987. “IMPERFECT COMPETITION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE Opening Remarks.” European Economic (31): 77–81.
  82. Hosseini, Elham Mehrparvar, Hamed Rafiee, Zeinab Rostamzadeh, and Milad Aminizadeh. 2024. “The Effect of Membership in Trade Agreements on Iran ’ s Agricultural Bilateral Trade Balance.” Agricultural Economics Research (in Iran) 15(4): 93–107. doi:10.30495/JAE.2023.28591.2273.
  83. Hossini, seyad safdar, and Mahdiye Homayonpoor. 2012. “Study of Factors Affecting the Export of Iranian Agricultural Products.” Iranian Agricultural Economics Resea 6(4): 1–16.
  84. JAMES E. ANDERSON AND ERIC VAN WINCOO. 2003. “Gravity with Gravitas : A Solution to the Border Puzzle.” 93(1): 170–92.
  85. Jarreau, Joachim. 2015. “Determinants of Trade Policy: Insights from a Structural Gravity Model.” World Bank Economic Review 29: S155–63. doi:10.1093/wber/lhv024.
  86. JEFFREY A. FRANKEL. 1992. “Measuring International Capital Mobility: A Review.” 82(2): 197202.
  87. Kalirajan, K. 1999. 26 Journal of Applied Statistics Stochastic Varying Coefficients Gravity Model: An Application in Trade Analysis. doi:10.1080/02664769922520.
  88. Karbasi, Alireza, and Milad Aminizade. 2013. “Yeap. T. W, Salleh Abd Rashid1.” Iranian Agricultural Economics Resea 11(3): 1–22.
  89. Karbasi, Alireza, and amir hossin Tohidi. 2014. “Factors Affecting Iranian Pistachio Exports.” 7(1): 91–112.
  90. Kareem, Olayinka Idowu. 2016. “Food Safety Regulations and Fish Trade : Evidence from European Union-Africa Trade Relations.” Journal of Commodity Markets: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcomm.2016.07.002.
  91. Kazemnezhad, M, S Baghban Haghighi, and E Mehrparvar Hosseini. 2024. “Investigating and Analyzing the Efficiency of Iran ’ s Agricultural Export Target Markets in Member Countries of Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” 32(125): 111–32. doi:10.30490/AEAD.2024.361665.1505.
  92. Keith Head and Thierry Mayer. 2000. “Non-Europe : The Magnitude and Causes of Market Fragmentation in the EU.” 2(2000): 284–314.
  93. Kim, Chang Min, Dae Eui Kim, and Song Soo Lim. 2023. “Assessing the Seafood Trade Diversion Arising from Economic Sanctions : Evidence from Russia and Western Countries.”
  94. Krugman, Paul R. 1985. “Peturns and Theory of International Trade.” (1752).
  95. Mohammadi, Hossin, and Fateme Sakhiha. 2015. “Factors Affecting the Supply of Iranian Pistachio Exports.” Iranian Agricultural Economics Resea 7(2): 63–81.
  96. Muhammad, Nazir, Qiangqiang Zhang, Saleh Shahriar, Muhammad Saqib Irshad, Bala Ado Abdullahi, and Xuexi Huo. 2022. “Examining the Determinants and Efficiency of China’s Agricultural Exports Using a Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model.” PLoS ONE 17(9 September): 1–20.
  97. Najafi, Iman, Reza Moghadasi, and seyed yaghob zerayat kish. 2012. “Investigating Factors Affecting Export Prices of Major Pistachio Exporting Countries Using Global Vector Autoregressive Model.” Iranian Agricultural Economics Research 193: 193–216.
  98. Natale, Fabrizio, Borrello A, and Motova A. 2015. “Analysis of the Determinants of International Seafood Trade Using a Gravity Model.” MARINE POLICY 60: 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.05.016.
  99. Nguyen, Dao Dinh. 2020. “Determinants of Vietnam ’ s Rice and Coffee Exports : Using Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model.” doi:10.1108/JABES-05-2020-0054.
  100. Nguyen, Dao Dinh, and Ha Noi. 2022. “Determinants of Vietnam ’ s Rice and Coffee Exports : Using Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model.” 29(1): 19–34. doi:10.1108/JABES-05-2020-0054.
  101. Rafiee, Hamed, Milad Aminizadeh, Elham Mehrparvar Hosseini, Hanane Aghasafari, and Ali Mohammadi. 2022. “A Cluster Analysis on the Energy Use Indicators and Carbon Footprint of Irrigated Wheat Cropping Systems.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 14(7): 1–19.
  102. Salette, G., and Jan Tinbergen. 1965. “Shaping the World Economy. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy.” Revue économique 16(5): 840. doi:10.2307/3498790.
  103. Shamshiri, Mohammad Hosein, Mahboubeh Hoseini, and Mohammad Reza Dehghani. 2024. “Physio-Biochemical Changes of Some Pistachio Rootstocks in Response to Drought and Recovery Periods.” Journal of Nuts 15(2): 127–40. doi:10.22034/jon.2023.1979552.1214.
  104. Shepherd, Ben, and Norbert L W Wilson. 2013. “Voluntary Standards and Developing Country Agricultural Exports : The Case of the European Union.” developig trade: 1–10.
  105. Tahir, Muhammad, S A F Hasnu, and Mario Ruiz Estrada. 2018. “Macroeconomic Determinants of Trade Openness: Empirical Investigation of SAARC Region.” Journal of Asia Business Studies 12(2): 151–61. doi:10.1108/JABS-12-2015-0207.
  106. W.Yeap.T Abd Rashid, Salleh, and Mohammad Nazeri. 2016. “Effectiveness Beta Wave in Literacy on the Concentration Learning 971 of Pupils in Level One Primary School Research on Determinants of Trade Balance in Vietnam: A VAR Approach.” 2016(November 2016): 14–15.
  107. Wall, Howard J. 2000. “Gravity Model Specification and the Effects of the Canada-U . S . Border.” (July).
  108. Y.boston ; s.shafei ; a.fatahi ardekani ; r.erfani moghadam. 2020. “Investigating the Effect of Granted Credits on Labor Demand in Agricultural Subsectors.” Agricultural Economics Research (1): 45–62.
  109. yaser solimany and Naser azad. 2017. “Identifying and Ranking Factors Affecting Iranian Pistachio Exports Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method.” Applied research in management and accounting (8): 16–24.
  110. Zheng, Zijuan, Sayed Saghaian, and ReedMichael. 2012. “Factors Affecting the Export Demand for U.S. Pistachios.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 15(3): 138–54. file:///F:/Spec 2/Traffic Delay Model.pdf.
  111. g