Analysis of the Effective Capitals on the Sustainability of Rural Livelihoods in Kermanshah Province
- Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Il.C., Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ka.C, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Il.C. , Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Natural Resources, Il.C., Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
Received: 2025-02-20
Revised: 2025-03-30
Accepted: 2025-04-08
Published in Issue 2025-06-30
Copyright (c) 2025 Nahid Tavasol, Alireza Poursaeed, Roya Eshraghi Samani, Marjan Vahedi, Behrouz Naseri (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
PDF views: 537
Abstract
Today one of the key factors in achieving rural development goals is a proper understanding of sustainable livelihoods.Achieving this requires transitioning from traditional livelihood patterns to sustainable rural livelihoods that align with the needs and potential of the area .In this context , sustainable livelihoods are not possible without considering livelihood assets .Therefore,the present study aims to analyze and investigate the impact of effective assets on the sustainability of the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in Kermanshah province.This study is quantitative and, in term of purpose , applied .Methodologically , it is a descriptive-correlational study.The statistical population of this study consist of 116022 rural households in Kermanshah province , from which 385 households were selected as a sample through random stratified sampling using the Krejcie and Morgan table. For data collection , a questionnaire was used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and professors of Rural Development and Extension Department , and this reliability was determined in a pre-test using Cronbachs alpha ,ranging from 0.86 to 0.94 , indicating the high reliability of the questionnaire for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using smart-PLS and SPSS 26 software . The results indicated that, among five livelihood assets,rural inhabitants were at a medium level regarding social capital , and at a weak to medium level concerning financial capital . Based on the results, it is recommended that one of the key strategies should be diversifying the economic activities of rural inhabitants.Moreover, appropriate educational mechanisms in various areas should be provide and given attention by those involved in rural development planning.
References
- Ahmadi, A., Motiee Langroudi, H., Riyahi, V., & Halalian, H. (2019). Analysis of sustainability levels of villagers' livelihoods (case study of villages in Saqoz city). Rural Development Strategies. 6(1). 3-19. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.22048/rdsj.2019.140559.1747
- Akbarian ronizi, S, R., & Ramezanzadeh lasboyee, M. (2019). Farmers’ Resilience against Drought with an Emphasis on Economic Factors and Social Capital in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Roniz in Estahban County. Journal of Rural Research, 10(2).230-243. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2018.230885.1090.
- Alobo Loison, S.)2015. (Rural Livelihood Diversification in Sub-Saharan A، Africa: A Literature Review. Journal of Development Studies, 51(9), 1125–1138.https://doi.org/10.1080/002 20388.2015.1046445
- Anang, B. T., & Yeboah, R. W. (2019). Determinants of off-farm income among smallholder rice farmers in Northern Ghana: Application of a double-hurdle model. Journal of Advances in Agriculture, (2): 1-7.
- Arouri, M., Nguyen, C., & Youssef, A. Ben. (2015). Natural Disasters, Household Welfare, and Resilience: Evidence from Rural Vietnam. Journal of World Development, 70, 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.017
- Badko, B., Ghasemi Siani, M., Ranjbaraki, A., Shambiati, M, H., & Shakiba, A. (2020). Assessing the Livelihood Capital of Mountainous Villages with a Sustainable Livelihood Approach (Case study: Kouhshah Rural District, Ahmadi District -Hormozgan). Journal of Geographical studies of mountainous regions.1 (3) .53-65. (in Persian) http://gsma.lu.ac.ir/article-1-73-fa.html
- Barimani, F., Raisi, H, Reisi, I., & Mohammadzadeh, M. (2016). Analyzing the Geographical Factors Effective on the Household Livelihood in Rural Settlements (the case of: Township Qasrqand). Journal of Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement. 3(12). 85-96. (in Persian)
- Birthal, P. S., Hazrana, J., & Negi, D. S. (2020). Diversification in Indian agriculture towards high value crops: Multilevel determinants and policy implications. Journal of Land Use Policy, 91: 1-18.
- Darban astane, A., Motiei Langeroudi, S. H., & Ghasemi, F. (2018). Factors Affecting the Livelihood of Farmers: A Case Study of Shazand County. Journal of Rural Research, 9(2), 324-337. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2018.241568.1165
- DasGupta, M., Roy, N. (2017). National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) and Sustainable Livelihood Development through Poverty Alleviation. International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 2(9): 107-113
- Davari,A., & Rezazadeh, A.(2015).Structural equation modeling with PLS software. Jihad Daneshgahi Publications. (in persian)
- Ghadiri Masoum, M., Eynali,J., Soury, F., & Cheraghi, M.(2014). Evaluation of Womens and its role in economic development in Rural Areas (case study: Konani District of Kouhdasht County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning. 3(6). 17-25. (in Persian)
- Ghazali, S., & Zibaei, M. (2018). Households’ Perception and Livelihood Vulnerability to Climate Change: Nomads in Fars Province. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 12 (1). 39-58. (in Persian) https://doi.org/ 10.22034/iaes.2018.31373
- Heidari Sarban, V., & Abdpour, A. (2018). Factors Improvement Sustainable livelihoods from the perspective of local People:Ardabil County. Journal of Applied Researches in Geographical Sciences. 19 (54). 23-46. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.29252/jgs.19.54.23.
- Horsley, J., Prout, S., Tonts, M., & Ali, S. H. (2015). Sustainable livelihoods and indicators for regional development in mining economies. Journal of Extractive Industries and Society, 2(2), 368–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.12.001Hua, X., Yan, J., & Zhang, y. (2017). Evaluating the role of livelihood assets in suitable livelihood strategies: Protocol for anti-poverty policy in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Ecological Indicators, 78, 62-74.
- Imani, B. and Mohamadi Mashkool, A. (2019). Analysis of the Relationship between Livelihoods and Resilience of Rural Areas against Drought (Case Study: Villages of Ardabil). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 7(4), 147-164. doi: 10.22067/geo. v0i0.71754
- Ishaghi Milasi, F., & Mahmoudi, B. (2018). Evaluation and prioritize of rural sustainable livelihoods indicators and criteria in iran by the Delphi method. Journal of Rural development strategies,5(2). 217-232. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.22048/rdsj.2018.98567.1677.
- Jiao, X., Pouliot, M., & Walelign, S. Z. (2017). Livelihood Strategies and Dynamics in Rural Cambodia. Journal of World Development, 97, 266–278.
- Karamidehkordi, M., & Rahimi, Z. (2020). Dynamics Assesment of living Conditions in rural communities, using the SLF Approach and Benefiting from the CIPP pattern (case study: DereShahr Conty). Journal of Community Development (Rural and Urban Communities).12(1). 271-303. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.22059/JRD.2021.309722.668579.
- Khosrozadian, M., Ghanian M., & Abdshahi, A. (2015). Prioritizing the agricultural exploitation system in Behbahan city based on sustainable livelihood model.Journal of Cooperation and Agriculture. 5(19). 143-166. (in Persia)
- Li,H., Nijkamp, P., Xie, X & Liu, J.(2020). A New Livelihood Sustainability Index for Rural Revitalization Assessment—a Modelling Study on Smart Tourism Specialization in China. Sustainability, 12(8), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083148.
- Massoud, M. A., Issa, S., El-Fadel, M., & Jamali, I. (2016). Sustainable livelihood approach towards enhanced management of rural resources. Journal of International Journal of Sustainable Society, 8(1): 54-72.
- Meskela, T., & Teshome, Y.) 2014). From Economic Vulnerability to Sustainable Livelihoods: The Case of Oromia Coffee Farmers’ Cooperative Union in Ethiopia. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2400132
- Mohammadimehr, S., Karimi, S & Hosseni, S, M. (2022). Assessing the Sustainable Livelihood Levels of Rural Communities (Case Study: Oramanat Tourist Area). Journal of Rural Research.13 (2), 332-347. (In Persian) http:// doi.org/ 10.22059/jrur.2022.333541.1695.
- Mohammadi, A., Omidi Najafabadi, M., & Porsaeed, A. (2021). Designing a Sustainable Rural Livelihood Paradigm with Emphasis on the Human Geography.Journal of Rural Research.12 (1).194-209. (in Persian)
- Montazeri, A., Sahneh, B., & Ghanghermeh, A. (2021). The Role of Water Resources Management in the Sustainable Livelihood of Rural Households (Case Study: Northern and Southern Mazraeh of Aq Qala Township). Journal of Spatial Planning.11 (1). 67-86. (in Persian (
- Nourozi, M., & Hayati, D. (2015). Factors Affecting Sustainable Rural Livelihoods as Perceived by Farmers in Kermanshah Province. Journal of Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education, 11(1). 127-144. (in Persian) http:// doi.org/20.1001.1.20081758.1394.11.1.9.3.
- Rezaei, A., & Jalilian, S. (2019). The Investigating of Factors on Rural Tourism Management Strategy by Using SWOT Technique and QSPM Matrix in Kermanshah Province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 50(1).201-218. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22059/IJAEDR.2019.250773.668551.
- Saeidi Rad, M., Razani, A., & Razaviyan, M, T. (2020). Analysis of Livelihood capitals in Rural Regions (Case Study:Qasr Qand Conty). Geography and Territorial Arrangement.10 (37). 167-186. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.22111/GAIJ.2020.5961.
- Shah, K.U., H.B. Dulal, C. Johnson, and A. Baptiste. (2013). Understanding livelihood vulnerability to climate change: applying the livelihood vulnerability index in Trinidad and Tobago. Geoforum, 47: 125–137.
- sharifi Z, nooripour M, sharifzadeh M. (2017). Analysis of rural households' vulnerability in The Central District of Dena County: the application of the sustainable livelihood’s framework. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards .4(2):19-36. (in Persian) URL: URL: http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2714-fa.html
- Savari, M., Shabanali Fami,H., Irvani, H.,& Asadi,A.(2019). Modeling Drought Effects on Sustainable Livelihoods of Small-Scale Farmers in Rural Settlements of Kurdistan Province. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards. 6(2) .111-128. (in Persian) URL: http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2829-fa.html
- Shahrekie,M., & Sharifzadeh, M.(2015). Investigating the Role of Fish Farming in Sustainable Rural Livelihood of Zahedan County Farmers. Journal of Rural Research. 6 (1). 97-116. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2015.542
- Sebhatu, K. T., Gezahegn, T., Berhanu Lakwet,T., & Maertens, M. (2020). Conflict, fraud, and distrust in Ethiopian agricultural cooperatives. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management,8(1):100106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2020.100106
- Sojasi Qidari, H., Sadeqlou, T., & Shakourifard, E. (2016). Measuring the livelihood properties in rural areas using a sustainable livelihood approach (case study: Rural areas of Taybad County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning. 5(13). 197-216. (in Persian) http://jrrp.um.ac.ir/index.php/RRP/article/view/48257.
- Su, M. M., Wall, G., & Xu, K. (2016). Tourism-induced livelihood changes at mount Sanqingshan world heritage site, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 57(5), 1024-1040.
- Su, Z., Aaron, J. R., Guan, Y., & Wang, H. (2019). Sustainable Livelihood Capital and Strategy in Rural Tourism Households: A Seasonality Perspective. Journal of Sustainability, 11(18), 1-14.
- Sultana,M., Ahmed, J,U., & Shiratake,Y.(2020). Sustainable conditions of agriculture cooperative with a case study of dairy cooperative of Sirajgonj District in Bangladesh. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management.8 (1):100105.
- Tavakoli, M., Ahmadi, Sh., & Fazelniya, Gh. (2016) Analysis of Factors Affecting Rural Livelihoods (The Case Study: Villages of Sardasht Township). Geography and Planning. 20 (58). 63-81. (in Persian)
- Walelign, S. Z., Pouliot, M., Larsen, H. O., & Smith-Hall, C. (2017). Combining Household Income and Asset Data to Identify Livelihood Strategies and Their Dynamics. Journal of Development Studies. 53(6), 769–787. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00220388.2016.1199856
- Wan, J., Song, X., Su, Y., Peng, L., Khatiwada, S, P., Zhou, Y, & Deng, W. (2019). Water Resource Utilization and Livelihood Adaptations under the Background of Climate Change: A Case Study of Rural Households in the Koshi River Basin. Journal of Sustainability.11 (18), 1- 15.
10.57647/j.amc.2025.090101
