A review of the antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, mechanism of action, and medical applications

Abstract

   Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have emerged as one of the leading nanomaterials, demonstrating strong antimicrobial properties and high potential in controlling bacterial infections. ZnO-NPs exert their antibacterial effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species, damage to the cell membrane, and disruption of bacterial DNA and protein functions. Numerous studies have shown that these nanoparticles are effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. The small size, high specific surface area, and ability to penetrate bacterial cell walls are key factors contributing to the efficacy of these nanoparticles. Furthermore, due to their minimal side effects on human cells and high biocompatibility, ZnO-NPs are considered a suitable option for clinical and industrial applications. The applications of these nanoparticles have been extensively reviewed, and potential strategies to enhance their efficiency and safety have been proposed. This study highlights the significant potential of ZnO-NPs to either replace or complement existing methods in combating bacterial infections, offering a novel approach to addressing antibiotic resistance and other challenges. This article reviews the antibacterial mechanisms of ZnO-NPs, examining factors influencing their activity and performance, and their potential applications in medical and industrial fields.