Simultaneous Optimization of Optical Characteristics of Square-Shaped Benzene-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Non-uniform Air Holes

• Ban Tran Le Tran ORCID ¹
• Lanh Chu Van * Email ORCID ¹

• Department of Physics, Vinh University, Vinh, Vietnam

Abstract

In this paper, benzene-core photonic crystal fibers (B-PCFs) with non-uniform air holes for the square lattice are studied by controlling the air-filling factor of the air holes in the first ring and increasing those up to a maximum for external holes. Commercial Mode Solutions software is used to study the influence of structural parameters on the nonlinear coefficient, dispersion, effective mode area, and attenuation. It can be seen that this design affects the linear and nonlinear properties at the same time. In other words, it has a crucial effect on either the near-zero flatness of dispersion or going up the nonlinearity and falling the loss of the B-PCFs. The above benefits make the optimized fibers suitable for supercontinuum (SC) generation applications.

 

References

[1]       H. Emami, M. Ashourian, and M. Ebnali Heidari, “Dynamically Reconfigurable All Optical Frequency Measurement System,” J. Lightwave Tech., vol. 32, pp. 4194-4200, Dec. 2014.

[2]       H. Emami, N. Sarkhosh, E. R. L. Lara, and A. Mitchell, “Reconfigurable Photonic Feed for Sinuous Antenna,” J. Lightwave Tech., vol. 30, pp. 2725-2732, Aug. 2012.

[3]       A. Al-Kadry, L. Li, M. E. Amraoui, T. North, Y. Messaddeq, and Ma. Rochette, “Broadband supercontinuum generation in all-normal dispersion chalcogenide microwires,” Opt. Lett., vol. 40, pp. 4687-4690, Oct. 2015.

[4]       C. V. Bien, L. V. Hieu, H. V. Chin, N. T. Thao, H. V. Thuy, H. D. Quang, and C. L. Van, “Silica-based Photonic Crystal Fiber for Supercontinuum Generation in the Anomalous Dispersion Region: Measurement and Simulation,” Communications in Phys., vol. 32, pp. 369-377, Aug. 2022.

[5]       L. T. B. Tran, D. V. Trong, C. V. Lanh, N. T. H. Trang, H. T. Duc, and N. T. Thuy, “Nonlinear properties of circular solid-core photonic crystal fiber with the difference of air-hole diameters and the spacing of air-holes in the cladding,” Hue Univ. J. Sci. Natural Sci., vol. 131, pp. 13-21, Dec. 2022.

[6]       S. J. Raja, T. Jose, R. Charlcedony, M. S. Paul, and R. Chakravarthi, “Design of hexagonal chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with ultra-flattened dispersion in mid-infrared wavelength spectrum,” Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci., vol. 11, 103 (9pp), Aug. 2022.

[7]       E. K. Akowuah, P. A. Agbemabiese, and A. K. Amoah, “Ultra-high birefringence with tuneable double zero chromatic dispersion-PCF: a theoretical analysis,” J. Electrical Systems and Inf. Technol., vol. 10, 25 (20pp), Apr. 2023.

[8]       H. Saghaei, “Dispersion-engineered microstructured optical fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation,” Appl. Opt., vol. 57, pp. 5591-5598, Jul. 2018.

[9]       H. Saghaei and V. Van, “Broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in dispersion-engineered silicon-on-insulator waveguide,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 36, pp. A193-A202, Feb. 2019.

[10]    M. Kalantari, A. Karimkhani, and Hamed Saghaei, “Ultra-Wide Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation in As₂S₃ Photonic Crystal Fiber by Rods Filling Technique,” Optik, vol. 158, pp. 142-151, Apr. 2018.

[11]    A. Ghanbari, A. Kashaninia, A. Sadr, and H. Saghaei, “Supercontinuum generation with femtosecond optical pulse compression in silicon photonic crystal fbers at 2500 nm,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 50, 411 (12pp), Oct. 2018.

[12]    H. Saghaei, M. E. Heidari, and M. K. M. Farshi, “Midinfrared supercontinuum generation via As₂Se₃ chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 54, pp. 2017-2079, Mar. 2015.

[13]    L. V. Hieu, H. V. Thuy, G. Stępniewski, L. C. Trung, V. T. M. Ngoc, R. Kasztelanic, M. Klimczak, J. Pniewski, D. X. Khoa, A. M. Heidt, and R. Buczyński, “Low pump power coherent supercontinuum generation in heavy metal oxide solid-core photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with carbon tetrachloride covering 930–2500 nm,” Opt. Express, vol. 29, pp. 39586-39600,  Nov. 2021.

[14]    N. T. Thuy, “Dispersion optimization in GeO₂-doped silica photonic crystal fibers with circular lattice,” Majlesi J. Electrical Engineering, vol. 17, pp. 59-67, Jun. 2023.

[15]    C. V. Lanh, V. T.T M. Ngoc, L. T. B. Tran, D. V. Trong, N. T. H. Phuong, D. M. Trang, L. C. Trung, L. V. Hieu, N. T. Thuy, T. D. Thanh, and H. V. Thuy, “Broadband supercontinuum generation in cascaded tapered liquid core fiber”, Opt. Communications, vol. 527, 129441 (11pp), Mar. 2023.

[16]    P. Montméat, T. Enot, M. D. M. Dutra, M. Pellat, and F. Fournel, “Study of a silicon/glass bonded structure with a UV-curable adhesive for temporary bonding applications,” Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 173, pp. 13-21, Mar. 2017.

[17]    T. Baghdasaryan, K. Vanmol, H. Thienpont, F. Berghmans, T. Geernaert, and Jü. V. Erps, “Design and two-photon direct laser writing of low-loss waveguides, tapers and S-bends,” J. Phys. Photonics, vol. 3, 045001 (16pp), Aug. 2021.

[18]    L. T. B. Tran, T. T. C. Oanh, N. T. Thuy, and C. V. Lanh, “Comparison of chromatic dispersion of circular and hexagonal photonic crystal fibers with chloroform-core,” Majlesi J. Electrical Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 55-61, Sep. 2022.

[19]    C. V. Lanh, H. V. Thuy, C. L. Van, K. Borzycki, D. X. Khoa, T. Q. Vu, M. Trippenbach, R. Buczyński, and J. Pniewski, “Supercontinuum generation in benzene-filled hollow-core fibers”, Opt. Engineering, vol. 60, 116109 (13pp), Nov. 2021.

[20]    L. V. Hieu, H. V. Thuy, N. T. Hue, C. L. Van, R. Buczyński, and R. Kasztelanic, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with tetrachloroethylene,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 53, 187 (18pp), Mar. 2021.

[21]    Y. Guo, J. Yuan, K. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Cheng, X. Zhou, B. Yan, X. Sang, and C. Yu, “Generation of supercontinuum and frequency comb in a nitrobenzene-core photonic crystal fiber with all-normal dispersion profile,” Opt. Communications, vol. 481, 126555, Feb. 2021.

[22]    C. V. Lanh, L. T. B. Tran, N. T. Thuy, H. T. Duc, D. V. Trong, D. M. Trang, T. N. Hoang, T. D. Thanh, and D. Q. Khoa, “Comparison of supercontinuum generation spectral intensity in benzene-core PCFs with different types of lattices in the claddings”, Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 54, 840 (1600), Oct. 2022.

[23]    M. T. Islam, M. G. Moctader, K. Ahmed, and S. Chowdhury, “Benzene Shape Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Plasma Sensor: Design and Analysis,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 8, pp. 263-269, Jun. 2018.

[24]    H. T. Duc, N. A. Tu, and N. T. Thuy, “A New Design of Ultra-flat Dispersion Photonic Crystal Fiber using Benzene Infiltration,” VNU J. Sci. Mathematics – Phys., vol. 39, pp. 42-52, Mar. 2023.

[25]    M. A. Habiba and M. S. Anower, “Square Porous Core Microstructure Fiberfor Low Loss Terahertz Applications,” Opt. Spectrosc., vol. 126, pp. 607-613, Jun. 2019.

[26]    J. F. Algorri, D. C. Zografopoulos, A. Tapetado, D. Poudereux, and J. M. Sánchez-Pena, “Infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications,” Sensors (Basel), vol. 18, 4263 (32pp), Dec. 2018.

[27]    G. Stepniewski, R. Kasztelanic, D. Pysz, R. Stepien, M. Klimczak, and R. Buczynski, “Temperature sensitivity of chromatic dispersion in nonlinear silica and heavy metal oxide glass photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 6, pp. 2689-2703, Aug. 2016.

[28]    S. Kedenburg, M. Vieweg, T. Gissibl, and H. Giessen, “Linear refractive index and absorption measurements of nonlinear optical liquids in the visible and near-infrared spectral region,” Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 2, pp. 1588-1611, Oct. 2012.

[29]    Lumerical Solutions, http://www.lumerical.com/tcad-products/mode/

[30]    K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, T. Hasegawa, and E. Sasaoka, “Chromatic dispersion control in photonic crystal fibers: Application to ultra-flattened dispersion,” Opt. Express, vol. 11, pp. 843-852, Apr. 2003.

[31]    J. Wang, Z. D. Chen, C. Peng, J. Li, and S. A. Ponomarenko, “Development of the Recursive Convolutional CFS-PML for the Wave-Equation-Based Meshless Method,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, pp. 3599-3604, Jun. 2021.

[32]    P. Gołębiewski, P. Wiencław, J. Cimek, P. Socha, D. Pysz, A. Filipkowski, G. Stępniewski, O. Czerwińska, I. Kujawa, R. Stępień, R. Kasztelanic, A. Burgs, and R. Buczyński, “3D soft glass printing of preforms for microstructured optical fibers,” Additive Manufacturing, vol. 79, 103899 (11pp), Jan. 2024.

[33]    S. Todoroki, “Quantitative evaluation of fiber fuse initiation with exposure to arc discharge provided by a fusion splicer,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, 25366 (16pp), May. 2016.

[34]    Z. Zhu and T. G. Brown, “Full-vectorial finite-difference analysis of microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express, vol. 10, pp. 853-864, Aug. 2002.

[35]    X. Chen, J. E. Hurley, J. S. Stone, and M. J. Li, “Chromatic Dispersion Measurements of Single-Mode Fibers, Polarization-Maintaining Fibers, and Few-Mode Fibers Using a Frequency Domain Method,” Photonics, vol. 10, 215 (12pp), Feb. 2023.

[36]    W. K. Al-Azzawi, A. K. J. Al-Nussairi, H. R. Taresh, Z. R. Abdulsada, K. Al-Majdi, H. A. Ali, and J. Zhazira, “Optimization of Energy Systems in a Distribution Micro grid: An Application of the Particle Swarm Optimization,” Majlesi J. Electrical Engineering, vol. 17, pp. 41-46, Jun. 2023.

[37]    S. Katoch, S. S. Chauhan, and V. Kumar, “A review on genetic algorithm: past, present, and future,” Multimed Tools Appl., vol. 80, pp. 8091-8126, Feb. 2021.

[38]    N. T. Thuy, H. T. Duc, and C. V. Lanh, “Comparison of supercontinuum spectral widths in CCl₄-core PCF with square and circular lattices in the claddings,” Laser Phys., vol. 33, 055102 (13pp), Mar. 2023.

[39]    C. V. Lanh, H. V. Thuy, C. L. Van, K. Borzycki, D. X. Khoa, T. Q. Vu, M. Trippenbach, R. Buczyński, and J. Pniewski, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with nitrobenzene”, Laser Phys,. vol. 30, 035105 (9pp), Feb. 2020.

[40]    M. E. Heidari, F. Dehgha, H. Saghaei, F. Koohi-Kamali, and M. K. Moravvej-Farshi, “Dispersion engineering of photonic crystal fibers by means of fluidic infiltration,” J. Modern Opt., vol. 59, pp. 1384-1390, Aug. 2012.

[41]    R. Raei, M. Ebnali-Heidari, and H. Saghaei, “Supercontinuum generation in organic liquid-liquid core-cladding photonic crystal fiber in visible and near-infrared regions”, J. Opt. Society of America B, vol. 35, pp. 323-330, Jan. 2018.

[42]    D. V. Trong and C. V. Lanh, “Supercontinuum generation in C₆H₅NO₂-core photonic crystal fibers with various air-hole size,” Modern Phys. Lett. B, vol. 37, 2350063 (15 pp), May 2023.

[43]    C. V. Lanh, A. Anuszkiewicz, A. Ramaniuk, R. Kasztelanic, D. X. Khoa, C. L. Van, M. Trippenbach, and R. Buczyński, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibres with core filled with toluene,” J. Opt., vol. 19, 125604 (9pp), Nov. 2017.

[44]    Z. Mohebi, F. Parandin, F. Shama, and A. Hazeri, “Highly linear wide band low noise amplifiers: A literature review,” Microelectron. J., vol. 95, 104673 (34pp), Jan. 2020.

[45]    L. Caprini, H. Löwen, and R. M. Geilhufe, “Ultrafast entropy production in pump-probe experiments,” Nat. Commun., vol. 15, 94 (10pp), Jan. 2024.

[46]    C. Wang, T. He, H. Zhou, Z. Zhang, and C. Lee, “Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform,” Bioelectron. Med., vol. 9, 17 (34pp), Aug. 2023.

[47]    R. Gayathri ,C. S. S. Sandeep, C. Vijayan, and V. M. Murukeshan, “Lasing from Micro- and Nano-Scale Photonic Disordered Structures for Biomedical Applications,” Nanomaterials, vol. 13, 2466 (23pp), Aug. 2023.