Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics is an international peer-reviewed, open-access and bimonthly scientific journal. The JTAP covers all fundamental and applied experimental and theoretical physics research. Journal DOI: 10.57647/jtap Journal Abbreviation: J Theor Appl Phys Journal Title Acronym: JTAP Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Keywords: Atomic and molecular physics, Solid state physics, Quantum physics, Nanophysics, Nuclear physics, Computational physics Editor-in-Chief: Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi, PhD 0000-0002-5298-2224 Associate Editors: Laya Dejam, PhD 0000-0003-3925-1838 Latest News: We only accept DOC or DOCX files for submission. We would like to inform all authors and contributors that, effective 1st November 2025, an Article Processing Charge (APC) will apply to all new submissions, manuscripts submitted on or after this date that are accepted for publication in the Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics (JTAP).
Analysis of Electromagnetic Scattering from Double Metallic Rods Covered by Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Plasma via FE-BI Method
We investigate the scattering of linearly polarized plane electromagnetic waves from a system of two metallic cylinders covered by non‑uniform plasma layers, using the Finite Element–Boundary Integral (FE‑BI) method. The structure can be regarded as a plasma antenna. To better reflect practical conditions, we consider inhomogeneous plasma covers, since laboratory and atmospheric plasmas are typically non‑uniform. Introducing anisotropy and inhomogeneity in the plasma coating enhances the tunability and flexibility of the radar cross‑section (RCS). We analyze the total axial magnetic field, the RCS, and the backscattering RCS (BRCS) under variations of incidence angle, wavelength, polarization, external DC magnetic field, and plasma inhomogeneity. For comparison, the system is also examined without plasma coating and without magnetic field, to highlight the role of anisotropic inhomogeneous plasma layers. The validity of the FE‑BI method is confirmed by benchmarking our results against the Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) technique.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anis Soltani, Zeinab Rahmani, Ebrahim Heidari Semiromi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cytotoxicity of Liquid Food Decontaminated by Spark Plasma
In the current study, the applicability of spark discharge for the decontamination of liquid food is investigated. While spark discharge has shown significant potential for liquid decontamination, food safety remains a primary concern for the adoption of any new method in food processing. In this work, the probable toxicity of the distillate following the spark plasma treatment was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MTT assay results for HepG2 cells showed no remarkable difference in cell viability between plasma-treated and untreated distillate. However, for Vero cells, a significant difference in cell viability was observed after 24 hours(h) of incubation. Aside from the group with an N(20)/D(80) culture media-to-distillate ratio, no significant differences in MTT assay results were observed after 48 hours of incubation. The discrepancy in cell viability observed in this specific group raises concerns regarding the method's suitability. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) results indicate that the concentration of certain trace essential elements, such as tungsten, increases in the distillate after treatment, exceeding the permissible limits for drinking water quality. Although spark discharge demonstrates significant bactericidal efficacy, its application for liquid food decontamination poses unacceptable safety risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasrin Navab Safa, Alireza Maroofi, Somaieh Kazemnejad, Maryam Darzi, Hamid Ghomi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Observational Study of Supermassive Black Holes in Nearby Galaxies: Mass Distributions, Scaling Relations, and Environmental Effects from HST and JWST Data
We present a comprehensive study of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in 82 nearby galaxies (\(D < 50\) Mpc) using archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data. Combining high-resolution imaging, stellar kinematics, and infrared spectroscopy with four independent mass determination methods, we derive precise black hole masses spanning \(5 \times 10^4\) to \(7 \times 10^9\) \(M_{\odot}\) and uncover key insights into their formation and growth. Our findings include: 1. A robust intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH; \(10^{4.7}\)--\(10^{6.0}\) \(M_{\odot}\)) fraction of \(6 \pm 3\)% after completeness corrections, broadly consistent with a mixed formation scenario (\(\sim\)20% direct collapse, \(\sim\)80% stellar remnants, based on host-galaxy correlation analysis); 2. Systematic environmental mass enhancements following a clear hierarchy (\(\Delta \log M_{\mathrm{BH}} = 0.32 \pm 0.07\) dex in clusters, \(0.18 \pm 0.09\) dex in groups), driven by enhanced mergers, ram-pressure feeding, and preprocessing effects; 3. Detection of a hidden AGN population in 17 galaxies (21%) through JWST's enhanced spectroscopic capabilities, revealing coronal lines and hot dust signatures that imply duty cycles of \(\sim 10^{-2}\) for low-luminosity activity in massive galaxies; and 4. A three-parameter fundamental plane (\(M_{\mathrm{BH}} \propto \sigma_*^{3.82} \times M_{\mathrm{bulge}}^{0.31} \times R_{\mathrm{eff}}^{-0.15}\)) with scatter reduced to \(0.26 \pm 0.03\) dex, physically linking black hole mass to central binding energy and baryon concentration. These results, enabled by JWST's revolutionary infrared capabilities combined with HST's legacy archive, establish new benchmarks for SMBH demographics and provide stringent constraints on formation models, environmental growth mechanisms, and black hole-galaxy co-evolution. The study sets the foundation for next-generation surveys with Roman Space Telescope, ELTs, and multi-messenger astronomy with LISA gravitational wave detection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahgoub A. Salih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of Renal Failure Impact on Blood Mineral Equilibrium Employing Laser Spectroscopy
Patients suffering from renal failure often exhibit severe disturbances of mineral and electrolyte homeostasis, placing a heavy demand on rapid & accurate diagnostic techniques for routine clinical monitoring. In this pilot study, we report the successful application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to examine hemodialysis effects on blood mineral balance in serum samples from healthy subjects and renal failure patients prior to and post-dialyzer. We proposed a new relative intensity-based spectral method, termed the Intensity Ratio Index (IRI), to analyze differences of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) without complex calibration processes. The main contribution of this work is to demonstrate the viability of LIBS in a fast, less invasive, and cost-effective manner for assessing dialysis efficacy as well as mineral imbalance online. The resulted values were highly different for potassium and phosphorus in pre-dialysis, with effect ratios of around 73.8% & 74.2%, respectively; these parameters suggest serious electrolyte disturbance associated with renal dysfunction. In contrast, post-dialysis analysis presented partial restoration of mineral homeostasis exclusively for calcium with an improvement ratio around 36%. Additionally, the study validated that LIBS can detect rapid and sensitive relative spectral changes in both major and trace elements. These results suggest great potential for the use of LIBS as an effective clinical diagnostic method for monitoring renal failure and determining hemodialysis effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Hameed Nasif, Bahaa Jawad Alwan, Nedaa Monther Salman, Sarah Mahmoud Abdallh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inelastic Electron-Scattering Form Factors in 19F: A Shell-Model Investigation of Positive and Negative Parities
We present a comprehensive shell-model study of 19F focusing on inelastic longitudinal and transverse electron-scattering form factors, excitation energies, and electromagnetic transition strengths for both positive- and negative-parity states. The calculations are carried out within the zbm model space using the ZBMI effective interaction, providing a consistent and unified description of nuclear structure and configuration mixing for both parities. The novelty of this work lies in performing a controlled and systematic comparison of different single-particle radial wave functions-Skyrme (Sk29), Woods-Saxon (WS3), and harmonic oscillator (HT)-within the same shell-model framework. This approach allows isolating the role of radial structure in determining electromagnetic observables without introducing additional model-dependent uncertainties. The electromagnetic matrix elements are calculated using radial wave functions generated from different mean-field potentials, enabling a detailed investigation of their impact on the calculated observables. In particular, the sensitivity of form factors to variations in radial behavior is examined over a wide range of momentum transfer. The calculated excitation energies and transition strengths show reasonable agreement with experimental data, confirming the reliability of the adopted interaction and model space. The results reveal a pronounced dependence of inelastic electron-scattering form factors on the choice of radial potential, especially at intermediate and high momentum transfer, where differences in radial tails and nodal structure significantly affect both the magnitude and diffraction patterns. The Skyrme-based radial wave functions provide a more consistent overall description compared to Woods-Saxon and harmonic oscillator potentials. All calculations are performed using the NuShellX@MSU code within a unified computational framework to ensure consistency, reproducibility, and a direct comparison between different potentials and parities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali A. Mohsin, Fouad A. Majeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Breakthrough 31.25% Efficiency in Lead-Free Double Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells: A Novel Cs₂AgBi₀.₇₅Sb₀.₂₅Br₆/CsSnI₃ Design via SCAPS-1D Simulation
This study examines lead-free double perovskite-based devices utilizing SCAPS-1D software simulations. The top cell in the perovskite structure studied here is a wide-bandgap double perovskite Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 (1.8 eV). In comparison, the bottom cell, made of CsSnI3, has a band gap of 1.4 eV. This work proposes and simulates a unique solar cell design that Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 and CsSnI3 perovskite as the primary absorber layer, tin oxide (TiO2) as the electron transport layer (ETL), and Cu2O as the hole transport layer. In order to optimize power conversion efficiency (PCE) under standard test conditions (AM1.5G, 1000 W/m2, 300 K), the thicknesses of the Cu₂O HTL, the CsSnI₃ bottom absorber, and the Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 top absorber will be optimized. The Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6/CsSnI₃ structure exhibits significant spectrum absorption, resulting in a Jsc of 31.3560mA/cm² and a 31.25% efficiency at 300 K. Interfacial recombination, on the other hand, lowers F.F. to 88.70% and Voc to 1.123V, both of which are below the theoretical maximum. The findings show that the stability and toxicity problems of widely utilized Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 based PSCs may be resolved by lead-free double perovskites.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarowr Basm Almahsen, Ghaleb Ali Al-Dahash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Partial Stopping Power Effective Charge of Hydrogen Di-cluster Ions in Al2O3 and ZnO Compound
As Self-points. This paper is on the theoretical investigation of full C in the Light Radius of hydrogen cluster ions; how fast they pass through two compound targets such as Al₂O₃ or ZnO. The calculations were done using Bragg's additivity rule for compounds, a description of the projectile charge distribution due to Brandt and Kitagawa and an approximate representation of target plasma response using the plasmon pole approximation. So now the stopping effective charge R(v,e)R(v,e)R(v,e) term and the effective partial stopping ejection charge, ζ(e)\zeta(e)ζ(e), can be obtained from Eq. (20). Their functional dependence was calculated in analogy to experiments with the internuclear separation r0r_0r0​, charge value qqx and projectile energy E. results show that avoid hole interactions make the total stopping power; small r-region become increasingly prominent with increasing internuclear separations and projectile ionization. Moreover, as the projectile turns close to full ionization state (the correlation effects the importance of the correlation term increases over such parameters) reaches a maximum whereas the partial stopping effective charge evancountry to unity. All differences between Al2O3 and ZnO can be put down to their dissimilar electronic structures and charge density responses. Orbits. This method can be used for predictions on energy transfer and electrolyte state-dependent loss in technology-oriented oxygen compounds by correlated du projectiles, for instance in the ion beam analysis, ion beam projected kuroky bands, and evaluation of radiation damage of functional C semiconducting ceramics. The numerical calculations were performed using FORTRAN-90. With the present results now available as a reference for future experimental benchmarks and the interpretation of cluster-ion media interactions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Shakir Naser, Ishraq Ahmed Shakir, Zainab H. Baqi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Computational Assessment of PbO-Modulated Glass Systems for Advanced Tri-Modular Radiation Shielding
This study presents a comprehensive computational investigation of X-ray, γ-ray, and neutron shielding characteristics of six novel glass systems with the composition (75-x)B₂O₃ – 10TeO₂ – 13SrO – 2ZnO – (x)PbO (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40 mol%). Using the Phy-X/PSD software, key shielding parameters—including the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Zₑff), and effective electron density (Nₑff)—were determined across photon energies from 0.015 to 15 MeV. The results reveal that increasing PbO concentration significantly enhances photon attenuation, particularly within the photoelectric absorption region below 0.3 MeV. A pronounced peak near 0.1 MeV was observed in MAC, HVL, TVL, MFP, Zₑff, and Nₑff, corresponding to the K-absorption edge of lead (0.088 MeV). Among the investigated samples, the glass containing 40 mol% PbO (S6) exhibited the highest MAC and Zₑff, as well as the lowest HVL, TVL, and MFP, indicating superior radiation shielding efficiency. These findings confirm the potential of PbO-modified telluro-borate glasses as effective alternatives for transparent shielding applications in radiological and nuclear environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucky Makhathini, Sinenhlenhla Fortunate Sihlangu, Bonginkosi Vincent Kheswa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Experimental Validation of a High-Efficiency FR-4 Microstrip Patch Antenna Based on a Single Air-Gap Configuration for Wireless Applications
In this work, a low-cost FR-4 microstrip patch antenna with a single air-gap layer is proposed to achieve enhanced efficiency and gain while keeping structural simplicity and fabrication capability, which was experimentally performed as well. Unlike multilayer designs or metasurfaces, which may achieve better radiation efficiency or gain through additional orders of complexity in the design and fabrication processes, the introduced approach leverages a simple structural modification to make significant improvements while ensuring fabrication simplicity. The effect of the air-gap thickness on the performance of various antenna types is systematically studied using full-wave simulations, followed by experiments for validation. These results show an increase in realized gain from 2.29 dB to greater than 7.68 dB, and radiation efficiency exceeded 75%. Moreover, the air gap allows a change in resonant behaviour and helps to increase bandwidth. In this study, the results of both are compared and show good agreement. This simple and low-cost method improves the effectiveness of FR-4-type antennas in wireless transmission scenarios, especially for devices operating below 6 GHz.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Kareem Mohammed, Muayyed Jabar Zoory (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quantum Information and Elementary Particles
Motivated by string theory and standard model physics, we discuss the possibility of other particles-based quantum information. A special attention is put on the consideration of the graviton in light of the gravitational wave detection. This may offer a new take in approaching quantum information using messenger particles. The construction is readily extended to higher dimensional qubits where we speculate on possible connections with open and closed string sectors in terms of quiver and graph theories, respectively. In particular, we reveal that the vectorial qubits could be associated with skeleton diagrams considered as extended quivers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adil Belhaj, Salah Eddine Ennadifi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Human Fingernails for Disease Diagnostics by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: An Advance Review
This systematic review highlights the role of nail analysis as a biomarker for the metabolic, diagnostic, and management of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM), thyroid disorders, osteoporosis, and environmental exposure to heavy metals. It combines multi-method insights and a range of techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and their comparison with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS provides rapid, multi-element analysis with little or no sample preparation. This study is very beneficial because it provides a quick, simple, and affordable method of monitoring for diseases over time. LIBS is used as a strong analysis ability with nails as a permanent bio record and in early customized health checks because it works in both science and healthcare. The main challenges hindering the clinical transfer of LIBS are discussed, including matrix effects, spectral interferences, environmental interferences, and clinical validation through large-scale experiments and large sample numbers. Finally, the details are discussed for future prospects, focusing on the development of portable LIBS systems for point-of-care testing (POCT), the integration of AI-based diagnostic platforms, and the creation of global spectral databases for precision medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sura Allawi Obaid, Muayyed Jabar Zoory, Haidar J. Mohamad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Quantized Dimensional Ledger for Metrology: Dimensional Closure, QMU Ledgers, and the Ontology of Physical Constants
This work introduces the Quantized Dimensional Ledger (QDL), a unified dimensional framework based on a 3L + 2F basis of length-like and frequency-like primitives. The QDL constructs a closed algebra of physical dimensions in which mass, time, and all derived quantities emerge from combinations of five operational axes: three geometric scales (L1, L2, L3) and two frequency scales (F1, F2). Within this basis, the Quantum Measurement Unit (QMU) is defined as a standardized ledger cell for energy, momentum, and action, enabling a structured representation of physical constants and observables. The framework yields a 20-entry dimensional ledger (Appendix B) spanning mechanics, electromagnetism, gravitation, thermodynamics, and quantum observables. This ledger provides a consistent classification system that clarifies which constants are dimensionless invariants and which are dimensional couplings whose exponents are fixed by the 3L + 2F structure. A key feature of QDL is dimensional closure, ensuring that the Einstein–Hilbert action, Maxwell action, and classical mechanical quantities share a common underlying exponent structure. This enables a unified interpretation of constants such as c, ℎ, G, and the fine-structure constant α as ledger invariants or as ratios of ledger entries. A quantitative demonstration is included, showing how ledger ratios reconstruct the structural dependence of Planck’s constant, the Rydberg constant, and vacuum impedance, with comparison to CODATA values. The purpose of this work is conceptual and metrological rather than dynamical: QDL does not propose new field equations, but offers an internally consistent dimensional ontology supporting the interpretation, classification, and potential reduction of physical constants.
Copyright (c) 2026 James D. Bourassa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of Photon Interaction Parameters of Perovskite Ceramics Materials using Phy-X/PSD And NGCal Software
This study aims to evaluate the radiation shielding performance of selected metal oxide–based and oxide double perovskite ceramic materials using various photon attenuation parameters. The photon attenuation parameters were calculated and analyzed using Phy-X/PSD and NGCal software over the range of 0.015–15 MeV. The results, based on the total interaction cross-section of photon–matter interactions, show that all investigated samples exhibit higher attenuation efficiency in the low-energy region due to the dominance of the photoelectric effect, followed by a gradual reduction in shielding performance in the intermediate and high-energy regions, where Compton scattering and pair production prevail. Materials with higher atomic number (Z) and greater density demonstrate superior shielding performance, as reflected by higher MAC and LAC values and lower HVL, TVL, and MFP values. The radiation shielding parameters obtained from the two software tools were in good agreement, with differences within 0.1%. Overall, both perovskite families display promising radiation shielding capabilities, with oxide double perovskite samples showing enhanced attenuation efficiency compared to metal oxide–based perovskite composites, highlighting their greater potential for effective photon radiation shielding applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammed Abdurraheem, Wasiu Yahya, Sunday Ajani, Godwin Egbeyale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Direct and Indirect Cold Plasma Treatments on Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seed Germination and Seedling Growth
This study presents a comparative evaluation of direct and indirect cold plasma treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Sahra). Direct treatments was performed using low-pressure nitrogen glow discharge under ion-dominant (P1) and electron-dominant (P2) conditions, while indirect treatments employed plasma-activated water (PAW) generated via atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in deionized (PAW1) and tap water (PAW2). Germination rate, seedling vigor index, and early growth parameters were assessed under controlled conditions. The ion-dominant plasma treatment (P1) showed the highest germination rate (93.3%) and seedling vigor index (7082.0), outperforming PAW1 (79.7%), PAW2 (73.3%), and control (72.0%). In contrast, electron-dominant treatment (P2) reduced germination (60.3%), demonstrating the crucial role of plasma species composition in biological responses. The enhanced efficacy of PAW was associated with its physicochemical properties, particularly a reduced pH (3.42) and increased conductivity (174 µS/cm for PAW1, 1281 µS/cm for PAW2), which may facilitate the stabilization of reactive nitrogen species and improve seed coat permeability. Optical emission spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements supported plasma-induced surface hydrophilization and the presence of excited nitrogen species under ion-dominant conditions. These findings establish ion-dominant nitrogen cold plasma as an effective, chemical-free seed priming strategy and emphasize the importance of plasma regime control in optimizing sustainable agricultural applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samira Tajiknezhad, Ameneh Kargarian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Real-time polarization tuning in Mach-Zehnder interferometer using electro-optically modulated twist angles of nematic liquid crystal
We propose a theoretical framework to dynamically control the degree of polarization of light by using the superposition of incoherent orthogonally polarized beams in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer incorporating a twisted nematic liquid crystal cell in one of its arms. The liquid crystal acts as an elecro-optically controlled polarization rotator, where the applied electric field changes the twist of molecules inside the nematic liquid crystal, thereby altering the plane of polarization. This controllable voltage dependent polarization rotation causes manipulation of the output degree of polarization. The resulting system allows real-time, tunable control over the degree of polarization, offering advantages over traditional static or reflection-based approaches, which often suffer from intensity losses or manual errors. We also observe that in the interference of fully coherent orthogonally polarized beams through a similar configuration, the degree of polarization is always equal to 1, whereas the orientation of linear state of polarization is changed with voltage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajneesh Joshi, Gyaprasad Gyaprasad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First-Principles Investigation of the Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Tl1-xBxN Alloys in the Zinc-Blende Phase
In this work, a comprehensive first-principles investigation of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of Tl₁₋ₓBₓN (x = 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) alloys crystallizing in the zinc-blende phase is presented. To the best of our knowledge, a systematic theoretical study of these ternary alloys combining structural optimization, electronic structure analysis, and optical response including spin–orbit coupling effects has not been reported previously. The calculations were performed within density functional theory using the generalized gradient approximation. The optimized lattice parameters were obtained from total energy–volume calculations and exhibit a composition-dependent trend consistent with Vegard’s law, confirming the structural stability of the considered alloys. The electronic band structures reveal a pronounced dependence of the band gap on boron concentration, demonstrating the possibility of band gap engineering through composition tuning. The inclusion of spin–orbit coupling leads to a noticeable modification of the electronic structure and a reduction in the band gap, reflecting the significant relativistic effects associated with thallium atoms. The optical properties were analyzed in the photon energy range of 0 - 14 eV. The calculated dielectric function, absorption coefficient, refractive index, and reflectivity show strong sensitivity to boron content, indicating tunable optical behavior. Overall, the results highlight the potential of Tl₁₋ₓBₓN alloys for advanced optoelectronic and photonic applications, particularly in tunable semiconductor and ultraviolet device technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abed Zoulikha, Abdelali Laid, Lachabi Abdelhadi, Abid Hamza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Magnetic, Electronic and Optical Characteristics of Rb2CuCrCl6 and Rb2CuCrBr6 Double Halide Perovskites: A DFT Analysis
<!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Graphic_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_s2050" style='position:absolute;left:0; text-align:left;margin-left:78pt;margin-top:.05pt;width:427.4pt;height:38.35pt; z-index:-16488960;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square; mso-wrap-distance-left:0;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:0; mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;mso-position-vertical:absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative:text;v-text-anchor:top' coordsize="5427980,487045" o:gfxdata="[binary] " path="m5427853,164668l,164668,,324993,,486537r5427853,l5427853,324993r,-160325xem5427853,l,,,164592r5427853,l5427853,xe" stroked="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> <w:wrap anchorx="page"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> The structural, electronic, magnetic and optical characteristics of Rb₂CuCrCl₆ and Rb₂CuCrBr₆ double halide perovskites have been comprehensively investigated through first-principles density functional theory calculations. Structural optimization, combined with negative formation energies, confirms that these materials crystallize in a cubic structure and are thermodynamically stable. Their ferromagnetic ground state is established through energy-volume optimization, which yields lower total energy for the ferromagnetic configuration, and is further supported by the calculated total and partial magnetic moments. The analysis reveals that the 3d electron states of Cr are essential to the ferromagnetism, and that exchange splitting significantly enhances the net magnetic moment. Examination of the energy bands and total and partial density of states helps to explain their electronic characteristics. According to the electronic band structure analysis, both compounds exhibit indirect band-gap semiconductor behavior, with Eg values of 0.88 eV for Rb₂CuCrCl₆ and 0.79 eV for Rb₂CuCrBr₆, respectively. Furthermore, the calculated optical spectra demonstrate significant absorption from the near-infrared to the ultraviolet regions. This study presents encouraging findings that demonstrate the materials' potential for use in spintronics and optoelectronics applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilhem Bensehil, Fatima Djeghloul, Hakim Baaziz, Torkia Ghellab, Zoulikha Charifi, Youcef Medkour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Electrode Surface Roughness on Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis via Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma in Liquid
Atmospheric-pressure plasma–liquid interactions provide a non-equilibrium environment for surface modification and nanostructure formation under ambient conditions. In this work, the effect of copper surface roughness on copper oxide nanostructure formation is investigated using an atmospheric-pressure plasma-in-liquid configuration in a strongly alkaline electrolyte (3 M NaOH). Copper electrodes with three controlled roughness levels were exposed to stable argon microplasma under identical operating conditions. X- ray diffraction indicates the formation of crystalline copper oxide on the copper surface without the use of metal salt precursors. UV–Vis spectroscopy reveals optical features characteristic of copper oxide nanostructures. Electron microscopy shows a clear roughness-dependent morphological evolution, where coarse surfaces promote localized growth and agglomeration, while smoother surfaces lead to higher nucleation density and finer, more uniform nanostructures. Elemental analysis indicates copper and oxygen as the dominant constituents of the formed layers. The results demonstrate that surface roughness governs local electric field distribution and microdischarge interaction at the plasma–liquid interface, thereby controlling the balance between nucleation and growth. These findings highlight surface roughness as an effective parameter for tuning plasma–liquid-driven oxidation processes and contribute to a deeper understanding of plasma–liquid interaction mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zohreh Dehghani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of q-Deformation on the Thermal Deconfinement Phase Transition in High-Energy Physics
The influence of the q-deformation parameter on the thermal deconfinement phase transition (DPT) from a hadronic gas phase to a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) phase is investigated in this paper using analytical derivations and numerical simulations within the phase coexistence model. By studying key thermodynamic parameters such as specific heat, entropy, energy density, and the order parameter, we demonstrate how the phase transition dynamics are modified by the deformation parameter q. Our results indicate that increasing q lowers the critical transition temperature TC(q) while enhancing thermodynamic quantities like entropy and energy densities. Furthermore, the phase transition exhibits first-order characteristics, as evidenced by latent heat and discontinuities in thermodynamic functions near the critical point. Additionally, we study finite-size effects, which result in smoothed transitions in smaller system volumes. These findings underscore the relevance of q-deformation in high-energy physics, particularly in understanding the thermodynamics of QCD phase transitions and non-extensive statistical contributions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lebba Ghenam, Karima Bouakaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Detailed Analysis of the Electronic and Structural Properties of the New Compound Tl₁₋ₓBx P, Taking into Account the Spin–Orbit Effect Using MBJ-GGA
We report an ab initio study of ternary Tl₁₋ₓBₓP alloys (x = 0.25, 0.5) in the zinc-blende structure using DFT with GGA and mBJ-GGA, including spin–orbit coupling (SOC). A 2×2×2 supercell based on TlN was used, where boron atoms were substituted by thallium. Our results show that while BP is an indirect semiconductor and TlN is metallic, Tl₁₋ₓBₓP alloys exhibit a semi-metallic character, bridging wide-gap borides and narrow-gap thallium compounds. Increasing boron content reduces the lattice constants and modifies the total energy, enabling precise tuning of electronic properties. This work highlights the stabilizing role of thallium in forming new alloy phases and provides a novel route for band-gap engineering in III–V semiconductors, considering SOC effects. These findings offer guidance for the design of future optoelectronic and electronic devices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelali Laid, Abed Zoulikha, Lachabi Abdelhadi, Abid Hamza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Generation of Surface Waves in a Magnetized Warm Plasma
This paper investigates the linear generation of surface waves in both cold and warm non-magnetized and magnetized plasma. Using a fluid-plasma model with Maxwell’s equations in the presence of an external magnetic field ( <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1834411629"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->), we derive governing equations for wave generation via linear interactions between incident waves of identical polarization. Analytical solutions reveal that both S- and P-polarized incident waves generate P-polarized surface waves, demonstrating polarization selectivity induced by magnetic anisotropy. The results provide insight into wave mechanisms at plasma boundaries and suggest potential applications in plasma-based wave control and frequency conversion. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms governing surface wave behavior in magnetized warm plasmas and extend earlier studies limited to unmagnetized or cold plasma models.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kh. H. El-Shorbagy, Hania Mahassen, W. H. Amein, Y. A. Sayed, E. S. Al-Zahrani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sensitivity Analysis of Toric and Multifocal IOL Optical Performance to Postoperative Tilt in the Presence of Corneal Aberrations
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are recognized as a solution in the treatment of eye conditions, particularly cataracts, by restoring vision through the replacement of the eye’s natural lens. Selecting the appropriate type of IOL, based on individual patient characteristics such as corneal aberrations, plays a crucial role in the visual outcomes after surgery. This study assessed the efficacy of innovative diffractive multifocal and toric IOLs in treating visual impairment associated with corneal aberrations using computational modeling. The study examined how aberrations affected the quality of retinal images as measured by the modulation transfer function (MTF), peak-to-valley wavefront error, and root mean square (RMS) wavefront error. The results showed that contrast and resolution in near, intermediate, and far vision were much enhanced by optimized IOL designs. Postoperative IOL tilt cannot be predicted preoperatively; therefore, this study is framed as a sensitivity analysis evaluating how varying degrees of tilt affect optical quality across different IOL designs. Our simulations also revealed that IOL tilt negatively correlated with visual acuity, especially toric IOLs showing greater sensitivity due to increased tilt-induced astigmatism. Since this approach is tailored to the individual characteristics, the results support the development of IOL designs with improved tolerance to tilt-induced aberrations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maliheh Ranjbaran, Amirhesam Mehri, Mobina Sadat Maroufi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Differential Cross-Section Analysis Using Thermal Volkov Wave Functions and Gaussian-Screened Potentials in Laser-Assisted Scattering
The aim of this work is to study the scattering behavior of electrons in a Gaussian-screened potential under polarized laser fields (linear, circular, and elliptical) within thermal and nonthermal environments. For this purpose, we developed a theoretical model using the thermal Volkov wave function to describe electron dynamics in the Gaussian-screened potential. Using the thermal Volkov wave function, we derived the scattering and transition matrices via the Kroll-Watson approximation. From the transition matrix, the differential cross-section was obtained, which directly characterizes the scattering behavior of electrons in the Gaussian-screened potential. The developed differential cross-section model was computed to analyze electron behavior under thermal and nonthermal conditions. Observations indicate that the differential cross-section is highest for elliptical polarization, followed by circular and linear polarizations. Additionally, the differential cross-section is greater in thermal environments compared to nonthermal ones. Also, the screening parameters significantly affect resonance positions and differential cross section magnitudes, shifting peaks toward smaller angles and increasing cross-section values at higher screening. Distance separation studies reveal contrasting trends between thermal and non-thermal regimes, and photon energy variations highlight polarization reversals at higher energies. The study demonstrates that differential cross section can be effectively manipulated by tuning polarization, screening, temperature, and scattering angle. This study shows that electron scattering with Gaussian-screened potentials can be controlled by tuning polarization, screening, temperature, and scattering angle, which has practical applications in plasma physics, fusion energy, and semiconductor technology. The findings also provide insights for advanced material processing, space plasma modeling, and the development of laser-based diagnostic tools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dol Raj Paudel, Bibek Pandey, Madhurendra Lal Das, Hemant Bahadur Deuba, Kishori Yadav, Suresh Prasad Gupta, Saddam Husain Dhobi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Creation of Avalanche Chain Reactions in p11B Fuel Using Magneto-Inertial Fusion
A proton beam is produced at a velocity of the order of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>10</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>9</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r> </m:r><m:r>cm</m:r><m:r>/</m:r><m:r>s</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> to interact with an uncharged hydrogen-boron medium such as <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>H</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>3</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>B</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]-->. The generated charged particles are confined by electromagnetic fields. This is the basic concept of the new non-thermal fusion reactor. An external electric field is applied to prevent the energy loss of the proton particles by friction, due to their interaction with the electrons of the medium, to keep the proton-boron fusion at a maximum cross-section. Alphas produced by <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>p</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>B</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>11</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> fusion undergo nuclear elastic collisions with surrounding protons, triggering a <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>p</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>B</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>11</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> CR. The aim of this paper is to estimate the key parameters related to the performance of a new fusion reactor with neutron-free fusion fuel <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>p</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>B</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>11</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]-->considering the production of alpha particle avalanches by presenting only the main physical processes and not a complete engineering design. To achieve this goal, a conceptual fusion reactor is proposed in this work using laser-plasma interactions and magnetic confinement configurations. The final result of our work considering this new reactor shows that it is possible to achieve fusion energy gain about 115, which is much higher than other cases examined.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatemeh Namdari, Seyede Nasrin Hosseinimotlagh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Generalized Functional Analysis Approach for Bound State Solutions with Solvable and Quasi-Solvable Potentials
In this paper, a generalized functional analysis approach has been used to obtain the bound state solutions of the Schrödinger equation with solvable and quasi-solvable potentials. We extended the Nikiforov-Uvarov functional analysis method which has been limited to obtaining bound states solutions of exponential-type potentials. Here, we have generalized the approach to obtain the approximate and exact energy spectra and the corresponding wave functions of the Schrödinger equation under the Coulomb, Pseudo harmonic, hyperbolic, q-deformed hyperbolic and perturbed Coulomb potentials in closed forms. These potential functions with the Schrödinger equation were transformed into standard second-order linear differential equations such as the Whittaker, associated Laguerre, Gauss hypergeometric and the confluent Heun differential equations. The parameters of the wave functions and energy quantization conditions were derived from a direct comparison with the quantized systems of differential equations. Our results are in excellent agreement with the earlier works in which different approaches were utilized. Also, the quasi-exact energies for fixed potential parameters were found to be in good agreement with energy eigenvalues obtained via the matrix Numerov method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ekwevugbe Omugbe, T.V. Targema, E.S. Eyube, C.A. Onate, S.O. Ogundeji, U.E. Vincent (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Propagation Characteristics of Higher-Order Hollow Sinh-Gaussian Laser Beams in Collisionless Plasma
Hollow sinh-Gaussian (HshG) beams are the appropriate analogue to describe optical beams with null central intensity. In the present work, the modified paraxial approach is adopted to study the propagation characteristics of higher-order HshG beams in plasma. The nonlinearity in the dielectric constant of plasma considered herein is of the ponderomotive type. A nonlinear differential equation is obtained for the beam-width parameter and then solved numerically to investigate the self-focusing/defocusing characteristics of HshG beams in plasma. The dependence of the beam-width parameter of HshG beams on the dimensionless distance of propagation through plasma has been specifically carried out. Results show that the self-focusing ability of the aforesaid beams weakens with an increase in the order of HshG beams. The effect of the initial intensity parameter and the normalized plasma frequency for higher-order HshG beams has also been examined.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prajakta P. Patil, Mansing V. Takale, Sandip D. Patil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fabrication of Different Photoluminescence Nanostructures of Cadmium Sulfide to Quickly Identify Heavy and Carcinogenic Metals Cadmium and Lead
In this study, the fabrication of photoluminescent cadmium sulfide nanostructures with various dimensions was explored to achieve rapid detection of the heavy and carcinogenic metals cadmium and lead. These metals have become increasingly significant in scientific research—particularly in environmental and health sciences—due to the serious hazards they pose to both human health and the environment. The focus of this work was to develop a fast and sensitive method for identifying these hazardous metals using nanostructured materials. To accomplish this, zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional cadmium sulfide nanostructures were synthesized, and their photoluminescence characteristics were subsequently examined. Photoluminescence, the emission of light from a material upon optical or electrical excitation, is a key property that can be employed for the detection and identification of specific substances. The ability of these nanostructures to rapidly detect the carcinogenic heavy metals cadmium and lead was assessed and compared. Photoluminescence spectroscopic analysis—through evaluation of the intensity and wavelength of the emitted light—demonstrated that these nanostructures are capable of distinguishing between heavy metals and carcinogenic agents. The results indicate that producing photoluminescent cadmium sulfide nanostructures with different dimensionalities offers an effective approach for the quick and sensitive identification of cadmium and lead. This method provides greater speed and accuracy than conventional detection techniques and holds potential for use in laboratory, industrial, and medical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Kareem Hanoon, Zhaleh Ebrahiminejad, Maryam Ali Asaad Al-Lami, Amir hoshang Ramezani, S. Asgary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Disentangling Thermal and Degeneracy Pressure in Quantum-Confined Fermi Gases
A theoretical framework is developed to decompose the total pressure of a quantum-confined Fermi gas into degeneracy pressure, arising from Fermi–Dirac statistics, and thermal pressure, associated with finite-temperature excitations. Using Weyl’s conjecture for the confined density of states, geometric confinement effects are incorporated through surface- and edge-to-volume parameters (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>α</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>β</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> ). Exact analytical expressions for both components are derived using polylogarithmic functions, and asymptotic forms are obtained for the strongly degenerate (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>T</m:r><m:r>≪</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>T</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>F</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> ) and weakly degenerate (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>T</m:r><m:r>≫</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>T</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>F</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> ) regimes. The analysis shows that quantum confinement enhances degeneracy pressure by a factor of (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>1+</m:r><m:f><m:fPr><m:type m:val="lin"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:fPr><m:num><m:r>5</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>α</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>F</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:r>16</m:r></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--> )​,​ while suppressing thermal pressure, with the contrast most significant under strong degeneracy. The maximum relative error in the total pressure, occurring at the crossover temperature <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:acc><m:accPr><m:chr m:val="̃"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:accPr><m:e><m:r>T</m:r></m:e></m:acc></m:e><m:sup><m:r>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>~0.604282</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> , is about 22%, while that for thermal pressure reaches 52%. The asymptotic expressions remain valid across <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>α</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>F</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>∈</m:r><m:d><m:dPr><m:begChr m:val="["/><m:endChr m:val="]"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>0.1, 0.5</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>β</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>F</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>∈</m:r><m:d><m:dPr><m:begChr m:val="["/><m:endChr m:val="]"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>0.01, 0.2</m:r></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Separating thermal and degeneracy contributions enables improved interpretation of thermodynamic measurements in confined quantum systems where only total pressure is accessible. The framework is relevant for nanoelectronic devices, ultracold atomic gases, and quantum dots, offering insight into how spatial confinement differentially shapes thermal and quantum contributions to observable thermodynamic behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Coskun Firat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pressure-Volume Response in Nanomaterials: Contrasting Graphenic ‎Sheets, Oxide Ceramics, and Transition Metal Architectures
This investigation presents a comprehensive theoretical examination of pressure-induced volumetric compression characteristics in five structurally diverse nanomaterials: graphite, aluminium oxide (Al2O3), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), nano-epsilon-phase iron (nano-ε-Fe), and nano-nickel (nano-Ni), representing carbon allotropes, ceramic oxides, and transition metal systems. Four established equations of state (Tait, Murnaghan, Kholiya and Chandra, and Shanker) were employed using experimentally derived bulk modulus values and their pressure derivatives from literature to model relative volumetric changes under applied pressure up to 16 GPa. The analysis reveals material-specific compressibility behaviours dictated by bonding characteristics, atomic configuration, and dimensionality. Al2O3 demonstrates the highest incompressibility among studied materials due to its strong ionic-covalent bonding, while SWCNTs exhibit pronounced nonlinear compression attributed to structural instabilities under confinement. Nano-Ni and nano-ε-Fe show intermediate compressibility with enhanced sensitivity due to nanoscale effects including surface energy influences and modified coordination environments. The study validates the applicability of classical equations of state for predicting nanoscale mechanical responses and provides critical insights for material selection in nanodevice design for biomedical, energy, and high-pressure applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tajamul Islam, A.K Srivastava, Mudasir Mir, Santosh Chackrabarti, R.A. Zargar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ultra-Compact and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor Based on a 2D Photonic Crystal Square-Ring Resonator for High-Pressure Range (0 to 10 GPa)
This study presents an optical platform for pressure sensing based on a square-ring resonator. Numerical simulations reveal a shift in the resonant frequency towards lower frequencies, concomitantly with a shift in the resonant wavelength towards higher wavelengths, in response to an increase in applied pressure. Two simulation methodologies, the plane wave expansion (PWE) method and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, were employed to extract the guided mode and analyze the functional characteristics of the proposed sensor under varying pressure constraints. The envisioned structure is distinguished by a high-quality factor, a sensitivity of approximately 4.39 nm/GPa over a dynamic range from 0 to 10 GPa, and an ultra-compact footprint of 274 μm². These properties render this structure particularly suitable for integration into microscale photonic integrated circuits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elhachemi Kouddad, Hassan Dahbi, Sououdi Boumediene Chabani, Islam Hassani, Nourddine Kaddouri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0