Progress in Biomaterials is a fully open access journal with double blind peer review. It is a multidisciplinary, English-language publication of original contributions and reviews concerning studies of the preparation, performance and evaluation of biomaterials; the chemical, physical, biological and mechanical behavior of materials both in vitro and in vivo in areas such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery and implants where biomaterials play a significant role. This journal operates on an open access model and charges an Article Processing Charge (APC) to cover the costs of publication and ensure free and permanent access to published articles. We are committed to supporting researchers worldwide and offer APC waivers for authors from low- and middle-income countries, as well as in cases of financial hardship. Waiver requests are considered on a case-by-case basis and do not influence editorial decisions. For more information on APCs and waiver eligibility, please visit our APC & Waivers Policy page. Journal DOI: 10.57647/pibm Journal Abbreviation: Prog. Biomater. Journal Title Acronym: PiBM Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Masoumeh Tababtabaee
Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)/Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Contained 3D Printed Structures For Tissue Engineering Applications
In order to solve the lack of organ donors and promote tissue healing, tissue engineering combines biology, engineering, and materials science to develop biological replacements that can maintain, repair, or improve tissue function. Its objective is to use scaffolds, cells, and bioactive materials to generate functional tissues, which may be employed to address organ failures and degenerative disorders. 3D printing technology allows for the development of intricate scaffolds that resemble the extracellular matrix using a variety of biomaterials, such as nanoparticles, bioceramics, and natural and synthetic polymers. Due to their antibacterial and biocompatible qualities, silver and gold nanoparticles are added to these materials to improve wound healing and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, the special characteristics of gold nanoparticles support medical imaging and sensing applications. By enhancing scaffold performance and infection prevention while encouraging cell proliferation and tissue regeneration, the incorporation of nanoparticles into tissue engineering scaffolds promotes regenerative medicine. In this work, 3D printed structures using AgNPs and AuNPs for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are reviewed. In order to develop or select materials for 3D printing structures that are effective and advantageous in tissue engineering, the academic and clinical sectors benefit from studying previous investigations in this field. This review offers a thorough analysis of the uses of silver and gold nanoparticles in tissue engineering by integrating a dual emphasis on these particles within different 3D-printing methods. Compared to previous assessments, it also has an organized summary in Table 1, which improves readability and clarity.
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM)
Copyright (c) 2026 Hossein Sahbafar, Arefe Razavi, Aliakbar Najafinezhad, Sepideh Nasiri-Harchegani, Soroosh Salehi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dual-Layer Sponge–Nanofiber Construct Enabling Sustained Sitagliptin Release for Enhanced Diabetic Wound Healing
Diabetic wounds pose a major challenge due to impaired healing, infection risk, and poor vascularization. A Dual-layer biomimetic wound dressing was designed to integrate structural and biochemical functionalities for advanced wound management. The upper layer consisted of a sponge matrix based on polyacrylic acid and poly(allylamine hydrochloride), embedded with sitagliptin-loaded fucoidan–chitosan nanoparticles, enabling exudate absorption and sustained drug release. The lower layer comprised electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers, closely mimicking extracellular matrix architecture. Characterization was performed using SEM and FTIR. The dressing demonstrated a swelling ratio of 512.2% in distilled water and degradation of 38.2% after 7 days immersion in PBS. Sustained sitagliptin release reached 82.4% over 7 days. Mechanical evaluation revealed tensile strength of 354.0 KPa, elastic modulus of 987.6 KPa, and elongation of 171.3%, which was adequate for wound healing applications. In vitro assays confirmed superior L929 fibroblast viability on the Dual-layer dressing, with the nanofibrous layer supporting extensive adhesion and spreading. In vivo studies in a diabetic rat model showed enhanced re-epithelialization, organized collagen bundles, improved early-stage angiogenesis, and reduced inflammation, resulting in nearly complete wound healing within 14 days. These findings indicate that the Dual-layer dressing provides a promising strategy for diabetic wound healing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roya Hesari Asl, Shahrokh Shojaei, Mohammad Narimani Rad, Azadeh Asefnejad, Milad Jafari-Nodoushan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Revealing Structural Diversity of Ultra-High Dilutions through Visualizing Geometry and Surface Texture Complexity with Composite Morphological Scoring
Ultra-high dilutions (UHDs), obtained through processes of sequential dilutions and mixing beyond the Avogadro limit, have been found to possess some residual solid phase with microand nano-scale ordering differing from that of solvent controls. In this research, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been employed to examine and identify the residues derived from eight different formulation samples of UHD to determine their morphology and microscopic structural features. In order to facilitate comparisons, a Composite Morphological Scoring system has been formulated that combines various nano-morphological features into a single, measurable unit. The search for reproducible microstructural patterns, referred to as Essential Original Matter (EOM), which were found within UHD samples, but absent within potentized controls and placebos, was an important aspect of this research. It was found by SEM analysis that EOMs have peculiar geometric shapes, like fractal aggregations, layered structures, and nano-particulate agglomerates, with characteristic surface topography that may vary from smooth compact areas to highly corrugated porous interfaces. At higher magnification levels, the EOMs were found to have nano-scale detail including granular subdomains, interfaces, and multi-scale textural variability indicative of a non-random organization and hierarchical assembly process in the residual material. Morphological analysis was performed on four levels: overall geometry, external texture, internal variability, and complexity. These four levels combined created the Composite Morphological Index. With respect to micro- and nanomorphological complexity, Anacardium orientale 200CH (CMI = 20) and Tarentula hispanica 200CH (CMI = 18) were found to possess higher values, followed by Sulphur (CMI = 5), Staphysagria 200CH, and Medorrhinum 200CH (CMI = 6 for all three) as those showing simpler forms. Taken together, these results suggest that the UHD preparations are capable of retaining formulation-specific residual patterns with unique micro- to nano-scale characteristics. The CMS framework presents a reproducible and scalable way to compare these systems, and it represents a materials science platform for future research studies into the physicochemical nature of ultra-highly diluted systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fateme Mirzajani, Saba Hosseinian, Fariba Rahimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Osseointegration and Host Immune Response to Zirconia Implants: Current Evidence and Perspectives
Background: Zirconia dental implants are increasingly explored as alternatives to titanium due to favorable osteointegration and biocompatibility. Objective: To review the osseointegration potential, immune response, and clinical relevance of zirconia implants, with attention to strategies aimed at improving performance. Results: Osseointegration is influenced by surface roughness, chemistry, and implant design. Surface treatments such as sandblasting, acid etching, laser structuring, and bioactive coatings improve topography, wettability, and osteoblast activity. Zirconia demonstrates high biocompatibility and generally favorable immune responses, including reduced inflammatory signaling and support for tissue healing, although clinical data remain limited. Its smooth surface and low plaque affinity may further support peri-implant tissue health. Emerging innovations in mechanical reinforcement, antibacterial modifications, and digital workflows, offer additional potential to enhance implant performance. Conclusion: Zirconia implants exhibit promising osseointegration and biocompatibility, but current evidence is insufficient to claim superiority over titanium. Further long-term clinical studies are required to validate these findings and optimize implant design and surface strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Golrokhian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioactive Photo-crosslinkable GelMA Hydrogel Incorporating Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Regeneration
This study aimed to develop a photo-crosslinkable and 3D-printable biomaterial, comprising methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) functionalized with magnesium oxide (MgO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles, as a bioactive scaffold for bone regeneration. Cytocompatible concentrations of MgO and SiO2 were identified using a dose-response assay, and selected formulations were characterized in terms of structural architecture, chemical composition, and cumulative nanoparticle release. Murine calvarial preosteoblasts were seeded onto hydrogels to evaluate long-term viability, proliferation, collagen expression, and mineralized matrix deposition. The formulations were also assessed for extrusion-based 3D printability. MgO and SiO2 at 0.05% and 0.025% (w/v) were used, which positively modulated the GelMA porosity. No chemical modifications to GelMA were detected; instead, the nanoparticles were gradually released. Cell viability was maintained in all groups over 14 days, with enhanced proliferation observed from day 3 onward. All oxide-functionalized GelMA formulations showed increased collagen expression and calcium-rich matrix deposition, with the 0.05% group inducing the greatest mineralization at 14 days. Well-organized 3D-printed meshes were successfully obtained, demonstrating that the combination of bioactivity and high printability can be leveraged for the development of personalized bone therapies. GelMA containing 0.05% MgO and SiO2 exhibited the highest osteogenic activity, representing the most promising platform for bone-tissue regeneration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lígia Espoliar Corrêa, Ester Alves Ferreira Bordini, Vitor de Toledo Stuani, Larissa Álamo, Ruan Henrique Delmonica Barra, Erika Soares Bronze-Uhle, Laura Ferreira Almeida, Lídia de Oliveira Fernandes, Carolina Alves Andrade, Juliano Milanezi de Almeida, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa, Diana Gabriela Soares (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strontium-Containing Biomaterials in Dentistry: Mechanisms of Remineralisation and Clinical Translation - A Systematic Review
Strontium has emerged as a promising component in biomaterials, enhancing remineralisation of dental hard tissues through ionic substitution, bioactivity, and modulation of apatite formation. It has been integrated into strontium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses, and fluorophosphates, each exploiting distinct structure–function mechanisms. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of strontium-containing biomaterials for enamel and dentin remineralisation, with focus on physicochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and translational potential. A systematic review of in vitro studies was conducted, including strontium-enriched formulations applied to enamel and/or dentin. Outcomes included changes in surface microhardness (ΔSMH) and lesion depth. Owing to heterogeneity in designs, formulations, and measures, findings were synthesised narratively using SWiM (Synthesis Without Meta-analysis) guidelines. Twenty-one in vitro studies were identified; only one used a bovine tooth model, and no human clinical trials were found. Twelve reported >30% enamel ΔSMH improvement, with Sr-doped nano-hydroxyapatite achieving gains up to 45%. Sr-bioactive glass and Sr–fluoride hybrids reduced lesion depth by 15–25%, with several studies showing synergistic effects with fluoride. To conclude, strontium-based biomaterials show promising potential for enhancing enamel remineralization and caries prevention; however, current evidence is derived exclusively from in vitro studies. Well-designed in vivo clinical trials are therefore essential before these findings can be reliably translated into clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Saeedullah, Nozimjon Tuygunov, Noor Azlin Yahya, Muralithran Govindan Kutty, Arief Cahyanto, Hien Chi Ngo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis and Evaluation of Micro-tensile Bond Strength of Indirect Nanocomposite to Deep Dentin with Various Bonding Agents
Resin composites are frequently used in restorative dentistry, but polymerization shrinkage poses significant challenges. This study aimed to assess the micro-tensile bond strength of indirect composites to deep dentin utilizing various bonding agents under Immediate Dentin Sealing (IDS). Sixty non-carious third molar teeth were selected; their roots were sectioned below the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and divided into five groups: four with adhesive systems (Optibond FL, SE bond, G Premio bond, G2 bond) under IDS and one control group using Delayed Dentin Sealing (DDS). After temporary restoration, composite blocks were bonded to each sample. A force of 500N was applied to measure micro-tensile bond strength until fracture, with data analyzed via chi-square tests, ANOVA, and Tukey’s post hoc tests. The bond strength values ranked from highest to lowest were Opti bond FL, SE bond, G2 bond, G Premio bond, and the control group. No significant differences were found among Opti bond FL, SE bond, and G2 bond (P > 0.05), but these three systems exhibited significantly higher bond strengths than the control group (P < 0.05). The bond strength of G Premio bond under IDS was significantly lower than the other adhesives (P < 0.05). In conclusion, IDS enhances the micro-tensile bond strength of indirect composite restorations to deep dentin, with Opti bond FL demonstrating the highest bond strength and the control group exhibiting the lowest.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shamim Kiaei, Parvin Mirzakouchaki Boroujeni, Mehrdad Kazemian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stem Cell–Biomaterial Interactions in Bone Tissue Engineering: From Molecular Mechanisms to Translational Challenges
The growing incidence of trauma-induced bone defects, tumors, malformations, and age-related degenerative conditions presents a substantial clinical and socioeconomic challenge. Traditional treatments, such as autografts and implants, have significant limitations, including donor-site morbidity and immune rejection. Emerging bone tissue engineering (BTE) leverages mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived osteoprogenitors to create a regenerative microenvironment. Advances in biomaterials, including osteoconductive ceramics and bioresorbable polymers, enhance scaffold design, enabling the creation of hierarchical architectures that mimic the natural properties of bone. Innovations like smart scaffolds are poised to improve regeneration through controlled release of growth factors and responsiveness to external cues. However, the transition from promising preclinical results to routine clinical application faces challenges, including variability in stem cell sources, scalability issues in scaffold production, and regulatory hurdles. This review synthesizes research on stem cell-biomaterial interactions, which are vital for bone regeneration, focusing on molecular processes, scaffold design principles, osteogenic promotion strategies, and existing preclinical and clinical evidence. The findings aim to guide researchers and clinicians in developing effective bone-regenerative therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elnaz Abedini, Aliakbar Najafinezhad, Sepideh Nasiri-Harchegani, Daver Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance and Prospects of Bioactive Endodontic Cements: A Comparative Mechanobiological Assessment of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement
The success of endodontic therapy critically depends on the effective sealing and biocompatibility of root canal filling materials. This has driven a transition from traditional options towards bioactive alternatives, notably Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Calcium-Enriched Mixture (CEM) Cement, which offer enhanced biological interactions. This study provides a narrative review and performance evaluation of MTA and CEM Cement, with focused analysis of their applications in vital pulp therapy (VPT) and root-end filling (REF). An in-depth examination of their chemical, physical, and biological properties was conducted through a systematic synthesis of extant literature, critically appraising sealing ability, biocompatibility, inflammatory response modulation, antimicrobial efficacy, and long-term clinical success. Both MTA and CEM Cement demonstrate superior biocompatibility, excellent sealing capabilities, and the ability to stimulate hard tissue formation compared to traditional materials. MTA is well-established with a proven track record, though it suffers from a prolonged setting time and potential tooth discoloration. CEM Cement exhibits comparable or superior bioactive properties, including rapid setting, optimal flow, and significant hydroxyapatite generation, leading to promising clinical outcomes in VPT. Evidence confirms that bioactive materials significantly outperform traditional options, validating both MTA and CEM Cement as effective choices, with selection dependent on clinical scenarios and material properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Reza Barbaz-Isfahani, Abbasali Khademi, Pedram Iranmanesh, Movahed Ghassem Yeganeh, Sara Gholizadeh, Foad Iranmanesh, Amirsalar Khandan, Azadeh Asefnejad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An in Vitro Investigation into the AntifungalProperties of Electrospun Polyethylene OxideNanofibers Loaded with Extracted Lipids Against Dermatophytes
Dermatophytic infections caused by Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes remain a global health concern, especially with rising antifungal resistance. Developing biobased alternatives and novel delivery systems offers promising therapeutic potential. In this research, fatty acids were produced by cultivating Yarrowia lipolytica (ATCC 18942) on oil pressing pulp. The extracted fatty acids identified by GC-MS and FT-IR as primarily oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and stearic acid were incorporated into polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers through electrospinning (15 kV, 15 cm, 1 mL/h). The nanofibers were characterized using SEM and FT-IR. Their antifungal activity was assessed against Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes via microbroth dilution, pour plate, and agar well diffusion assays. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of PEO/extracted lipid nanofibers were 21 µg/ml for M. canis and T. rubrum, and 44 µg/ml for T. mentagrophytes. The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were 42, 42, and 88 µg/ml, respectively. These findings suggest that naturally derived fatty acids could serve as effective, low-risk alternatives for managing drug-resistant dermatophytosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Helia Ramezani, Mohaddeseh Larypoor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preparation and Evaluation of Physical and Biological Properties of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Based on Poly (glycerol succinic acid) (PGSU) and Chitosan for Use in Soft Tissue Engineering
The development of biocompatible, biodegradable, and structurally adaptable scaffolds remains a critical challenge in tissue engineering. In this study, a series of novel three-dimensional porous scaffolds were fabricated by combining poly (glycerol succinate) (PGSu) with varying weight ratios of chitosan (Ch) using a salt-leaching technique. The chemical structure and functional group interactions were confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed enhanced molecular ordering in Cs-rich compositions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrate that the incorporation of Cs improved pore interconnectivity and surface roughness. Contact angle measurements and swelling tests indicated increased hydrophilicity and water uptake, particularly in PGSu/Cs (30/70) scaffolds. Mechanical testing revealed that PGSu/Ch (50/50) exhibited superior compressive strength and elasticity under both dry and hydrated conditions, while PGSu/Ch (30/70) demonstrated enhanced flexibility and deformability in wet environments which is an essential feature for tissue applications. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and hydrolytic degradation in fetal bovine serum (FBS) revealed that Ch content modulated scaffold thermal stability and biodegradation rate, with PGSu/Ch (30/70) degrading most rapidly over 60 days. Biological assessments, including MTT assay and SEM-based cell adhesion analysis, confirmed excellent cytocompatibility for all PGSu/Ch scaffolds. The PGSu/Ch (30/70) composition demonstrated the highest levels of cell viability, adhesion, and surface colonization over a 7-day culture period. These findings highlight the potential of PGSu/Ch scaffolds as tunable biomaterials for soft tissue regeneration, offering a favorable balance between mechanical performance, biodegradability, and cellular compatibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faezesadat Miri, Soheila Zamanlui benisi, Samira Farjaminejad, Mohammad Hossein Allahyari, Nadia Rezavand, Shahrokh Shojaei, Pedram Tehrani, Milad Jafari-Nodoushan, Wei-Hsin Chen, Vahabodin Goodarzig (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Effects of Mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter Bacteria on Growth, Quantity, Quality, and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oil of Fennel plant Foeniculum vulgare Mill
The combined effects of mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter bacteria alongside NPK fertilizer on growth, yield, essential oil quality, and antimicrobial properties of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) were evaluated. Seed inoculation with biofertilizers and chemical fertilizer applications under controlled greenhouse conditions significantly enhanced plant height (112.5±2.9 cm), umbels per plant (39±3.6), thousand-seed weight (3.95±0.21 g), biological yield (4245±230 kg/ha), seed yield (1544±228 kg/ha), and harvest index (36.3±3.3%) compared to the control (p < 0.01). Essential oils extracted from treated plants demonstrated improved antimicrobial efficacy, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Aspergillus niger reduced by 50% to 62.5 μg/mL. Similar reductions in MIC values were observed for Penicillium digitatum, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum fungicidal and bactericidal concentrations (MFC/MBC) also decreased substantially with combined treatments. Results confirm that integrating biofertilizers enhances fennel growth, yield, and the antimicrobial potency of its essential oil, providing a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers in medicinal plant cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohaddeseh Larypoor, Fatemeh Vasileh Izadmousa, Hoora Dadgostar, Shahrzad Sadeghi Amjad, Maryam Peyvandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preparation and Assessment of Polyurethane-Polygycerol Itaconate-ZnO Composite as Guided Bone Regeneration Scaffold
In this study, porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering based on polyurethane and poly-glycerol-itaconic acid were fabricated using a salt-leaching method and reinforced with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles at 0, 5, and 10 wt.%. The resulting scaffolds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (EDS/MAP), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming the successful incorporation of ZnO within the scaffold structure. Microstructural analysis revealed that the average pore sizes of scaffolds without ZnO and with 5 and 10 wt.% ZnO were 132±92, 112±58, and 92±36 µm, respectively. Contact angle measurements indicated high hydrophilicity of the pure scaffold (6.9°) and a gradual increase in hydrophobicity with ZnO addition. Water absorption and degradation tests showed that the scaffold containing 10 wt.% ZnO exhibited the lowest equilibrium water uptake and improved control over degradation rate. Furthermore, antibacterial assays demonstrated that increasing ZnO concentration enhanced both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. Biocompatibility and cell adhesion assessments indicated that all scaffolds supported cellular attachment, with the 5 wt.% ZnO scaffold showing the most favorable biological performance, whereas the 10 wt.% ZnO scaffold exhibited significant cytotoxicity. Overall, the results indicate that polyurethane–poly-glycerol-itaconic acid scaffolds reinforced with 5 wt.% ZnO nanoparticles provide an optimal combination of structural integrity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity, making them a promising platform for guided bone regeneration and novel applications in dentistry and orthopedics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahdiyeh Naseripour, Tahmineh Ahmadi, Shahrokh Shojaei, Salar Mohammadi Shabestari, Vahabodin Goodarzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human Sperm Cryopreservation Using Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Cryoprotectant
Cryopreservation is a procedure commonly used worldwide to keep a broad range of living cells and tissues, such as sperm, oocytes, and embryos, at extremely low temperatures for long periods while retaining the integrity of their structures. In order to preserve fertility during cancer treatment, sperm cryopreservation has become a common practice. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a synthetic polymer, has shown to prevent the growth of ice crystals and inhibit ice recrystallization at lower concentrations. In the current investigation, the aim was to assess the PVA as a supplement to improve human sperm cryopreservation. Sperm from 21 normospermic males were collected and divided into five equal groups: Fresh, frozen control, 0.01% PVA, 0.1% PVA, and 0.5% PVA. After being frozen and thawed, the main sperm parameters were examined, such as motility, viability, morphology, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and DNA fragmentation. Based on the results, human sperm motility and viability were increased by adding 0.01% PVA in comparison with the control group. Moreover, different concentrations of PVA did not affect morphology, MDA, or DNA fragmentation. It is reasonable to declare that using an optimal concentration of impermeable ice inhibitors, such as PVA, in conjunction with a permeable cryoprotectant significantly improves the enhancement of human sperm after thawing.
Copyright (c) 2024 Atefe Mohsennezhad, Maryam Ghobeh, Mohsen Sharafi, Saeed Zandiyeh, Marjan Sabbaghian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structure-Driven pH-Responsive Doxorubicin Release from Titanium-Modified Zeolite Nanoparticles
In this study, nanozeolite powders were synthesized via a chemical route using zeolite soil, sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, calcined kaolin, and distilled water. The influence of synthesis parameters, particularly stirring time, on crystal growth and structural evolution was systematically investigated. Subsequently, the synthesized zeolite powders were surface-modified with controlled amounts of titanium nanoparticles through continuous magnetic stirring for 24 h to tailor their physicochemical properties. Crystallite size analysis based on Scherrer’s equation and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that increasing the titanium nanoparticle content led to a significant reduction in average grain size, while prolonged stirring time promoted crystal growth. The crystallite sizes obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were in good agreement with FESEMobservations, confirming the reliability of the structural characterization. Titanium modification induced pronounced grain refinement and increased surface reactivity without altering the fundamental aluminosilicate framework of the zeolite.The drug delivery performance of the prepared nanozeolites was evaluated using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model anticancer drug. In vitro release studies conducted at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5 demonstrated a clear pH-responsive release behavior, with significantly enhanced DOX release under acidic conditions mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Titanium-modified nanozeolites exhibited higher DOX loading capacity and more controlled release profiles compared to unmodified samples, attributed to increased surface hydroxyl groups and refined microstructure.Overall, the results highlight that, controlled synthesis and titanium surface modification effectively enhance the structural and functional performance of nanozeolites, making them promising candidates for pH-triggered and targeted anticancer drug delivery applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatemeh Mirjalili (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biomaterial-Based Delivery of Ornithogalum brachystachys Methanolic Extract Enhances Apoptosis in HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells via BAX/BCL2 Modulation
This study evaluated methanolic and hexanic extracts of Ornithogalum brachystachys C.Koch for anti-cancer effects on HT-29 colorectal cancer cells, comparing them to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Cells were treated with extracts (25−200 µg/mL) or 5-FU (5−100 µM) for up to 72 hours. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT, and apoptosis-related gene expression (BAX and BCL2) by qRT-PCR. The methanolic extract showed the strongest cytotoxicity, reducing viability to 44.9% at 100 µg/mL after 72 hours and increasing BAX expression by 1.48-fold, indicating apoptosis. The hexanic extract had moderate cytotoxicity (63.7% viability at 25 µg/mL, 24 hours) with no significant changes in apoptotic gene expression. 5-FU decreased viability to 51.9% at 5 µM after 72 hours and produced stronger apoptotic signaling (BAX +1.75-fold, BCL2 −0.63-fold). Overall, the methanolic extract demonstrates notable, albeit weaker, pro-apoptotic activity via BAX/BCL2 modulation and may serve as a promising, lower-toxicity complementary natural anticancer candidate warranting further phytochemical and in vivo studies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahdi Il Saadatmand, Maryam Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar, Farah Farahani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Development, Characterization, Sensory Evaluation, and Consumer Analysis of An Innovative Fat Replacer Based on Bigel Containing Walnut Oil to Replace Palm Oil in Low-Fat Chocolate Spread
Chocolate spread, as a high-fat product, is a candidate for reformulation due to health concerns associated with its high saturated fat content. The used fat significantly influences the sensory attributes, texture, spreadability, and stability properties of spreads. This study introduces a novel bigel-based fat replacer, developed from walnut oil, rice bran wax (oleogel phase), and guar gum (hydrogel phase), to replace palm oil in low-fat chocolate spread formulations. Low-fat spread formulations were developed using 25, 50, 75, and 100% bigel replacement with palm oil. This study investigated the physicochemical properties (oxidative stability, oil binding capacity, spreadability, texture, and color), sensory evaluation, and consumer test of the developed spread. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of bigel in the spread resulted in higher oxidative stability (6.32 meq/kg) and better oil binding capacity (99.91%). The spread containing higher content of bigel showed lower hardness and higher cohesiveness and adhesiveness. The samples containing 25% bigel had spreadability and firmness close to the control sample containing 100% palm oil. The substitution of bigel led to higher brightness values in spreads. The spreads with 75% bigel were evaluated as the most accepted sensory characteristics regarding creamy texture and flavor. Overall, the results indicate that the developed bigel-based replacer successfully mimics the rheological and sensory properties of traditional fat and could be recommended for use in the formulation of low-fat chocolate spread.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahrzad Shakouri, Mostafa Mazaheri Tehrani, Arash Koocheki, Mansour Bayat, Anna Abdolshahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modulation of Optical Anisotropy in Soft Tissue Biomaterials Using Optical Clearing Agents: Implications for Structural Characterization and Biomedical Applications
This study systematically investigates the modulation of optical properties in anisotropic chicken skin tissue using five optical clearing agents (OCAs): Sorbitol, Glycerol, Iohexol, Sucrose, and Glucose. Quantifying such changes is essential for the design of biomaterials and the optimization of tissue-implant interfaces where laser propagation is critical. Utilizing goniometry and transmission spectroscopy over a 60-minute period, our results consistently demonstrated that tissue optical clearing induced a significant increase in the scattering anisotropy factor (g), shifting from a baseline of g = 0.78−0.80 to post-clearing values reaching g = 0.96. This enhancement in forward scattering, accompanied by a concurrent decrease in the attenuation coefficient (µt), serves as a critical performance metric for improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in implanted optical sensors and ensuring efficient laser light delivery in photo-active scaffolds. Among the agents, Sorbitol exhibited the highest optical clearing efficacy, while simple sugars showed less pronounced effects. These findings provide a robust foundation for selecting optimal chemical agents to enhance laser light penetration depth for future embedded optical biosensors, directly benefiting the development of advanced biomaterials, and high-resolution imaging modalities such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).
Copyright (c) 2024 Saeed Ziaee, Mohammad Ali Ansari, Mehrdad Kalhori, Kamyab Hassani, Mohammad Hossein Naddaf, Valery V. Tuchin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Kinetic Study of Ion-Doped Zif-8 Nanocarriers for a Flutamide Delivery
Here, we describe characterization of new Zif-8 composites doped with magnetite (Fe3O4) and gold (Au) nanoparticles, labeled Zif-8-Fe and Zif-8-Au, to precisely tune their release kinetics, drug loading, and porosity. Geometry modification was observed in SEM images after ion doping, with the mean size ranging from 50-80 nm for Zif-8 and Zif-8-Au and about 500 nm for Zif-8-Fe. A clear XRD peak shift confirmed the successful incorporation of dopant ions. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis revealed that while Au doping significantly reduced the material’s surface area and pore volume, Fe doping remarkably enhanced these properties (556 vs 2676 m2/g and 0.26 vs 1 cm3/g, respectively). This directly impacted drug loading, with the Zif-8-Fe composite demonstrating the highest loading capacity (18.8 mg/g) and Zif-8-Au showing the lowest (7.2 mg/g). In vitro drug release studies further demonstrated distinct kinetic profiles. The release from all samples followed a Fickian diffusion mechanism, as indicated by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (n ≈ 0.01 − 0.05). The Zif-8-Fe composite exhibited a desirable sustained-release profile due to its enhanced and more tortuous pore network, while the Zif-8-Au composite showed low-quantity release. The findings demonstrated that ion doping provided a powerful strategy to engineer the structural properties and drug release kinetics of MOFs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Noushita Gilianinezhad, Hoda Pasdar, Mohammad Yousef, Mandana Saber-Tehrani, Malak Hekmati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Hidden Glory of Nature in Burn Wound Treatment: Electrospinning Gelatin/PVA Nanofibers Loaded with Methanolic Clove Extract for Burn Wound Healing
This study focused on the design and fabrication of a composite nanofibrous dressing based on gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) loaded with clove methanolic extract using the electrospinning technique. The scaffolds were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde vapor and characterized for their morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing. The results demonstrated that the fabricated dressings exhibited a uniform nanofibrous structure, suitable mechanical strength, and high-water absorption capacity. Moreover, the incorporation of clove methanolic extract significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of the dressing, particularly against Gram-positive bacterial strains, and accelerated the healing process of burn wounds in an animal model. These findings suggest that this biocompatible and antibacterial dressing holds great potential as an innovative and effective therapeutic approach for burn wound management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Boshra Doryab, Shahrokh Shojaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Evaluation of Biocompatible Scaffolds for Chronic Wound Healing and Biomaterials: Incorporating Vancomycin and Graphene Oxide
Chronic wounds represent a considerable challenge for healthcare systems, necessitating the identification of effective wound dressings to facilitate healing. This study aimed to develop scaffolds utilizing biocompatible materials such as albumin and gelatin, with the incorporation of vancomycin for its antibacterial properties and graphene oxide nanoparticles to enhance mechanical strength. The scaffolds were fabricated through a freeze-drying technique and subsequently evaluated for morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), functional groups via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and assessed for swelling, biodegradability, along with various mechanical, biological, and antibacterial properties. The release profile of vancomycin from the G.5%Al.3%Go scaffold exhibited a more controlled pattern compared to that of the G.5%Al.1%Go scaffold. Additionally, immersion of the scaffolds in phosphate-buffered saline for 30 minutes indicated that increased graphene oxide content correlated with reduced swelling. Over a 15-day period, the degradation rate of the scaffolds revealed that the G.10%Al.3%Go scaffold degraded by up to 35%, while the G.5%Al.1%Go scaffold showed the lowest degradation rate at 18%. These results shows that the G.10%Al.3%Go scaffold may serve as a promising candidate for atopic treatment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alireza Jangi, Azadeh Asefnejad, Shahrokh Shojaei, Hessam Rezaei, Mohammad Mohammadi, Sara Gholizadeh, Foad Iranmanesh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Feasibility Study of Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Cellular Changes Using Tamm Plasmon Polaritons in a One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal
In this research, we design, simulate, and validate a label-free optical sensor that we use to monitor STZ-induced changes in neural stem cells. The basis of this sensor is the tamm plasmon polariton (TPP), which is excited at the interface of a one-dimensional photonic crystal and a thin layer of gold. In this work, we optimize the thickness of the gold layer and the measurement method by simulation based on the transfer matrix to increase the sensitivity of the sensor. After making the designed sensor, we cultured third-pass neural stem cells from the hippocampus of neonatal Wistar rats on it. After treating the cells with STZ, known to induce Alzheimer-like changes in vitro, the reflection spectra were recorded at selected time points (0, 17, and 30 h), illustrating the sensor’s potential for real-time monitoring of cellular responses. Finally, we compared and analyzed the simulation and experimental results. The proposed sensor, as a non-invasive, high-sensitivity, and real-time method, can be used to monitor Alzheimer’s-like processes in laboratory conditions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mitra Bahrami, Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Containing Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles for Dental Applications
Despite significant advancements in dental composite technologies, effective treatment of oral diseases remains a clinical challenge. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder modified with titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, aiming to enhance its physicochemical and biological properties for dental applications. The composite was synthesized via the sol–gel method, and its structural integrity was confirmed through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), indicating successful formation of the HAp phase. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles and strong interfacial bonding within the HAp matrix. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrated improved thermal stability in the TiO2-doped HAp compared to pure HAp. Biocompatibility was assessed using the MTT assay on osteoblast cells, showing 82% cell viability, which reflects excellent cytocompatibility. These results suggest that TiO2 incorporation not only enhances the thermal and structural properties of hydroxyapatite but also supports cell proliferation, making it a promising candidate for dental restoration and broader biomedical applications. The study provides a foundation for future development of bioactive materials tailored for regenerative dentistry and implantology.
Copyright (c) 2024 Masoumeh x Masoumeh Tabatabaee, Mahboubeh A. Sharif, Saeid Hassan Shahi, Mahbubeh Mahmoudi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Morphology, Degradation, and Biocompatibility of Fluorideapatite–Bioactive Glass (453P4) Nanocomposites
Bioceramic nanocomposites are increasingly explored for bone regeneration and dental applications due to their tunable bioactivity and mechanical properties. This study investigates the physicochemical properties, degradation behavior, bioactivity, mechanical performance, cytocompatibility, and antibacterial activity of fluorapatite-based nanocomposite ceramics reinforced with 10, 20, and 30 wt.% of S53P4 bioglass synthesized via the sol-gel method. The composites were characterized for degradation by monitoring weight loss and pH changes, while bioactivity was assessed through apatite layer formation in simulated body fluid (SBF). The release of silicon and fluoride ions was quantified using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy and a fluoride-selective electrode, respectively. Cytocompatibility was examined via MTT assay on osteoblast-like cells over 1 to 7 days. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Streptococcus mutans using colony count reduction. Results showed that, increasing the S53P4 content enhanced degradation and bioactivity, reflected in higher ion release and more significant apatite formation, while compressive strength increased proportionally with the bioglass content. MTT assays demonstrated favorable cytocompatibility, with no evidence of cytotoxicity, although cell viability slightly decreased after 7 days compared to day 1. Antibacterial tests confirmed a reduction in S. mutans colonies with higher glass phase percentages, indicating improved antibacterial potential. These findings highlight the potential of fluorapatite–S53P4 nanocomposites as promising biomaterials for bone regeneration and dental applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatemeh Mirjalili, Sahebali Manafi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Controlling Hydroxyapatite Ratio in Poly(glycerol sebacate)/Polycaprolactone /Chitosan Scaffolds Directs Chondrogenesis of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration
The limited self-repair capacity of articular cartilage necessitates innovative tissue engineering strategies. This study aimed to develop a tunable, biomimetic scaffold platform by combining poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), polycaprolactone (PCL), chitosan (Ch), and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA). Five scaffold variants-PGS, PGS/PCL, PGS/PCL/Ch, and nHA-loaded composites (3% and 5% w/w)-were fabricated via salt leaching. Several characterization tests have been conducted on the designed scaffolds. Biocompatibility and biofunctionality were assessed with human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) through cell viability assays (MTT), SEMfor cell attachment, evaluation of chondrogenic gene expression (COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9), and Alcian Blue staining for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition. SEM and Elemental Mapping confirmed an irregular, interconnected porous structure and the homogeneous dispersion of nHA within the polymer matrix. FTIR analysis demonstrated successful chemical interactions between the components. The incorporation of nHA significantly enhanced hydrophilicity, compressive strength, and thermal stability (TGA). The swelling test revealed that the PGS/PCL/Ch scaffold had the highest liquid retention capacity, while mechanical tests indicated that the 5% nHA composite exhibited the highest compressive strength and a significantly improved elongation at break compared to the 3% nHA variant. Biological evaluations demonstrated that PGS/PCL/Ch/nHA scaffolds, particularly the 5% variant, supported markedly superior cell viability, attachment, and chondrogenic differentiation. The collective data confirm the PGS/PCL/Ch/5% nHA scaffold as the optimal candidate, synergizing elastomeric properties, bioactivity, and chondroinductivity for clinical translation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pardis Yousefi Talouki, Reyhaneh Tamimi, Shahrokh Shojaei, Soheila Zamanlui Benisi, Saeed Hesami Tackallou, Salar Mohammadi Shabestari, Mohhamad hossein Nasrolah, Vahabodin Goodarzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioactive Metabolites from Streptomyces mutabilis PQ668646: Purification, Characterization, and Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities Against MRSA with Anticancer Potential
The escalating prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) underscores the critical need for novel antimicrobial agents capable of circumventing established resistance mechanisms. Actinomycetes, particularly Streptomyces species, remain one of the most prolific sources of clinically relevant natural antibiotics and represent a promising reservoir for new therapeutic compounds. In this study, we evaluated the antimicro bial and antibiofilm potential of actinomycete-derived metabolites against clinical MRSA isolates to identify candidates with translational potential for managing persistent and device-associated infections. A total of 165 Staphylococcus isolates were recovered from diverse clinical specimens and confirmed phenotypically as MRSA through standard microbiological and antimicrobial susceptibility assays. Ten actinomycete strains were isolated from soil samples, among which isolate no. 2 demonstrated the strongest anti-MRSA activity. Molecular analysis revealed a 1205 bp 16S rRNA gene sequence showing 100% identity to Streptomyces mutabilis. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method confirmed its close clustering with S. mutabilis strain PQ668646 with maximal bootstrap support. Bioactive metabolites extracted from S. mutabilis exhibited potent antibacterial activity across MRSA isolates, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10.0 µg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 20.0 µg/mL. Significant antibiofilm inhibition was observed (p < 0.0001), highlighting their potential to prevent biofilm- associated device infections. Cytotoxicity assays against PC-3 prostate cancer cells indicated additional anticancer activity (IC50 +73.4±0.19 µg/mL). GC–MS profiling identified 30 metabolites, dominated by 9-octadecenamide (Z-), 1-docosene, and 9-hexacosene. HPLC confirmed 12 phenolic and flavonoid compounds, with syringic, ellagic, ferulic acid, and quercetin as major constituents. Collectively, these findings position Streptomyces mutabilis metabolites as promising candidates for developing novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm therapeutics against MRSA.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hazem A. El-Sherbiny, Gamal M. El-Sherbiny, Saad A. Moghannem, Mohamed H. Sharaf, Zeinab F. Abdallah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Designing and Optimizing a Bioactive Mucosal Dressing for Using in Dental and Oral Surgery
To facilitate biomimetic-guided soft tissue regeneration for dental and oral injuries, we develop an optimal mucosal dressing. For this purpose, Sodium alginate (Alg), Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Calcium Chloride (CaCl2), and trehalose were used in the experiment. The scaffold structure exhibits complete porosity with interconnected pores. The porosity percentage was 94%, and the average size of pores was 85 micrometers, which is conducive for effective cell adhesion. This can be attributed to the presence of trehalose, a glucose derivative that serves as a crosslinker to create a more coherent scaffold structure with smaller, highly interconnected pores. In the FTIR spectrum of the scaffold, it was observed that the peaks located at 2900 cm−1 in both alginate and CMC shifted slightly to 2926 cm−1. Similarly, the OH peak at 3300 cm−1 shifted to 3325 cm−1. These shifts in peak positions indicate a potential link between CMC/Alg and trehalose, suggesting strong interactions between the polymers of the scaffold components. The MTT and scratch assay results showed that the membrane had a significant effect on cell proliferation, migration, and spreading. In the scratch assay, the images revealed that the well with scaffold extract had a higher rate of migration and spreading compared to the control sample, which was cultured in DMEM culture medium. CMC/Alg/Trehalose membrane has the potential to successfully accelerate the wound healing process by facilitating adequate wound ventilation and management of wound exudates.
Copyright (c) 2024 Elahe Houshmand, Sadaf Javadpour, Mohammadhossein Ehsani, Mike Sabeti, Javad Mehrani Sabet, Seyyed Behnam Abdollahi Boraei, Sattar Yousef, Behzad Houshmand (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Characterization of ZnO-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery: Physicochemical, Cytocompatibility, and Antibacterial Evaluation
Chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with zinc oxide (ZnO-CS-SLNs) were developed to enhance oral zinc delivery and improve formulation performance. The nanoparticles were synthesized via a microemulsion technique and exhibited spherical morphology, an average diameter of 91.2 ± 2.8 nm, a positive zeta potential (+25 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (90 ± 3%), quantified using ICP-OES. FTIR, DSC, and XRD analyses confirmed structural integrity and uniform ZnO distribution within the lipid matrix. FE-SEM and TEM imaging revealed homogeneous particles with no signs of aggregation. In vitro release studies conducted in simulated gastric (pH 1.2) and intestinal (pH 6.8) fluids demonstrated sustained release profiles reaching up to 93% over 24 hours, consistent with Higuchi kinetics. Cytotoxicity assays on AGS cells indicated excellent biocompatibility, with cell viability exceeding 100% across all tested concentrations. Antibacterial activity of ZnO-002 was validated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains using disk diffusion, MIC, and MBC assays. Accelerated stability testing over six months (40 ± 2 °C, 75 ± 5% RH) confirmed the physical and colloidal stability of the formulations. Collectively, these results support ZnO-CS-SLNs as a robust oral delivery system with multifunctional attributes and consistent in vitro performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Inanloo, Mohammad Yousefi, Sahar Baniyaghoob (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Conductive Polymer, Magnetic Nanoparticles and Simvastatin Drug on Bone Regenaration in 3D Scaffolds Based on PGAZ-co-PEG1000 and PLA
In this study, new 3D scaffolds based on synthesized PGAZ-co-PEG1000 and PLA were prepared by salt leaching technique and Polythiophene as conductive pairs and Fe2O3 as magnetic nanoparticles, were also added to the 3D scaffolds. The FTIR test revealed that there is a relatively good interaction between the components used in these scaffolds. The XRD test also showed that the simultaneous presence of nanoparticles Fe2O3 and Polythiophene has a reducing effect on the crystal structure of the samples. SEM analysis also showed that suitable three-dimensional structures were formed within the samples and that the presence of other components in the scaffolds had significant effects on the three-dimensional structures of the scaffolds. The mechanical behavior of the samples in compression mode was analyzed in both dry and wet states. Young's modulus in dry and wet states showed completely different behavior among the samples. The compressive strength of the nanocomposite sample, which has twice the amount of nanoparticles as Polythiophene, was higher in both wet and dry states than in all the samples. Also, the degradation test was investigated in two acidic and basic pH, and interesting results were obtained. Alizarin red, H&E, and cell adhesion tests were performed on simple samples and samples loaded with the drug, and the results showed that the presence of Polythiophene and nanoparticles have a good effect on cell growth and proliferation, and Simvastatin drug has also demonstrated sound effects in addition to these substances.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahele Samizadeh, Shahrokh Shojaei, Soheila Zamanlui Benisi, Sadegh Rahmati, Milad Jafari-Nodoushan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Dyes from Nerium oleander and Bougainvillea spectabilis for Sustainable Wool Dyeing Applications
This study evaluates plant-derived antibacterial dyes from Nerium oleander and Bougainvillea spectabilis for bio-based wool textile applications, with a focus on mordant effects. Wool yarns were pre-treated using various mordants-aluminum sulfate, stannous chloride, iron sulfate, and copper sulfate-and subsequently dyed with flower extracts. The dyeing was performed at different liquor ratios and temperatures, and outcomes were assessed for color stability, wash fastness, rubbing fastness, and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive). Findings show that iron mordants enhanced light fastness for oleander-dyed fibers, while stannous mordant improved performance for bougainvillea-dyed samples. Copper mordants yielded strong antibacterial activity, particularly against E. coli, whereas iron mordants produced the largest inhibition zones overall, suggesting both Cu and Fe substantially contribute to antimicrobial efficacy in a dye- and plant-dependent manner. Wash and rubbing fastness remained satisfactory across samples, indicating stable dye-mordant-fiber complexes with minimal leaching and abrasion. Overall, the results support the potential of these natural dyes as sustainable alternatives in textile dyeing, offering functional benefits such as antibacterial properties and improved colorfastness. The study emphasizes the crucial role of mordant selection in optimizing dye performance and durability, contributing to eco-friendly textile processing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohsen Arslaninia, Mahboubeh Sadat Sharif, Maryam Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar, Amir Mansour Arbabi-Fattah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0