In this article, we study a class of nonlinear fractional differential equation for the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution and the Hyers–Ulam-type stability. To proceed this work, we utilize the tools of fixed point theory and nonlinear analysis to investigate the concern theory. We convert fractional differential equation into an integral alternative form with the help of the Greens function. Using the desired function, we studied the existence of a positive solution and uniqueness for proposed class of fractional differential equation. In next section of this work, the author presents stability analysis for considered problem and developed the conditions for Ulam’s type stabilities. Furthermore, we also provided two examples to illustrate our main work.

Introduction

Fractional calculus is known as the generalization of traditional calculus. In the last few decades, the aforesaid field attended more attention of researchers due to its variety of applications in diverse field of social science and physical science, like physics, chemistry, economics and mechanics. One of the important aspects of aforementioned field that attended the attention of large number of researchers has existence of the solution for boundary value problems (BVPs) of fractional differential equations (FDEs). FDEs are widely applicable in image and signal processing, control theory, model identification, optimization theory, optics, fitting of experimental data for further detail; we refer [ ¹ , ² , ³ , ⁴ , ⁵ , ⁶ , ⁷ – ⁸ ] to the readers. Furthermore, some other important applications of FDE are found in diverts fields of engineering, such as fluid dynamic like statistical, electromagnetic, statistical mechanics, fluid flow, polarization, colored noise, solid mechanics, traffic model, colored noise, processes, diffusion, economics and bioengineering see [ ⁹ , ¹⁰ , ¹¹ , ¹² , ¹³ , ¹⁴ , ¹⁵ , ¹⁶ , ¹⁷ – ¹⁸ ], in references.

The researchers used tools of fixed point theory and non-linear analysis to explore the theory up-large extend; for more detail we refer the readers [ ¹⁹ , ²⁰ , ²¹ , ²² – ²³ ]. The area devoted to study boundary value problems via topological degree theory for classical order differential equations has been well studied by researches and published number of articles and books. Meanwhile, for fractional differential equations the concern area is quite new and very few papers are available on it. However, the conditions for existence of solution of FDEs, in some articles, need that the operator must be compactness, which restrict the concerned area of research to some specific limitations. Recently, the researchers are interested in some weaker conditions for compactness of the operator. In order to resolve the aforesaid problem, Mawhin [ ²⁴ ] used the tools of topological degree theory, to develop the necessary conditions for existence of solution for BVPs of FDEs and IEs. Furthermore, Isais [ ²⁵ ] used the degree theory to establish some useful conditions for existence of solutions of FDEs. Recently, Wang et al. [ ²⁶ ] used the techniques of topological degree theory to develop the conditions for existence of the following non-local Cauchy problem given by

Dςv(t)=f(t,v(t)),t∈J=[0,T],v(0)-v0=g(v),

where Dς

represents the Caputo fractional order derivative, v0∈R

and f:J×R→R

is continuous function. Furthermore, Ali and Khan [ ²⁷ ] study the following BVPs of FDEs with non-local boundary conditions involving fractional integral which is given by

cDςv(t)=f(t,v(t)),t∈J=[0,1],v(0)=g(v),v(1)=δΓ(q)∫0T(t-s)q-1v(s)ds,

where cDς

represents Caputo fractional derivatives and g ( v ) is non-local function, f:J×R→R

is continuous function.

Another important aspect of concerned theory, which attracted the attention of researchers, has the area devoted of stability analysis of BVPs of FDEs. There are various types of stabilities present in the literature of fractional calculus. One of an important type of stability known as Ulam’s stability was initiated by Ulam in (1940). Ulam [ ²⁸ ] proposed a question that “Under what conditions does there exists an additive mapping near an approximately additive mapping?”. In response to his question Hyers [ ²⁹ , ³⁰ ] replied that “additive mapping in complete norm spaces”. Latter on it was tract out is a type of stability as so-called Hyers–Ulam stability. The proposed type of stability was well investigated conventional derivatives by researches. However, for fractional differential equations the concerned type of stability was very rarely investigated and needed more attention of researches to furnish the theory further.

There are various types of stabilities present in the literature for fractional differential equations and integral equations, such as Lyapunov stability [ ³¹ ], asymptotic stability [ ³² ], exponential stability [ ³³ , ³⁴ ] and many more, but best to our knowledge one of the interesting type of stability that was origination by Ulam and Hyres commonly known as Hyres-Ulam stability. Rassias [ ³⁵ ] initiated a particular kind of stability which is known as Generalized Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability. Obloza [ ³⁶ ] was the author who investigates the concerned stability for DEs. However, the concerned stability was studied for traditional differential equations. Furthermore, for FDEs the area concerning to the stability analysis was at its initial stages and a very few articles had been published, we refer [ ³⁷ ], in the references therein. Inspired form the aforementioned importance of the concerned area of research, we consider the following fractional order boundary value problem given by

Dςv(t)=f(t,v(t)),t∈J=[0,1]v(0)=D1v(0)=D2v(0)=0,v(1)=h(v),

where 3<ς≤4

and ∀s,t∈AC4[0,1]

, f:J×R→R

is continues and h(1)=v

is non-local function. In this work, authors used the tools of topological degree theory and nonlinear analysis to establish necessary conditions for existence solutions and stability analysis for our considered problem. In order to justify the desired results, we provide two examples in last section of the work.

Auxiliary results and definitions

This section of research work is committed to some fundamental definitions and results of fractional calculus, which are necessary for further correspondence in this work. For more detail (see [ ⁵ , ⁶ , ⁷ – ⁸ , ¹⁷ , ¹⁸ ]).

Definition 1

For all ς>00$$\end{document}]]> , Gamma function is usually represented by Γ(ς) and given by

Γ(ς)=∫01e-t(t)ς-1dt.

Definition 2

The fractional order ( γ>00$$\end{document}]]> ) integral of a function u(t):J→R is given by

Iγu(t)=1Γ(γ)∫0t(t-σ)γ-1u(σ)dσ,

provided that integral at the right is defined on (0,∞)

point wise.

Definition 3

The famous non-integer order Caputo’s function u ( t ) on any closed interval [ a , b ] is given by

cD0+γu(t)=1Γ(n-γ)∫at(t-σ)n-γ-1u(n)(s)dσ,

where n=[γ]+1

, where [γ]

is greatest integer less or equal to γ

Lemma 1

The solution of fractional order differential equation

cDγu(t)=0,γ∈(n-1,n],

is given by

u(t)=u(t)+c0+c1t+c2t2+⋯+cn-1tn-1,

where ci∈R

, where i=0,1,2,…,n

Lemma 2

For FDEs, the following result holds

IγDγu(t)=u(t)+c0+c1t+c2t2+⋯+cn-1tn-1,

for arbitrary ci∈R

, where i=0,1,2,…,n

Definition 4

Let us define

X={u(t)∈CJ:‖u‖=maxt∈[0,1]|u(t)|},

then (X,‖u‖)

is a Banach Space.

Definition 5

Let T:V→U be a mapping, which is bounded and continuous. Then T is ς -Lipschitz, if ∃ K≥0 , such that

ς((B))≤Kς(B),∀B⊂Vbounded.

We also recall that T:V→U

is Lipschitz, if ∃

K>0

0$$\end{document}]]>

, such that

‖Fx-Fy‖≤K‖x-y‖,∀x,y∈V,

and T is strict contraction, if K<1

Proposition 1

If T,G:V→U are both ς - Lipschitz mapping with constant K and K′ , then T+G:V→U is also ς - Lipschitz with K+K′ constant .

Proposition 2

The mapping T is ς - Lipschitz , if T:V→ς is Lipschitz with constant K .

Proposition 3

If T:V→U is compact , then T is ς - Lipschitz with zero constant .

Theorem 1

Let E be a measurable set and {fn} be a sequence of measurable function such that

limn→∞fn(v)=f(v)∈E,

and for every n∈N,

|fn(v)|≤h(v)∈E,

where f is integrable on E , then

limn→∞∫Efn(v)dv=∫Ef(v)dv.

Definition 6

The Banach space X is compact, if every sequence Sn contained a convergent sub-sequence in X .

Definition 7

A space X , where every Cauchy sequence of elements of X converges to an element of X is called a complete space.

Definition 8

If A⊆X is relatively compact, if every sequence of A contained a sub-sequence is convergent in it.

Definition 9

The linear operator T:V→U continuous at v0 , if for any ε>00$$\end{document}]]> , ∃ δ>00$$\end{document}]]> , such that

|Tv-Tv0|<ε,∀|v-v0|<δ.OR

T is continuous, if vn→v,

then

Fvn→Fv.ORlimn→∞|vn-v|→0,

which implies that

limn→∞|Fvn-Fv|→0.

Definition 10

The linear operator T:V→U is said to be uniformly continuous, if for ε>00$$\end{document}]]> , ∃ δ>0,0,$$\end{document}]]> such that

|Tv-Tv0|<ε,∀|v-v0|<δ.OR

T is continuous, if vn→v,

then

Fvn→Fv.ORlimn→∞|vn-v|→0,

which implies that

limn→∞|Fvn-Fv|→0.

Definition 11

The linear operator T:V→U is said to be uniformly continuous, if for ε>00$$\end{document}]]> , ∃ δ>0,0,$$\end{document}]]> such that

|Fv-Fv∗|<ε∀|v-v∗|<δ.

Definition 12

A family T in C ( J , R ) is called uniformly bounded, if ∃ a constant, where |f(t)|<kfor allt∈J and f∈T . A family T is equi-continuous, if

|f(v)-f(v∗)|<εfor allv,v∗∈J,

with

|v-v∗|<δ.

Theorem 2

If a family T=(f(v)) in C ( J , R ) is uniformly bounded and equi-continuous on J , then F has a uniformly convergent sub-sequence (fn(v))=1 . Thus a subset T in C ( J , R ) is relatively compact , iff T equi-continuous and uniformly bounded on J .

Theorem 3

Let X be a Banach space and T:X→X is function, which is completely continuous , then either

v = λTv has a solution , if λ = 1.
OR
{ v∈X:v=λTv , for λ∈(0,1) )} has a solution .

Definition 13

The solution of FDEs is Hyers–Ulam stable, if ∃ Kf>0\ \ 0$$\end{document}]]> and we can find Lf>0\ \ 0$$\end{document}]]> , such that for each solution v ( t ) to the system there exists a unique solution v∗(t) , such that

|v(t)-v∗(t)|≤KfLf.

Qualitative theory

In this section, authors present the correspondence results for existence theory of proposed PVBs for FDEs involving conventional derivatives on the boundaries. We developed the relation for integral representation of consider problem and construct the Green function corresponding to the developed integral equation. We use the tools of analysis and degree theory to establish the conditions for uniqueness of the solution of underlying problem of FDE.

Theorem 4

If 3<ς≤4 and ∀σ,t∈[0,1] , then the solution to fractional differential equation subject to the condition involving ordinary derivatives

Dςv(t)=f(t,v(t)),t∈P=[0,1],v(0)=D1v(0)=D2v(0)=0,v(1)=h(v),

is given by ,

v(t)=t3h(v)+∫01H(t,σ)ω(σ)dσ,

where H(t,σ)

represents the Green’s function and given by ,

H(t,σ)=1Γ(ς)(t-σ)ς-1-t3(1-σ)ς-1,0≤σ≤t≤1,-t3(1-σ)ς-1,0≤t≤σ≤1.

Proof

Consider f ( t , v ( t )) = ω(t), then ( ⁴ ) become,

Dςv(t)=ω(t),3<ς≤4,v(0)=D1v(0)=D2v(0)=0,v(1)=h(v).

Then in view of Lemma ² , we have

v(t)=γ0+γ1t+γ2t2+γ3t3+Iςω(t),

By using the boundary conditions v(0)=0

in ( ⁶ ) , we get

γ0=0.

Therefore, Eq. ( ⁶ ) becomes

v(t)=γ1t+γ2t2+γ3t3+Iςω(t).

Now differentiating Eq. ( ⁷ ), w.r.t “ t ” and using the boundary condition D1v(0)=0

, so we get

γ1=0.

Therefore Eq. ( ⁷ ) becomes

D1v(t)=γ1+2γ2t+3γ3t2+Iς-1ω(t).

Again differentiating Eq. ( ⁸ ), w.r.t “ t ” and using the boundary condition D2v(0)=0

, we get

γ2=0.

Now using the boundary conditions v(1)=h(v)

and putting the values of γ1,γ2,γ3

in Eq. ( ⁶ ), we get

γ3=h(u)-1Γ(ς)∫01(1-σ)ς-1ω(σ)dσ,

putting these values in Eq. ( ⁶ ), we get

v(t)=t3h(v)+1Γ(ς)∫01H(t,σ)ω(σ)dσ,

where

H(t,σ)=1Γ(ς)(t-σ)ς-1-t3(1-σ)ς-1,0≤σ≤t≤1,-t3(1-σ)ς-1,0≤t≤σ≤1.

In view of the established results for linear BVP ( ⁴ ), which is equivalent to the following integral equation as

v(t)=t3h(v)+∫01H(t,σ)f(σ,v(σ))dσ.

The Eq. ( ¹¹ ) is integral representation of our proposed problem ( ⁴ ). □

Lemma 3

The function H(t,σ) satisfies the following properties:

H(t,σ) is continuous ∀s,t∈[0,1] .
maxt,s∈[0,1]H(t,σ)≤6Γ(ς)Γ(4+ς).

maxt,s∈[0,1]H(t,σ)=H(σ,σ),maxt,s∈[0,1]∫01H(t,σ)dσ=maxt,s∈[0,1]1Γ(ς)∫01σ3(1-σ)ς-1dσ,=6Γ(ς)Γ(4+ς).

Equation ( ¹² ) is desired value of constructed Green function.

Existence, uniqueness and data dependence results

In this subsection, we produced some results for existence, uniqueness and data dependence. We also provide the following assumption must hold, which are needed for further investigation in this work. ( H1 )

For arbitrary v,u∈X , ∃ a constant Kh∈[0,1) , such that

|h(v)-h(u)|≤Kh‖v-u‖;

( H2

)

For arbitrary v∈X , there exist Ch,Mh>0,b1∈[0,1),0,~~ b_{1}\in [0,1),$$\end{document}]]> such that

|h(v)|≤Ch‖v‖b1+Mh;

( H3

)

For arbitrary (t,v)∈X , ∃ Cf,Mf>0,b2∈[0,1)0,~~ b_{2}\in [0,1)$$\end{document}]]> , such that

f(t,v)≤Cf||v||b2+Mf.

(H4)

To derive uniqueness of solution the following assumption holds true for Lf>0{0}$$\end{document}]]> , such that is

|f(t,v)-f(t,v∗)|≤Lf||v-v∗||.

Operator equations

In this subsection, we convert our obtained integral equation into operator equation. For which we define T:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R),

T(v)=v,v∈X,

where

Tv=Fv+Gv,F:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R),

and

G:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R).

Where

Fv=t3h(v),Gv=∫01H(t,σ)f(σ,v(σ))dσ.

Hence the proposed problem gained the operator equation Tv=Fv+Gv=v

. The fixed points of the constructed operator equation are the desired solutions of concerned BVP ( ⁴ ).

Theorem 5

The operator F:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R) is Lipschitz with constant Ch<1 and satisfies the condition

‖Fv‖≤Ch‖v‖b1+Mh.

Proof

We defined F:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R) is given by

Fv=t3h(v).

To prove F is Lipschitz, we have

‖Fv-Fu‖=maxt∈[0,1]|t3h(v)-t3h(u)|,

using assumption of (H1)

, we have

‖Fv-Fu‖≤k‖v-u‖,wherek=Kh<1.

For growth condition, we consider

‖Fv‖=maxt∈[0,1]|t3h(v)|,

using assumption of (H2)

, we get

‖Fv‖≤Ch‖v‖b1+Mh.

The above result shows that F satisfies the Lipschitz condition with constant Ch

. □

Theorem 6

The operator G:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R) is continuous and satisfies the following

‖Gv‖≤2Cf‖v‖b2+MfΓ(ς+1),for everyv∈AC4[0,1].

Proof

As G:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R) is given as

Gv=∫01H(t,σ)f(σ,v(σ))dσ,

To prove, that G is continuous, we have to show that,

‖Gvn-Gv‖→0asn→∞

Let {vn}

is a sequence in bounded set, such that

BK={‖v‖≤K:v∈X}.

Now as f is continuous, so f(σ,vn(σ))→f(σ,v(σ))

as n→∞

t3(1-σ)ς-1|f(σ,vn)-f(σ,u)|≤t3(1-σ)ς-1{2Cf+Mf},

is also integrable for all t∈[0,1]

By convergent theorem, we have

∫0t(t-σ)ς-1[f(σ,vn(σ))-f(σ,v(σ))]dσ→0,

and

t3∫01(1-σ)ς-1[f(σ,vn(σ))-f(σ,v(σ))]dσ→0asn→∞,

‖Gvn-Gv‖→0asn→∞.

Hence, G is continuous.

Now to derive growth condition, we do the following

||Gv||=maxt∈[0,1]|1Γ(ς)∫0t(t-σ)ς-1f(σ,v(σ))dσ-t3Γ(ς)∫01(1-σ)ς-1f(σ,v(σ))dσ|,

Hence by assumption (H3),

we get

||Gv||≤Cf‖v‖b2+MfΓ(α+1)(1+1),≤2Cf‖v‖b3+MfΓ(ς+1).

Thus G satisfies the defined growth condition. □

Theorem 7

The operator G:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R) is Compact and α - Lipschitz with constant zero .

Proof

As G:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R) is given by

Gv=1Γ(ς)∫0t(t-σ)ς-1f(σ,vn(σ))dσ+t3∫01(1-σ)ς-1f(σ.vn(σ))dσ.

In order to prove G compact, we have to show that G is both equi-continuous and uniform bounded.

Let us consider D⊆Bk⊆X , for this is sufficient to show that G ( D ) is relatively compact in X. Let vn in D⊆Bk,∀vn∈D, in the light of Theorem ⁶ , we have

‖Gvn‖≤2Cf‖v‖b2+NfΓ(ς+1).

So G is bounded. Now, for equi-continuous. Consider 0<t<τ<1.

Gvn(τ)=1Γ(ς)∫0τ(τ-σ)ς-1f(σ,vn(σ))dσ+τ3∫01(1-σ)ς-1f(σ,vn(σ))dσ,‖Gvn(τ)-Gvn(t)‖≤|1Γ(ς)(∫0τ(τ-σ)ς-1f(σ,vn(σ))dσ-∫0t(t-σ)ς-1f(σ,vn(σ))dσ)|+|1Γ(ς)-∫01(τ3(1-σ)ς-1-t3(1-σ)ς-1)[f(σ,vn(σ))]dσ|,

Now by using assumption (H3)

, we have

|Gvn(τ)-Gvn(t)|≤Cf‖v‖b2+MfΓ(ς+1)(τς-tς+(τ3-t3)ς).

As t→τ

, the R.H.S in above relation tends to 0, that is

|Gun(τ)-Gun(t)|→0ast→τ.

Thus Gun

is uniformly continuous.

Thus {Gun } is equi-continuous. Hence G(D)⊂G(D). Thus by Arzela Ascoli theorem G ( D ) is relatively compact in X . Further G is α -Lipschitz with constant zero. □

Uniqueness of solutions for BVP (4) of FDE

In this section, we developed the condition for uniqueness and boundness of BVP ( ⁴ ).

Theorem 8

The consider BVP ( ⁴ ) has at least one solution and the set of the solutions is bounded .

Proof

As the operators F,G,T:C(P×R,R)→C(P×R,R) are continuous and bounded. Further F , G are α -Lipschitz with constant K and 0. The operator T is α -Lipschitz with Lipschitz constant K . Since Kh<1, so T is a contraction mapping.

Consider the set of solution

S={v∈X:0≤λ≤1,v=λTv}is bounded.

For boundness, consider

From above it is clear that S is bounded. If not, let ς=‖v‖→∞as0<b1,b2<1,

‖v‖=‖λTv‖≤λ‖Tv‖≤λ‖Fv+Gv‖,1≤λςChςb1+2Cfςb2+MfΓ(ς+1),

as ς→∞,

which means 1≤0

is not possible. Hence a set S is bounded. □

Theorem 9

If δ=K+2LfΓ(ς+1)≤1 , then our proposed BVP ( ⁴ ) has a unique solution .

Proof

Consider u,v∈X , such that

||Tv-Tu||=maxt∈[0,1]|Tv(t)-Tu(t)|,=maxt∈[0,1]|Fv(t)+Gv(t)-Fu(t)+Gu(t)|,≤maxt∈[0,1]|Fv(t)-Gu(t)|+maxt∈[0,1]|Fv(t)+Gu(t)|,≤K||v-u||+maxt∈[0,1]|1Γ(ς)∫0t(t-σ)ς-1(f(σ,v(σ))dσ+t3Γ(ς)∫01(1-σ)ς-1(f(σ,u(σ))dσ|,

using assumption (H4)

, we have

|Tv(t)-Tu(t)|≤(K+2LfΓ(ς+1))||v-u||,|Tv(t)-Tu(t)|=Δ||v-u||≤δ,

where

Δ=K+2LfΓ(ς+1).

Hence, there exists unique solution to BVP ( ⁴ ). □

Examples

In this section, we provide some examples to illustrate the main work for proposed BVP of FDEs.

Example 1

Consider the following BVP for FDEs

D7/2v(t)=t3sinv(t)40,v(0)=D1v(0)=D2v(0)=0,v(1)=cosv(t)30.

where ς=7/2,

Now where H(t,σ)

is,

H(t,σ)=1Γ(7/2)(t-σ)5/2-t3(1-σ)5/2,0≤σ≤t≤1,-t3(1-σ)5/2,0≤t≤σ≤1.

Now

f(t,v)≤Cf|v|b2+Mf.

where

Cf=1/40,Mf=1/40,b2=1,f(t,v)≤0.05,

After some calculation, we have

Δ=K+2LfΓ(ς+1),

where

K=1/30,Lf=1/40,ς=7/2,|Tv(t)-Tu(t)|≤0.0376<1.

Assumption (H1)-(H2)

holds; therefore solution of concerned problem has at least one solution.

For the stability of BVP ( ¹⁴ ) of FDE, we have

|v(t)-v∗(t)|≤‖v-v∗‖[Kh+6Γ(ς)Γ(4+ς)Lf].

Let

Kh=1/30,Lf=1/40andς=7/2,|v(t)-v∗(t)|≤0.0045<1.

Hence the solution BVP ( ¹⁴ ) has a unique solution and the solution has stable.

Example 2

Consider the BVP for FDEs

D5/2v(t)=t+sin1/2v(t)50+e-πt,v(0)=D1v(0)=D2v(0)=0,v(1)=cosv(t)40.

where H(t,σ)

H(t,σ)=1Γ(5/2)(t-σ)3/2-t3(1-σ)3/2,0≤σ≤t≤1,-t3(1-σ)3/2,0≤t≤σ≤1.

Now

f(t,v)≤Cf|v|b2+Mf.whereCf=1/50,Mf=1/50,b2=1/2,

After some calculation, we have

Δ=K+2LfΓ(ς+1),

where

K=1/40,Lf=1/50,ς=5/2,|Tv(t)-Tu(t)|≤0.03074<1.

The assumption (H1)-(H2)

holds. Hence the proposed BVP is at least one solution.

For the stability of BVP ( ¹⁶ ) of FDE,

|v(t)-v∗(t)|≤‖v-v∗‖[Kh+6Γ(ς)Γ(4+ς)Lf],

Let

Kh=1/40,Lf=1/50andς=5/2,|v(t)-v∗(t)|≤0.0011097<1.

Hence the solution BVP ( ¹⁶ ) has a unique solution and the solution has stable.

On establishing qualitative theory to nonlinear boundary value problem of fractional differential equations

Abstract

Introduction

Auxiliary results and definitions

Definition 1

Definition 2

Definition 3

Lemma 1

Lemma 2

Definition 4

Definition 5

Proposition 1

Proposition 2

Proposition 3

Theorem 1

Definition 6

Definition 7

Definition 8

Definition 9

Definition 10

Definition 11

Definition 12

Theorem 2

Theorem 3

Definition 13

Qualitative theory

Theorem 4

Proof

Lemma 3

Existence, uniqueness and data dependence results

Operator equations

Theorem 5

Proof

Theorem 6

Proof

Theorem 7

Proof

Uniqueness of solutions for BVP (4) of FDE

Theorem 8

Proof

Theorem 9

Proof

Stability analysis of BVP of FDEs

Theorem 10

Proof

Examples

Example 1

Example 2

References