10.57647/ijeee.2025.1602.05

Energy production and future perspectives of active photovoltaic materials

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  • Nisar Ali*1,
  • Otman Abida1,
  • Mohamed Essalhi1,
  • H. Alrobei2,
  • Bakhtiar Ulhaq3,
  1. African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI) Mohammad VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharaj 11942, Saudi Arabia
  3. Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar 31952, Saudi Arabia

Received: 2025-02-12

Revised: 2025-04-30

Accepted: 2025-06-30

Published in Issue 2025-06-30

Copyright (c) 2025 Nisar Ali, Otman Abida, Mohamed Essalhi, H. Alrobei, Bakhtiar Ulhaq (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Ali, N., Abida, O., Essalhi, M., Alrobei, H., & Ulhaq, B. (2025). Energy production and future perspectives of active photovoltaic materials. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 16(02). https://doi.org/10.57647/ijeee.2025.1602.05
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Abstract

The rapid growth of the photovoltaic device market is imperative for meeting global sustainability goals, such as reducing chlorofluorocarbon emissions to improve air quality, fulfilling the increasing public energy demands, and ultimately lowering the cost of electricity production. The development and application of advanced energy materials are gaining significant attention within the scientific and industrial communities. In this context, recent research has focused on exploring various photophysical mechanisms that can be integrated into photovoltaic devices to achieve conversion efficiencies theoretically surpassing the Shockley-Queisser limit. This limit, which represents the maximum theoretical efficiency for single-junction solar cells, has long been considered a fundamental constraint. However, innovative strategies such as multi-junction architectures, down-conversion and up-conversion layers, hot carrier extraction, and plasmonic enhancements are being investigated to overcome these limitations. It is noteworthy that approximately 55% of incident photon energy is lost, predominantly due to sub-bandgap losses, where photons have insufficient energy to excite electrons across the bandgap, and thermalization losses, where excess photon energy above the bandgap is dissipated as heat. Addressing these intrinsic loss mechanisms is crucial for the development of next-generation photovoltaic technologies capable of delivering higher efficiencies and supporting a sustainable energy future.

Keywords

  • Ultrathin solar cells,
  • Plasmonic resonance,
  • Downconversion layer,
  • Concentrating solar cell
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