10.57647/jcns.2025.1101.06

Assess Different Rate and Source of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop Production under Drought Stress Condition

PDF
  • Abbas Ghorbani1,
  • Mojtaba Jafarzadeh Kenarsari*2,
  • Amin Farnia1,
  • Shahram Nakhjavan1,
  1. Department of Agronomy, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran.
  2. Department of Agronomy, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran

Received: 2025-01-11

Revised: 2025-02-13

Accepted: 2025-03-18

Published in Issue 2025-03-31

Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas Ghorbani, Mojtaba Jafarzadeh Kenarsari, Amin Farnia, Shahram Nakhjavan (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Ghorbani, A., Jafarzadeh Kenarsari, M., Farnia, A., & Nakhjavan, S. (2025). Assess Different Rate and Source of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop Production under Drought Stress Condition. Journal of Crop Nutrition Science, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.57647/jcns.2025.1101.06
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 24

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Climate change is expected to accelerate, leading to further drought stress in large areas of the world. Considering wheat's status as a dietary staple for a significant portion of the global populace, it becomes apparent that attaining a thorough comprehension of the fertilizers effectiveness, widely utilized in current agricultural practices, holds paramount significance for the enhancement of global food security.

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to evaluate the effect of different rate and source of Nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative parameters of Wheat affected drought stress condition in two moderate climate regions.

METHODS: Current research conducted according factorial split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included three levels of drought stress [control or no stress, irrigation until the booting stage (booting-stage drought or BSD), and irrigation to the soft dough stage (Maturation-stage drought or MSD)] in the main plots. Different source of Nitrogen fertilizer [including Urea (U) and Ammonium Nitrate (AN)] belonged to first subplot and three level of different rate of Nitrogen [Normal (N) amount according soil test, 50% higher than normal amount (N+50), and 50% lower than normal amount (N-50)] belonged to second subplot.

RESULT: In addition to drought stress leading to a decrease in 1000-grain weight, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 50 percent above normal caused an increase in 1000-grain weight of wheat compared to normal treatments and 50 percent below normal. Grain yield in the control treatment without drought stress was higher (5792 kg.ha-1) than the two drought stress treatments, and grain yield with ammonium nitrate fertilizer application (4853 kg.ha-1) was higher than that with urea fertilizer application (4275 kg.ha-1). The highest biological yield was for ammonium nitrate fertilizer and in the control treatment without drought stress, at 14908 kg.ha-1. The highest grain protein percentage of 12.81% was obtained in the irrigation treatment up to the inflorescence emergence stage and with the application of ammonium nitrate, and increasing the amount of Nitrogen fertilizer application led to a further increase in grain protein percentage.

CONCLUSION: Use of Baharan Wheat variety in studied region at non drought stress conditions and application of Ammonium Nitrate fertilizer at a rate 50% higher than the recommended level by soil test can be advised to producers. 

Keywords

  • Chlorophyll, Correlation, Irrigation, Proline, Protein, Soluble sugar
PDF

References

  1. Abdolmaleki, A. K., Pirdashti, H., Yaghoubian, Y., Abbasian, A. and Ghadirnezhad Shiade, S. R. 2022. Endophytic Fungi improve growth and yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under limited light conditions. Gesunde Pflanz, 75, 1517-1529.
  2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00816-x
  3. Ahmed, H. G. M.-D., Zeng, Y., Shah, A. N., Yar, M. M., Ullah, A. and Ali, M. 2022. Conferring of drought tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Geno sources using seedling indices. Frontiers of Plant Science, 13, 961049. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.961049
  4. Alam, H., Khattak, J. Z. K., Ksiksi, T. S., Saleem, M. H., Fahad, S., Sohail, H., Ali, Q., Zamin, M., El‐Esawi, M. A., Saud, S., Jiang, X., Alwahibi, M. S. and Alkahtani, J. 2021. Negative impact of long‐term exposure of salinity and drought stress on native Tetraena mandavillei L. Physiologia Plantarum, 172, 1336-1351. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13273
  5. Asif, M., Yilmaz, O. and Ozturk, L. 2017. Elevated carbon dioxide ameliorates the effect of Zn deficiency and terminal drought on Wheat grain yield but compromises nutritional quality. Plant and Soil, 411, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2996-9
  6. Barati, V., Bijanzadeh, E. and Zinati, Z. 2020. Nitrogen source and deficit irrigation influence on yield and Nitrogen translocation of Triticale in an arid Mediterranean agroecosystem. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 22, 1295-1311.
  7. Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P. and Teare, I. D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil Journal, 39, 205-207.
  8. Basal, O. and Szabó, A. 2020. Physio-morphology of Soybean as affected by drought stress and Nitrogen application. Scientifica (Cairo), 1-7.
  9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6093836
  10. Bashir, M. T., Ali, S., Ghauri, M., Adris, A. and Harun, R. 2013. Impact of excessive Nitrogen fertilizers on the environment and associated mitigation strategies. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, 15, 213-221.
  11. Basu, S., Ramegowda, V., Kumar, A. and Pereira, A. 2016. Plant adaptation to drought stress. F1000Research, 5, 1554. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7678.1
  12. Cheng, B., Hu, S., Cai, M., Cao, C. and Jiang, Y. 2021. Nitrate application induced a lower yield loss in Rice under progressive drought stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 95, 149-156.
  13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00731-7
  14. Cowan, N., Levy, P., Maire, J., Coyle, M., Leeson, S. R., Famulari, D., Carozzi, M., Nemitz, E. and Skiba, U. 2020. An evaluation of four years of Nitrous Oxide fluxes after application of Ammonium Nitrate and Urea fertilizers measured using the eddy covariance method. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 280, 107812.
  15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107812
  16. Du, J., Shen, T., Xiong, Q., Zhu, C., Peng, X., He, X., Fu, J., Ouyang, L., Bian, J., Hu, L., Sun, X., Zhou, D., He, H., Zhong, L. and Chen, X. 2020. Combined proteomics, metabolomics and physiological analyses of Rice growth and grain yield with heavy Nitrogen application before and after drought. BMC Plant Biology, 20, 556.
  17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02772-y
  18. Fathi, A. 2020. Role of Nitrogen (N) in plant growth, photosynthesis pigments, and N use efficiency: A review. Agrisost, 28, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7143588
  19. Fathi, A. and Zeidali, E. 2020. Conservation tillage and Nitrogen fertilizer: A review of corn growth and yield and weed management. Central Asian Journal of Plant Science Innovation, 1, 121-142. https://doi.org/10.22034/CAJPSI.2021.03.01
  20. Fertahi, S., Ilsouk, M., Zeroual, Y., Oukarroum, A. and Barakat, A. 2021. Recent trends in organic coating based on biopolymers and biomass for controlled and slow release fertilizers. Journal of Controlled Release, 330, 341-361.
  21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.026
  22. Gardner, F. P., Pearce, R. B. and Mitchell., R. L. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Ames, Iowa State University Press. USA. 121 pp.
  23. Ghadirnezhad Shiade, Seyede Roghie Esmaeili, M., Pirdashti, H. and Nematzadeh, G. 2020. Physiological and biochemical evaluation of sixth generation of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) mutant lines under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 9, 57-72.
  24. Ghadirnezhad Shiade, S. R., Fathi, A., Taghavi Ghasemkheili, F., Amiri, E. and Pessarakli, M. 2023a. Plants’ responses under drought stress conditions: Effects of strategic management approaches: A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 46, 2198-2230.
  25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2022.2105720
  26. Ghadirnezhad Shiade, S. R., Pirdashti, H., Esmaeili, M. A. and Nematzade, G. A. 2023b. Biochemical and physiological characteristics of mutant Geno sources in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) contributing to salinity tolerance indices. Gesunde Pflanz, 75, 303-315.
  27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00701-7
  28. Huang, L., Li, M., Zhou, K., Sun, T., Hu, L., Li, C. and Ma, F. 2018. Uptake and metabolism of Ammonium and Nitrate in response to drought stress in Malus prunifolia. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 127, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.031
  29. Huangfu, C. and Li, K. 2019. Growing density interacts with competitor identity to modulate Nitrogen form preference of an invasive plant. Ecological Indicators, 107, 105641.
  30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105641
  31. Irigoyen, J. J., Einerich, D. W. and Sánchez‐Díaz, M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 84, 55-60.
  32. Kijowska-Oberc, J., Dylewski, Ł. and Ratajczak, E. 2023. Proline concentrations in seedlings of woody plants change with drought stress duration and are mediated by seed characteristics: A meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 13, 15157.
  33. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40694-5
  34. Klimczyk, M., Siczek, A. and Schimmelpfennig, L. 2021. Improving the efficiency of Urea-based fertilization leading to reduction in Ammonia emission. Science of the Total Environment, 771, 145483.
  35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145483
  36. Kulkarni, M., Soolanayakanahally, R., Ogawa, S., Uga, Y., Selvaraj, M. G. and Kagale, S. 2017. Drought response in Wheat: key genes and regulatory mechanisms controlling root system architecture and transpiration efficiency. Frontiers in Chemistry, 5, 106.
  37. Li, S., Zhou, L., Addo-Danso, S. D., Ding, G., Sun, M., Wu, S. and Lin, S. 2020. Nitrogen supply enhances the physiological resistance of Chinese fir plantlets under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress. Scientific Reports, 10, 7509.
  38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64161-7
  39. Lv, X., Ding, Y., Long, M., Liang, W., Gu, X., Liu, Y. and Wen, X. 2021. Effect of foliar application of various Nitrogen forms on starch accumulation and grain filling of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress. Frontiers of Plant Science, 12, 1-17.
  40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.645379
  41. Muratore, C., Espen, L. and Prinsi, B. 2021. Nitrogen uptake in plants: The plasma membrane root transport systems from a physiological and proteomic perspective. Plants, 10, 681. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants10040681
  42. Raddatz, N., Morales de los Ríos, L., Lindahl, M., Quintero, F. J. and Pardo, J. M. 2020. Coordinated transport of Nitrate, Potassium, and Sodium. Frontiers of Plant Science, 11, 247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00247
  43. Saffari, M. R., Jafarzadeh Kenarsari, M., Farnia, A. and Sasani, S. 2023. Growth analysis and oil quality of Canola (Brassica napus L.) treated with Zinc Nanochelate and Zinc sulfate under different irrigation regimes. Gesunde Pflanz, 75, 1615-1624.
  44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00825-w
  45. Soomro, N. A., Soomro, A. F., Samo, H. A. and Depar, M. S. 2016. Growth and yield comparisons of four commercial Wheat varieties to irrigation frequencies. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 29, 212-217.
  46. Sosulski, F. W. and Imafidon, G. I. 1990. Amino acid composition and Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for animal and plant foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38, pp. 1351-1356. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00096a011
  47. Szmigiel, A., Kołodziejczyk, M., Oleksy, A. and Kulig, B. 2016. Efficiency of Nitrogen fertilization in spring Wheat. International Journal of Plant Production, 10, 447-456.
  48. Thapa, S., Xue, Q., Jessup, K. E., Rudd, J. C., Liu, S., Devkota, R. N. and Baker, J. A. 2020. Soil water extraction and use by winter Wheat cultivars under limited irrigation in a semi-arid environment. Journal of Arid Environments, 174, 104046.
  49. Wierzbowska, J., Sienkiewicz, S. and Światły, A. 2022. Yield and Nitrogen status of Maize (Zea mays L.) fertilized with solution of Urea-Ammonium Nitrate enriched with P, Mg or S. Agronomy, 12, 2099. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092099
  50. Xiao, Y., Peng, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Zhuge, Y., Zhang, S. and Gao, H. 2019. Effect of bag-controlled release fertilizer on Nitrogen loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and Nitrogen applied amount in Peach production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 234, 258-274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.219
  51. Yang, X., Lu, M., Wang, Yufei, Wang, Yiran, Liu, Z. and Chen, S. 2021. Response mechanism of plants to drought stress. Horticulturae, 7, 50.
  52. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7030050
  53. Yousaf, M., Bashir, S., Raza, H., Shah, A. N., Iqbal, J., Arif, M., Bukhari, M. A., Muhammad, S., Hashim, S. and Alkahtani, J. 2021. Role of Nitrogen and Magnesium for growth, yield and nutritional quality of Radish. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28, 3021-3030. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sjbs.2021.02.043
  54. Yu, Y., Cheng, H., Wu, B. and Wang, C. 2023. Combined effects of drought stress and different forms of nitrogen deposition as response mechanism to environmental change. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20, 6697-6712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04408-0