10.1007/s40095-021-00452-7

Energy harvesting through backpacks employing piezoelectric stack systems optimized for users with different physiological features

  • Viorel Badescu*1,
  1. Candida Oancea Institute, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 060042, RO Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 010017, RO

Published in Issue 2022-01-31

How to Cite

Badescu, V. (2022). Energy harvesting through backpacks employing piezoelectric stack systems optimized for users with different physiological features. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 13(1 (March 2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-021-00452-7
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Abstract

Abstract The physiological characteristics considered here are the weight carried by the user and the walking frequency. Since the input force is low frequency, the mechanical response of the piezoelectric stack may be neglected and a model based on a first order differential equation is developed. Direct optimal control techniques are used. Three objective functions are defined in case of the resistive load and one objective function is considered for the capacitive load. General conclusions: (1) the maximum harvesting performance is obtained when the control parameters have a bang-bang-type time evolution or are constant; (2) sizing the load is strongly constrained by the physiological characteristics of the backpack user. Specific result for resistive loads: (3) the amount of dissipated energy increases by increasing the walking frequency, for both controlled and un-controlled operation. Specific results for capacitive loads: (4) the optimal capacitance is constant in time and equals the smallest allowed value; (5) the amount of energy stored in a capacitor when fully charged depends on the average weight carried by the backpack user; (6) the stored energy increases by increasing the walking frequency.

Keywords

  • Human energy source,
  • Piezoelectric energy harvester,
  • Optimal control,
  • Resistance load,
  • Capacitance load

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