Journal of Rangeland Science (JRS) has published original, peer-reviewed and technical rangeland articles since the autumn of 2010 to serve rangeland science, engineering and management by publishing timely and reliable information. Journal DOI: 10.57647/jrs Journal Abbreviation: J. Rangeland Sci. Journal Title Acronym: JRS Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Borujerd Branch, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Director-in-Charge: Ali Ariapour, PhD 0000-0001-6783-0680 Editor-in-chief: Ali Ashraf Jafari, PhD 0000-0001-9917-6986 JRS is an integral partner with the scientific and technical communities, delivering superior information products and services that foster communication. It builds insights and enables individual and collective advancement in rangeland research. To provide rangeland scientific information and the general public with descriptions of timely, contemporary advances in rangeland issues for improving rangeland protection, JRS tries to conserve natural resources. Scopus: CiteScore 2025= 0.6 Scopus: SJR 2025= 0.155
An Integrated Geospatial Assessment of Desertification Hotspots in Iran: Multi-Scale Mapping and Sustainable Management Strategies
Desertification represents a critical environmental and socio-economic challenge for Iran, severely affecting food security, rural livelihoods, biodiversity, and ecological stability. As a predominantly dryland country, Iran faces escalating land degradation driven by both climatic variability and unsustainable human activities. This study develops an integrated geospatial framework to assess desertification hotspots in Iran, leveraging remote sensing datasets including MODIS, Landsat-8, and Sentinel-2, alongside GIS-based spatial analysis. Key environmental indicators, including vegetation cover (NDVI trends), land use classifications, soil texture, and climatic variables, were incorporated into the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index (ESAI) modeling framework, complemented by a Bayesian network to better capture the probabilistic relationships among drivers. The results showed that 85.57% of Iran’s land area falls into fragile to critical desertification categories - a figure notably higher than in many other arid nations- with 60.42% classified as Medium Critical and 13.34% as High Critical. Provinces such as Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman, and Yazd are identified as the most vulnerable due to a combination of severe aridity, shallow soils, and intense anthropogenic pressure. Correlation analyses reveal that the Management Quality Index (MQI) (r = 0.81, P≤0.01) and Vegetation Quality Index (VQI) (r = 0.50, P≤ 0.05) had high and moderate correlations with desertification risk, respectively, indicating the critical role of land use management and vegetation stability. Mitigation strategies proposed include the implementation of drip irrigation systems, agroforestry designs, biochar amendments for soil rehabilitation, watershed management projects, and participatory land-use planning. While some pilot programs on water conservation and reforestation exist, broad national-scale application remains limited due to policy barriers and funding constraints. This study underscores the urgent need for scientifically informed, region-specific interventions to enhance Iran's resilience to desertification. By integrating high-resolution remote sensing techniques and probabilistic modeling, the research provides a robust, actionable framework for sustainable land management and environmental policy reform in dryland regions. Consequently, this approach offers a practical solution to combat desertification and promote sustainable development in vulnerable areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mostafa Dastorani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Grazing Permit Issuance Process and Its Challenges in Iran's Rangelands
Livestock grazing represents the most economically significant use of rangeland ecosystems worldwide. In Iran, decades of reliance on the "Grazing Permit" system have exposed critical inefficiencies in its implementation and widespread non-compliance, leading to overgrazing beyond the carrying capacity and unauthorized grazing practices that threaten rangeland sustainability. This study analyzed the permit issuance process across six ecological regions, employing a mixed-methods approach using 96 beneficiaries and 31 specialists. Quantitative analysis using ANOVA revealed significant regional disparities in permit issuance. On average, permits took 73 days to be processed with a range of 45 to 120 days across 15 steps. Thematic analysis identified 40 major challenges, which were categorized into systemic, legal, supervisory, economic, and social domains. Key issues included non-integrated systems, time-consuming violation reviews, inheritance complications, weak monitoring, outdated data, low expert motivation, and insufficient funding. The study recommends adopting community-based governance, developing integrated electronic systems, modernizing regulations, and strengthening monitoring mechanisms. These evidence-based solutions address the identified challenges while ensuring compliance with permit regulations through sustainable rangeland management practices, which are essential for conserving Iran's diverse ecological landscapes. The strategic implementation of these reforms is expected to enhance administrative efficiency while safeguarding the ecological integrity of these vital natural resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Seyed Jafar Seyed Akhlaghi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Interpretive Structural Model for Balancing between Biodiversity Protection and Local Livelihoods in the Almabolaq Protected Area, Hamadan Province, Iran
Protected areas worldwide face hard trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and supporting local livelihoods. This study was conducted to integrate the Fuzzy Delphi and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to evaluate socio-economic threats in Almabolaq protected area, Hamedan province, Iran, in 2023. This research was based on expert input from 16 specialists, who identified 10 key threats, including overgrazing, land-use changes, burning of shrubs, and the use of pesticides, which substantially contributed to biodiversity loss. The fuzzy Delphi analysis of 21 factors using triangular fuzzy numbers (Definite Value threshold = 3.65) revealed that among the 10 threats, overgrazing, with a value of 4.58 ± 0.14, accounted for 11.6% of the total threats, had the highest rank. The ISM modeling organized these threats into a four-tier strategy: Level 1: prioritize education and awareness. Level 2: had focused on strengthening legal oversight and managing population pressures. Level 3: emphasized enhanced management practices and social awareness, and Level 4: emphasized specific conservation interventions, such as determining grazing boundaries and promoting sustainable practices. Notably, community engagement emerged as the most influential strategy, effectively linking conservation objectives with local socio-economic needs.By explicitly addressing these trade-offs, our study provides actionable recommendations for policymakers and protected area managers, offering a practical framework to balance ecological integrity with sustainable human development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aminollah Sahab Mahmoodi, Mohammad Reza Gili, Iman Saeedi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimation of Chlorophyll Content and Leaf Area Index of Vegetation Cover Using Remote Sensing in Malayer Rangeland, Iran
Accurate estimation of plant biophysical and biochemical parameters is essential for sustainable rangeland management. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Landsat 8 satellite imagery in estimating LAI and chlorophyll content of mountain rangeland species in Malayer, Iran. Field sampling was conducted on May 23, 2016. Forty plots, each corresponding to the 30×30 m spatial resolution of Landsat pixels, were selected. Within each plot, five 1 m² subplots were sampled, resulting in 200 plant samples. LAI was measured using a WINAREA-UT-10 leaf area meter, and chlorophyll content was determined by the Arnon method using spectrophotometric analysis. A cloud-free Landsat 8 image dated May 1, 2016, was preprocessed to calculate vegetation indices and extract reflectance values from various spectral bands. Among the tested indices, the Chlorophyll Index green (CI Green) had a strong correlation with measured chlorophyll content (r=0.61, p<0.01). Similarly, the LAI index showed a significant correlation with field-measured LAI (r = 0.63, p < 0.01). Regression models showed that CI and the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR band) were included in the final regression model, with positive and negative effects, respectively. These variables explained 42% of the total variance in the field-measured chlorophyll content, while the LAI index explained 36% of the variation in field-measured LAI. Other indices, such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Difference Vegetation Index (DVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Transformed Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (TSAVI), and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) showed weak or non-significant correlations with both variables. These results indicate that CI Green and LAI are more reliable indices than conventional vegetation indices for evaluating plant biochemical and structural properties in semi-arid, mountainous rangelands. The findings confirm the potential of remote sensing techniques, especially CI and LAI indices, for cost-effective and scalable vegetation monitoring in semi-arid rangelands.
Copyright (c) 2026 Behnaz Attaeian, Mahnaz Mohammadi, Behrooz Mohammadparast (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Plant Species Diversity on Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Sequestration in the Peri-Urban Rangelands of North western Tehran, Iran
Urban expansion is reshaping peri-urban ecosystems, including the rangelands of northwestern Tehran. This study aimed to examine whether plant species diversity enhances above-ground biomass (AGB) and, by extension, carbon storage within three rangeland sites that define the analytical area of interest (AOI). In 2022, field sampling recorded 1,558 specimens representing 38 plant species. The dominant taxa included Bromus tectorum and Astragalus belgheisicus, whereas Henrardia persica and Melica persica were rare. AGB was quantified via direct harvest and standard laboratory procedures, and organic carbon was inferred from organic matter. Diversity indices (e.g., Shannon–Wiener, Simpson, Margalef, Menhinick, Pielou) were computed. Most of the indices were positively related to AGB. Shannon (r ≈ 0.63; p <0.05) and Simpson (r ≈ 0.42; p<0.05) exhibited significant positive relations with AGB; other richness/evenness metrics showed consistent but weaker trends, whereas Hill’s number showed no clear effect. Sentinel-2 (2018, 2022) imagery supported land cover mapping using supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC). Accuracy assessment was performed within the AOI, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) aided vegetation characterization. Vegetation cover had decreased significantly (34%) between 2018 and 2022. Findings indicated that, within the studied rangeland AOI, higher plant diversity is related to greater AGB and carbon potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tara Mousivand, Zahra Azizi, Mohammad Mehdi Dehshiri, Lobat Taghavi, Mahdi Ramezani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Integrated Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Images on Identification and Resolution of the Burned Rangelands (Case Study: Semi-steppe Rangelands in Chahar-Mahal Bakhtiari, Province, Iran)
Accurate monitoring of the combined impacts of fire and grazing on plant communities in semi-steppe rangelands is challenging due to spatial and temporal variability. This study demonstrates that integrating multi-sensor remote sensing data can significantly enhance monitoring precision.The Gram-Schmidt algorithm was employed to fuse Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 imagery, improving spatial resolution from 30m to 10m while preserving spectral characteristics. In addition, pan-sharpening techniques enhanced Landsat-8 imagery to 15 m resolution. Classification of affected areas was performed using Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) with a comprehensive dataset including spectral bands, the Normalized Burn Ratio Thermal (NBRT) index, Tasseled Cap Brightness (TC-B), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Our findings revealed a strong positive correlation between spatial resolution and classification accuracy. The 10m resolution imagery achieved superior performance (71% overall accuracy, Kappa = 0.66), effectively discriminated fire-affected areas across different age classes (1-3 and 3-5 years post-fire) under varying grazing intensities. The 30m resolution data showed significantly low accuracy (39% overall accuracy, Kappa = 0.34). Higher-resolution imagery substantially reduced salt-and-pepper noise and enhanced visual interpretability. This research confirmed that integrated multi-sensor data processing provides a robust approach for monitoring rangeland dynamics. The methodology offers valuable capabilities for mapping fire-affected vegetation and supports management strategies in extensive, topographically challenging environments where traditional field-based methods are impractical.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Mohammadian, Esmaeil Asadi Borojeni, Reza SiahMansour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution and Environmental Dynamics in Central Iran's Desert Rangelands Zones Using Remote Sensing and Google Earth Engine
Desert rangelands, despite existing within environmental regulatory frameworks, can still experience significant air pollution due to emissions from nearby urban and industrial activities. This study examines the spatio-temporal dynamics of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and atmospheric UV Aerosol Index (AER_AI), also known as the Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI), as dust concentration across of central desert rangelands in Yazd province, Iran. Utilizing Google Earth Engine and remote sensing data, pollution trends were analyzed over six years (2018–2023) in nine locations. The study also investigated the influence of environmental factors-precipitation, wind patterns, and vegetation cover-on mitigating pollution levels. The ANOVA test, mean comparisons, and time series analysis were performed using R software. Time series analyses and statistical comparisons across spatial and temporal groups revealed significant differences between years and locations in pollutant areas. Results showed significantly higher concentrations of NO₂, CO, and SO₂ in desert rangelands near urban and industrial zones compared to control sites. ANOVA tests revealed marked spatial and temporal variations, identifying urban–industrial areas as persistent hotspots. Pollutant levels of NO₂ and CO were positively correlated (r=0.49, p<0.01), while Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI), as dust concentrations, appeared largely external, originating from sources like dry wetlands. Temperature was strongly associated with AAI (r=0.68, p<0.01), and vegetation showed no capacity to mitigate pollution. These findings underscore the critical need to incorporate environmental factors into the management of desert rangelands and the formulation of industrial development policies to ensure sustainable outcomes. Integrating such considerations can help mitigate pollution and protect fragile ecosystems in arid regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Ali Ghoveh Nodoushan, Ali Akbar Jamali, Seyed Masood Monavari, Seyed Abolghasem Mirhoseini, Mehdi Dehghani Zahedani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prerequisites and Indicators for Sustainable Rangeland Management: A Governance Perspective from Ajisoo Watershed, Golestan Province, Iran
Sustainable rangeland management relies on governance systems that balance environmental conservation, economic resilience, and social equity. This study aimed to identify and evaluate the prerequisites (enabling conditions necessary for effective governance) and indicators (measurable attributes assessing governance performance) for sustainable rangeland management in the Ajisoo Watershed, Golestan Province, Iran. The watershed represents a typical region facing challenges such as overgrazing, climate variability, and socio-economic constraints. Data were collected from rangeland beneficiaries and stakeholders through a structured governance assessment and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The correlation results revealed significant associations between user characteristics and perceptions of governance indicators, particularly with age (r=0.40**), education level (r=−0.45**), and livestock number (r=0.22*). Path analysis results confirmed that all nine governance criteria had positive and significant effects on the feasibility of implementing good governance. The strongest standardized path coefficients were observed for Responsibility (β=0.48, p<0.001), Efficiency and Effectiveness (β=0.41, p<0.01), Law-centeredness (β=0.33, p<0.01), and Vision and Planning (β=0.35, p<0.01). Descriptive analysis further showed that participatory and law-centered criteria were ranked highest in importance (mean scores = 3.72 and 3.68, respectively). These findings highlight stakeholder trust, institutional capacity, and legal frameworks as essential governance prerequisites. The proposed framework integrates these elements into rangeland planning to enhance ecological outcomes, diversify local livelihoods, and promote inclusive decision-making. The policy recommendations emphasize embedding responsibility into management plans through clearly defined roles, performance monitoring, and stakeholder-led oversight, offering evidence-based strategies for sustaining rangeland ecosystems in Iran and other semi-arid regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalil Bakhshi Zarinkolaei, Seyedeh Khadijeh Mahdavi, Mohammad Mahdavi, Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Training Sample Migration Method for Classification of Vegetation Cover Using LSTM Model and Remote Sensing Data (Case Study: Ravansar County, Kermanshah Province, Iran)
Improving the quality of land-use change classification, with an emphasis on rangeland vegetation, by using time-series satellite imagery and migration data for training can lead to proper management of natural lands. Rangelands, as one of the most important ecosystems on Earth, play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring food security. Training data (reference data) are a fundamental factor in determining the quality of information generated by machine learning methods, as they serve as the basis for future decisions. Using training data migration methods helps reduce data collection costs and enables timely access to reliable training data. This study aims to improve classification quality by applying a training data transfer technique based on an artificial intelligence algorithm, Sentinel-2 satellite image time-series data, and distance-based criteria. The study area is located in Ravansar, Kermanshah province, in the west of Iran. Ravansar has various biological regions involving urban areas, agricultural farms, rangelands and geological formations. To this end, migration data samples from 2017 to 2021 were determined to promote the accuracy of vegetation cover classification using three methods include Euclidean Distance (ED), Spectral Angle Distance (SAD) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). This research indicated that the vegetation plant classes require more time data, while other classes need no time series. In addition, using the remote sensing data of the Sentinel-2 sensor for the migration of training samples indicated the efficiency of the proposed methods for producing up-to-date maps without extensive land surveys. The proposed algorithm, using DTW, SAD, and ED flexible distance measures, Sentinel-2 image time series data, and providing optimal thresholds for different feature spaces, achieved an accuracy of up to 76%. This capability, the ability to extract useful information from multi-temporal data of the Sentinel-2 sensor without the need to use the entire time interval, is an important advantage. This method provides valuable insights into changes and dynamics of plant cover, as well as the identification and classification of vegetation, which are essential for the optimal management of natural resources and food security. The final map, incorporating plant cover and other land-use classes, serves as a practical tool for monitoring annual vegetation changes and assessing ecological shifts, thereby supporting policymakers and researchers in strategic planning and management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moslem Hadidi, Alireza Shakiba, Ali Akbar Matkan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Cow Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Walga Oats (Avena sativa L.) in Choman Guduru District, Western Oromia, Ethiopia
In order to evaluate the effects of cow dung manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality of Walga oats (Avena Sativa L.) in Choman Guduru district, during the main cropping seasons, an experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments involved a control and three levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur (NPS) fertilizer (50, 100, and 150 kg/ha) combined with cow dung manure (5, 10, and 15 ton/ha). Data collected for emergence and flowering, plant height, tiller number, leaf area, leaf number per plant, leaf to stem weight ratios, biomass yield, and quality traits: Dry Matter (DM%), Crude Fiber (CF%), Organic Matter (OM%), Crude Protein (CP%), Ether Extract (EE%), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF%), and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF%). Data were analyzed using Genstat version 15. The highest emergency date (13.3 days) was measured in T0 (control). The application of the highest rate of inorganic and cow dung manure significantly (p<0.01) altered the green forage yield and quality attributes of oats. The highest biomass yield (80 t ha-1) was observed for the treatments with 100 kg seed ha-1 coupled with 150 kg NPS ha-1. Similarly, the highest (p<0.01) tillers number (7.4/plant), plant height (155 cm), leaves number (6.4/plant), leaf area per plant (131.67 cm2), dry matter yield (17.41 t ha-1), crude protein (7.42%), crude fiber (40.49%), and total ash (14.02%) were recorded for T3 (150 kg NPS). There were strong positive correlations between agronomic traits (p<0.01). Dry matter yield was positively correlated with DM, CP, OM, EE, and negatively correlated with CF, ADF, NDF, and Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL). Inorganic fertilizer application to cultivate oat forage improved the morphological characteristics with the highest net benefit; however, the use of a high dose of cow dung manure could be an alternative.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bacha Asefa, Negasa Tamasgen, Firisa Woyessa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fungal Community Associated With Two Declining Rangeland Plants (Haloxylon Ammodendron and Astragalus Verus) in Iran
Drylands are specific habitats for the growth of xerophyte plants. These lands are vulnerable to numerous threats, and all biotic and abiotic stresses can play essential roles. In 2022, declining symptoms were observed for Haloxylon ammodendron and Astragalus verus in the Alborz, Tehran, and Hamedan provinces. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize fungal communities associated with the decline of H. ammodendron and A. verus in drylands using ITS sequencing. Symptomatic plants were sampled and cultured on PDA media. After fungal purification, DNA extraction was performed, and the DNA in the ITS region was sequenced. The fungal genera identified in this study included Alternaria, Arthrinium, Astragalicola, Biscogniauxia, Chaetomium, Cytospora, Fusarium, Mucor, Neoscytalidium, Paecilomyces, Pithomyces, Preussia, Sordaria, and an undefined genus. Eleven identified genera of fungi were associated with H. ammodendron in dry areas of Tehran and Alborz provinces, while 10 genera were associated with A. verus plants in Hamadan province. The mycobiota profile showed a high relative frequency of fungal genera belonging to the Paecilomyces and Biscogniauxia genera in H. ammodendron plants and the Astragalicola and Chaetomium genera in A. verus plants. Additionally, seven genera of fungi were common to both hosts, while none of the seven other genera were shared by both hosts. Based on these results, Ascomycota comprised a large part of the mycobiota, and a minor part of the mycobiota belonged to Mucoromycota (only in A. verus plants). Our findings confirmed that the presence of the most important pathogenic genera of fungi in H. ammodendron and A. verus plants could be a threat to other dryland plants. This information can be valuable for conservation efforts and developing strategies to mitigate the threats posed by these pathogenic fungi to dryland ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehrdad Alizadeh, Seyedeh Masoomeh Zamani, Naser Safaie, Soheila Mirzaei, Samira Farahani, Mohammad Ebrahim Farashiani, Alireza Rajabi Mazhar, Behmaram Bahrami Rashid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predicting the Effects of Climate Change on the Current and Future Distribution of Ferula Ovina Boiss Species in Central Zagros, Iran
Climate change has become a serious challenge over the last century, and studying its effects on the distribution of plant species is necessary to sustainably manage and protect rangelands. This study investigates the current and future distribution range of Ferula ovina Boiss species in the central Zagros region in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province for the year 2050 under two main climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. To achieve this, 19 bioclimatic variables were calculated using long-term data series from 10 meteorological stations in the central Zagros area. Additionally, physiographic variables including: slope, aspect, and hypsometry were derived from a digital elevation model with a 30 m resolution. The points of species presence and absence were determined using logistic regression. The vegetative behaviors of the species and their equations were calculated under current conditions, and their map was modeled. In the next step, bioclimatic data for the next three decades were extracted from the WorldClim.org website, and the extracted data were substituted into the equations for current conditions. Finally, the future distribution of F. ovina species for the next three decades was determined under two RCP scenarios, 4.5 and 8.5. Among the bioclimatic variables, BIO1 (annual temperature), BIO10 (average temperature of the warmest month), and BIO11 (average temperature of the coldest month) are the most important for the habitat suitability of F. ovina species. The mentioned variables increase in value as climatic conditions become more challenging. The elevation of its suitable habitat will increase by 200-500 m, and as a result, the area of suitable habitat decreases in response to climate change. Under the pessimistic climate scenario, 65% of suitable habitats will be lost by 2050, and the current unsuitable habitats will increase by about 8%. Overall, climate change and rising temperatures will cause the vertical displacement and movement of F. ovina species towards higher geographical latitudes, indicating a drastic reduction in its presence in the central Zagros habitats over the next three decades.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elham Fakhimi, Morteza Khodagholi, Saleh Yousefi, Aleksandar Valjarević, Razieh Saboohi, Hamzehali Shirmardi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Various Soil Amendments on the Growth of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)
Uniform and rapid seed germination is essential for successful plant establishment and growth. Previous studies have shown that both organic and mineral amendments can improve germination rates and early plant development. This study investigated the effects of zeolite, bentonite, and potassium nanochelate on the growth characteristics of Trifolium pratense through a factorial pot experiment based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatments included zeolite (2, 4, and 6 g/kg), potassium nanochelate (30, 60, and 90 mg/kg), bentonite (2, 4, and 6 g/kg), and combined applications of potassium nanochelate and zeolite. Soil samples were randomly collected from the Fandqalou rangelands of Ardabil, Iran. The prepared soil was then added to pots, where 20 seeds of T. pratense were sown per pot. After the growth period, plant height, volume, dry and fresh weight, root weight (fresh and dry), root length, root volume, root surface area, establishment rate, chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage, leaf relative water content, and membrane stability index were measured. Results indicated that the highest fresh weight of aerial parts (124.28g/pot), dry aerial weight (34.11g/pot), dry root weight (14.30g/pot), and fresh root weight (56.84g/pot) were achieved using 30mg/kg potassium nanochelate + 2g/kg zeolite, 60mg/kg potassium nanochelate + 4g/kg zeolite, 60mg/kg potassium nanochelate, as well as with 90mg/kg potassium nanochelate, respectively. The longest root length (27.33 cm) was observed with 6 g/kg zeolite, while the greatest root volume (61.67 mm³) and root surface area (71.06 cm²) were recorded with 6 g/kg bentonite. The combination of 60 mg/kg potassium nanochelate + 4 g/kg zeolite yielded the highest establishment rate (84%). Findings suggest that targeted use of mineral amendments can significantly improve red clover growth and may be beneficial for rangeland restoration and pasture establishment in degraded or low-yielding rain-fed areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehdi Moameri, Zahra Mohammadirad, Ardavan Ghorbani, Faezeh Beyrampoor, Ali Shahi Gharelar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Effect of Organic Fertilizer Treatments on the Herbage Production and Nutritive Value of Congo Grass (Brachiaria Ruziziensis) Hay
This study evaluated the effect of organic fertilizer treatments on the nutritional value of Brachiaria ruziziensis hay. Congo grass was cultivated in the field and treated with fertilizers: T1 (no fertilizer), T2 (Natsoil), T3 (Wonder fertilizer), and T4 (poultry manure) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The fresh herbage and dry matter yields were determined. The grass was harvested at bloom stage, packed and air-dried as hay and stored for chemical analysis, volatile fatty acid content and In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD). The fertilizer treatments had significantly higher (p<0.05) values for fresh herbage yields compared to the control treatment: T3 (18.38 tons/ha), T4 (16.66 tons/ha), T2 (14.05 tons/ha), and control (10.25 tons/ha). Also, the dry matter yield obtained for T3 (6.90 tons/ha), T4 (6.19 tons/ha), T2 (5.23 tons/ha) were significantly higher than that for the control (3.85 tons/ha). The results showed that crude protein, ether extract and carbohydrate fraction were significantly higher (p<0.05) in T3 (Wonder fertilizer) than in other fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, for metabolizable energy, the T3 (4.36%), T4 (4.28%) and T2 (4.16%) fertilizers were significantly higher (p<0.05) than control (3.80%), while the cellulose content was significantly the highest (p<0.05) in T2 (21.75%) followed by T1 (21.65%), T3 (21.19%) and T4 (21.02%). The fertilizers T3, T4, and T2 had significantly higher (p<0.05) propionate, butyrate and lactate contents than T1 (control). The total volatile acid was significantly the highest (p<0.05) in T3 (152.50 mmol/100ml), followed by T4 (145.00 mmol/100ml), T2 (142.80 mmol/100ml) and the lowest in control (123.40 mmol/100ml). T3 had the highest (p<0.05) gas produced at 9, 12, 21 and 24, as well as NH3-H gas and IVDMD, higher than other fertilizer treatments. Conspicuously, the Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T3 (60.87%), T4 (60.06%) and T2 (60.11%) than in control T1 (56.06%). It was concluded that Congo grass treated with Natsoil, Wonder and poultry litter fertilizers had increased crude protein, metabolizable energy, volatile fatty acid as well as IVDMD. However, the wonder fertilizer treatment was outstanding.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayandiran Samuel Kola, Akintobi Sheriff Olayinka, Odeyinka Simisola Mercy, Adedire Ayodeji Oluwatosin, Osunkeye Oluwamuyiwa Jacob (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving the quality of land-use change classification, with an emphasis on rangeland vegetation, by using time-series satellite imagery to train on migration data lead to proper management of natural lands. Rangelands, as one of the most important ecosystems on Earth, play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring food security. Training data (reference data) for classification is a fundamental factor in determining the quality of information generated by machine learning methods, as it serves as the basis for future decisions. Using training data migration methods helps to reduce data collection costs and provide timely access to reliable training data. This study was conducted to improve classification quality using a training data transfer technique based on an artificial intelligence algorithm and Sentinel-2 satellite image time series data and distance criteria. The study area is located in Ravansar, Kermanshah province, in the west of Iran. Ravansar has various biological regions involving urban areas, agricultural farms, rangelands and geological formations. To this end, migration data samples from 2017 to 2021 were determined to promote the accuracy of vegetation cover classification using three methods include Euclidean Distance (ED), Spectral Angle Distance (SAD) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). This research indicated that the vegetation plant classes require more time data, while other classes need no time series. In addition, using the remote sensing data of the Sentinel-2 sensor for the migration of training samples indicated the efficiency of the proposed methods for producing up-to-date maps without extensive land surveys. The proposed algorithm, using DTW, SAD, and ED flexible distance measures, Sentinel-2 image time series data, and providing optimal thresholds for different feature spaces, achieved an accuracy of up to 76%. This capability, the ability to extract useful information from multi-temporal data of the Sentinel-2 sensor without the need to use the entire time interval, is an important advantage. This method provides valuable insights into the changes and dynamics of plant covers, alongside the identification and classification of vegetation, which are vital for the optimal management of natural resources and food security. The final map, incorporating plant covers and other classes, serves as a practical tool for tracking annual changes in vegetation and assessing ecological shifts, assisting policymakers and researchers in strategic planning and management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moslem Hadidi, Alireza Shakiba , Ali Akbar Matkan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovative Windbreaks Using Kochia Scoparia L.: Transitioning From living to Non-Living Structures in Arid Regions of Iran
Wind erosion is a significant environmental challenge in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly where soil salinity and water scarcity limit the effectiveness of traditional control methods. Establishing living windbreaks for dust suppression is not cost-effective in these water-scarce and drought-prone areas due to their high irrigation requirements. This study introduces an innovative approach in which a plant species initially functions as a living windbreak. After reaching its maximum height, irrigation is halted, allowing the plants to transition into non-living windbreaks. Kochia scoparia L. Schrad was identified as a suitable species for windbreaks on highly saline land. In this research, seeds were sown in five rows using a strip planting method oriented against the prevailing wind direction, with 3 meters between rows and each strip extending 7 meters.Once the plants reached full growth, they were dried to serve as non-living windbreaks. Soil erosion and sedimentation rates were measured using sediment traps placed at the start of the rows and between rows; the collected data were analyzed. For greater accuracy, the same method was also conducted in a laboratory and within a wind tunnel. Wind speed at the windbreak location decreased from 17.8 m/s to 8.17 m/s, demonstrating the effectiveness of plant-based windbreaks in reducing wind speed. Wind erosion significantly decreased, with dust accumulation dropping from 1,464 g in the control to 808.2 g in the fifth row of windbreaks. These findings support using Kochia scoparia as an effective dual-purpose solution for sustainable wind erosion control in arid regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shila Hajehforooshnia, Mohamad Khosroshahi, Leila Kashi Zenouzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Effects of Salt Stress on Growing Sulla Plants (Sulla coronaria)
This study assessed how the plant Sulla coronaria reacted to different salt levels. The experiment was conducted at Tizi Ouzou University in Algeria, using a pot experiment with a substrate of sand, clay soil, and horticultural potting compost. The experiment had 32 plants in four groups, which were then subjected to different doses of saline solution (NaCl) for 15 days. After two months, the plants were harvested, and the following data were collected: root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, leaf number and area, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, total chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars content, proline content, and the extraction and quantification of hydro-soluble proteins. The results showed that rising salinity significantly reduced the number and leaf area of the shoots, and shoot biomass and length. These results are likely due to the effects of salinity stress on cell structure and metabolism, as evidenced by a decrease in cell hydration (RWC) and membrane integrity. These events possibly contributed to decrease in chlorophyll pigment concentration and soluble protein levels. Stressful conditions can lower plant growth, but Sulla plants can adjust to high salinity by increasing sugars and proline. We found the highest levels of sugars and proline at 9 g/L and 56.27 mg/g DM(Dray Matter), respectively. To generalise about how this species responds to salt stress, we should do more controlled and field studies with other populations to select those responding better to salt stress.
Copyright (c) -1 Djamel Medjebeur, Si Ammar Kadi, Lynda Hannachi, Fatma Hacid-Chehrit, Nouredine Ferraguig, Abdel Elkrim Limane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pampa Galeras Vicuña Reserve a New Equilibrium State? Range Condition and Ecological Carrying Capacity
The rangelands of the Pampa Galeras National Reserve (Peru) span 22,231 hectares (ha), of which 7,932 ha constitute the rigid zone—an area exclusively for vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) grazing—while the remaining 14,299 ha serve as a buffer zone for mixed vicuña–cattle grazing. Since the 1960s, this landscape has played a pivotal role in the recovery of the vicuña population from near extinction, offering a valuable opportunity for research on its ecology and management. Previous inventories indicated that the rangelands remained in poor conditions for vicuña grazing, despite relatively stable population densities. This study evaluated the ecological status and estimated the vicuña units (UV) that the rigid zone could support using an ecological site framework. Fifteen ecological sites were identified using geographic information systems and remote sensing, and each was assessed for floristic composition, rangeland condition, and trends. Results indicated that 86% of the sites were in poor conditions, and 35% exhibited a negative trend—evidenced by the presence of pedestalled plants, invasive species, and low litter—suggesting that many sites may have crossed abiotic thresholds and shifted into alternative stable states. The current ecological carrying capacity (Ck) of the rigid zone was estimated at 3,763 UV (0.47 UV/ha/year), which is below the potential carrying capacity (Cp) of 4,982 UV (0.60 UV/ha/year). Notably, when Ck was exceeded, vicuña numbers plummeted from 4,987 to 2,218 UV, indicating low resilience in the rangeland–vicuña system. Multiple limiting factors were identified, including interspecific competition, poor soil potential, harsh weather, and the lack of an adaptive rangeland-wildlife management strategy. Establishing an adaptative monitoring and management program based on key and reference areas is strongly recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Remzi Foresto Zárate, Enrique Ricardo Flores (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Peganum harmala L. Invasion on the Density and Species Diversity of Native Plants
Given the increased human activity, its destructive impacts on natural resources are no longer confined to specific regions. Among these impacts is the introduction of non-native and invasive plant species. The adverse effects of these species on natural and agricultural communities, human and livestock health, and ecosystem characteristics are significant, leading to continuous research in this field. In this study, the effects of varying frequencies of the invasive plant Peganum harmala L. on the density, composition, richness, diversity, and species dominance of native plants were examined in the rangelands surrounding the integrated livestock farming project for nomadic communities in the Zirkouh region of South Khorasan Province. Livestock presence and changes in plant composition were assessed using photographs taken in 2002, 2012, and 2022. Following the initial assessment with 0% frequency (enclosure area), plots with 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% frequencies of the invasive plant were selected, with three representative zones chosen in each area. In each zone, twenty randomly placed four-square-meter plots were established. In each plot, density, plant cover percentage, litter percentage, bare soil and gravel percentage, and rangeland condition classes were determined. Based on the counted plant bases, indices of richness, species diversity (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices), species evenness (Pielou index), and species dominance (Simpson index) were calculated. The Jaccard index was employed to assess the species similarity. Statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA and modified LSD means comparison tests. The results showed that the effect of frequency of P. harmala on the percentage of vegetation cover, litter, and soil and gravel, as well as the density of annual native plants in the area was significant (p≤0.05). The highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index (2.48) was calculated in the area with 45% frequency of the invasive plant. The highest species richness was observed in the areas with 15% and 45% frequency of the invasive plant (with 19 and 18 plant species, respectively). Due to the invasion of P. harmala, the density of annual native plants initially decreased and then increased. However, no significant change was observed in the density of perennial native plants. The results indicate that high livestock pressure favors annual plants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Moslem Rostampour, Maedeh Yousefian, Reza Yari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge to Practice in Rangeland Management and Livestock Health among Nomadic Pastoralists in Fars Province, Iran
Nomadic pastoralists play a vital role in managing and sustaining the range livestock production, yet their traditional knowledge often faces challenges amid environmental degradation and climate change. Despite their experience, a gap persists between what they know and what they can effectively practice. Understanding this gap is crucial for designing sustainable interventions. This study examined the knowledge and practices of nomadic pastoralists in Fars Province, Iran, focusing on rangeland management and livestock health, and how these factors influence livestock production. A stratified random sample of 248 nomadic household heads was surveyed using the validated questionnaires. Index reliability was confirmed (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.702–0.827; composite reliability > 0.7). Findings revealed a significant knowledge-practice disparity: the average scores for rangeland management knowledge and practice were 0.83 and 0.31 (out of 2), respectively while scores for livestock health were higher, 1.65 for knowledge and 1.49 for practice. Structural equation modeling showed that livestock health practices had a strong positive impact on production (β = 0.329, p < 0.01), whereas current rangeland management practices negatively affected it (β = -0.322, p < 0.01). These results highlight pastoralists' difficulties in applying sustainable rangeland practices, likely due to climate pressures and limited institutional support. The study emphasizes the need for practical training and policy support to bridge the knowledge-practice gap and to enhance resilience in arid pastoral systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Abedi Sarvestani, Mohammad Reza Shahraki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical Composition and Condensed Tannin Content of Major Livestock Feeds from Borana Rangeland, Southern Ethiopia
Studies on available feed resources and their nutritional values are important. This study aimed to investigate chemical composition and Condensed Tannin (CT) content of major feed resources in Moyale district of Borona rangeland, southern Ethiopia. Samples were collected from major feed resources: five browse species (Acacia brevispica, Acacia mellifera, Commiphora Africana, Dichrostachys cinerea and Grewia tembensis), five grasses (Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon aucheri, Digitaria milanjiana, Eragrostis capitulifera and Panicum maximum), mixed natural pasture, two crop residues (maize stover and haricot bean straw), wheat bran and two herbaceous legumes (Indigofera volkensii and Commelina africana). Samples were analyzed for ash, Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Neutral-Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid-Detergent Fiber (ADF) and CT. There were variations in chemical composition and CT of the investigated feeds. For the browse species, CP (15.50 -19.08%), NDF (55.38-65.96%) and CT (1.32-24.71%) were found. For the grasses, CP (7.34-8.78%), NDF (67.20-76.41%) and CT (0.86-2.07%); and for mixed natural pasture, CP (11.28%), NDF (71.50%), and CT (1.01%) contents were recorded. For the crop residues, maize stover CP (3.13%) and NDF (73.55%), and haricot bean straw CP (4.74%) and NDF (70.03%) were found. The CP and NDF contents of wheat bran were 18.06% and 45.45%, respectively. For the legume forage species, CP (17.06%), NDF (57.30%) and CT (2.04%) for Indigofera volkensii, and CP (11.32%), NDF (73.03%) and CT (0.60%) for Commelina Africana were recorded. In conclusion, the relatively high CP content of the browse species can be used as protein supplement to low-quality feeds during the dry season. Furthermore, the CT content of the browses (except Dichrostachys cinerea) and legume forages was in the level that promotes positive rumen effects. However, further studies entailing more browse species, detailed nutrient analysis, and involving animal feeding trials should be carried out for better screening of potential feeds in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassanuur Hassan, Gebreegziabher Zereu, Netsanet Beyero3, Merga Bayssa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modeling Stipa Arabica Trin and Rupr. Habitat Displacement in Central Iran Using Ecological and Climate-Based Approaches
One of the main concerns of rangeland managers is to understand the factors that cause climate change and the effects of these factors on the main factors of rangeland management such as vegetation. Climate change in the rangelands of the highlands causes a decrease in biodiversity and deterioration in the downstream areas. This study aimed to predict the future habitat displacement of Stipa arabica Trin and Rupr. in the rangelands of Isfahan, Yazd, Semnan, and Kerman provinces, Iran under climate change conditions. The research objectives include identifying key environmental factors influencing Stipa arabica distribution, modeling its habitat suitability, and assessing potential shifts in elevation due to climate change. A predictive habitat map was developed by employing a logistic regression based on environmental variables, species presence/absence data, and geographic information system (GIS) analysis. To achieve this, key species associated with Stipa arabica were identified through expert interviews, and then, habitat characteristics were analyzed based on species behavior. Data on vegetation cover and environmental factors were collected from the station established by 2020, and habitat suitability was modeled in ArcGIS 10.3. The Kappa coefficient was used to assess model accuracy. The Kappa coefficient was 86, which according to the classification by Koch and Smith, falls into the category of models with good accuracy. The results indicate that Stipa arabica currently occupies elevations between 1,600 and 2,550 m above sea level, with a 75–100% probability of occurrence across approximately 5.2 million ha (10.7% of the study area). However, climate projections suggest that by 2050, its suitable habitat will shift to higher elevations 1,750–2,800 m under scenario (RCP 4.5) and 1,850–3,050 m under scenario (RCP 8.5). As temperatures rise due to climate change, the total suitable habitat area for Stipa arabica is expected to decline, forcing its migration to cooler, higher-altitude regions. To mitigate the impact of climate change on Stipa arabica, it is recommended that conservation efforts focus on the protection of higher-altitude habitats and the establishment of ecological corridors to facilitate species migration. Additionally, future research should explore adaptive management strategies for maintaining rangeland biodiversity in response to ongoing climate change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Razieh Saboohi , Morteza Khodagholi, Somayeh Naseri, Sefigheh Zarekia, Ahmad Pourmirzaei, Ehsan Zandi Esfahani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management and Maintenance of Semi-arid Rangelands via Symbiosis between Mycorrhiza Fungi and Range Plant Species
Understanding the symbiotic relationship between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and plants, particularly with soil nutrient and enzyme activity, is crucial for preserving semi-arid rangeland ecosystems. AMF is remarkable in nutrient acquisition and carbon cycling within these ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among Root Colonization (RC), soil enzyme activity, and rhizosphere soil chemical properties in nine rangeland plant species. In the spring of 2019, soil and root samples were collected randomly from the rhizosphere of plant species [Acanthophyllum glandulosum, Astragalus gossypinus and Noaea mucronata (shrub growth); Centaurea virgate, Hypericum perforatum, Pterocephalus canus and Stachys inflata (forb growth); Melica persica and Stipa hohenackeriana (Grass growth)] in Kordan rangeland, Hashtgerd, Alborz province, Iran. Data were collected for RC% using the intersection method, soil enzyme activity by spectrophotometrically, Available Phosphorus (P) (by Olsen method), Organic Carbon (OC) (by wet oxidation method), and Exchangeable Potassium (K). There were significant differences among plant species for rhizosphere soil chemical properties, RC%, and enzyme activities. However, there were no significant differences for P and the activity of Acid Phosphatase (ACP) enzyme. Our results indicate that P. canus and C. virgata plants, characterized by moderate palatability, thrive in soils with balanced chemical properties, which promote AMF colonization and enzyme activity. There were positive and significant correlations between RC% and enzyme activities, except ACP. Additionally, strong positive correlations were found between Dehydrogenase (Deh) activity and both RC% and carbon content. The lowest RC% was observed in N. mucronata and A. gossypinus, potentially attributable to their competitive traits, which may reduce their reliance on mycorrhizal associations for nutrient acquisition and dispersal. Forb growth species exhibited more favorable rhizosphere functions than grass and shrub species. P. canus and C. virgata with the highest symbiotic association with AMF were suggested for the management and protection of semi-arid rangeland ecosystems in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Matinizadeh, Elham Nouri, Mohammad Bayranvand, Adel Jalili, Tahereh Alizadeh, Maryam Teimouri, Alireza Eftekhari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Impact of Villages' Sustainability on Community Perceptions towards Ecosystem Services
Recently, while public perception has become a prominent scientific approach to valuing ecosystem services, less focus has been given to local communities' perspectives and the factors shaping their valuation of direct ecosystem benefits. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of residential sustainability, encompassing social, economic, and environmental dimensions, on how local communities perceive and assess ecosystem services. To achieve this, we studied 63 villages within a 20 km radius of Khabr National Park in Kerman Province, Iran. We examined seven environmental/ecological indicators, 15 social indicators, and seven economic indicators. We employed factor analysis to determine the factor loadings, which indicated the importance of each index. After identifying the influential factors and calculating their importance coefficients using the Varimax rotation method, we applied the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach to prioritize the villages under various scenarios. The results indicated that a one-unit increase in sustainability led to significant changes in the provision of ecosystem services: a decrease of 24 times for fuel, an increase of 8.3 times for fodder, an increase of 21 times for medicinal resources, an increase of 4.8 times for food, and an increase of 21.2 times for pollination services. This research highlights a promising insight: by improving living conditions and enhancing sustainability, local communities' perspectives on the use of ecosystem services can be positively influenced.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meysam Shahabi Nejad, Hossein Arzani, Seyed Akbar Javadi, Reza Bagheri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rainfall Erosivity and Flooding Risk Assessment in Different Climate Zones of Iran
This study examines the extensive environmental and agricultural damages caused by floods and water erosion, highlighting their role in degrading water quality, stripping away fertile topsoil, and disturbing natural ecosystems. These destructive processes diminish arable land, reduce crop yields and undermine food security by destabilizing water resources essential for sustainable farming. Rainfall plays a pivotal role in soil erosion through its erosivity, characterized by the R-factor in the USLE model, which accounts for its volume and intensity. Focusing on Iran, the study utilizes 30 years (1992–2021) of high-resolution precipitation records from WorldClim 2.1 and applies the Wischmeier and Smith equation. This approach quantifies rainfall erosivity across diverse climatic zones classified by the Köppen–Geiger system, which differentiates regions based on seasonal precipitation, temperature patterns, and vegetation types. Annual precipitation levels vary widely, from as low as 111.46 mm in arid regions with a hot desert climate (BWh) to 1404.15 mm in Mediterranean climate (Csa). Correspondingly, the R-factor exhibits dramatic differences, ranging from 72.66 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in semi-arid regions (BWk) to an extreme 3300.71 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in humid subtropical zones (Cfa). Additionally, erosivity density varies, with minimal values in cold semi-arid zones (Dsa) and peak levels in Cfa climates. The assessment reveals that while some arid regions (BSh, BSk), covering 8.88% of Iran, experience low flood risks, extremely-arid zones (BWh, BWk) encompassing 86.46% of central Iran face medium to extremely high flood risks. Areas with low precipitation and high erosivity density, notably in central, eastern, southern, and western parts of Iran, are particularly vulnerable. The findings underscore the critical need for targeted soil conservation strategies, enhanced vegetation cover, integrated watershed management, and balanced livestock grazing to mitigate these severe impacts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Bagherzadeh, Ehsan Afshar, Abolfazl Taleghani, Alireza Bagherzadeh Chaharjouee, Ehsan Sobhani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cutting Date Impact on the Herbaceous Layer in Sahelian Rangeland During the Wet Season
Annual herbaceous vegetation is a crucial source of forage for pastoral livestock in the Sahel region. These species grow during the wet season, which coincides with the peak grazing period. Understanding the impact of disturbances on annual herbaceous vegetation is then essential. This study focuses on the temporal aspects of disturbance. In northern Senegal, we established nine different plots and cut them weekly during the wet season and returned to each plot at the end of the season to create a gradient of cutting dates. We measured the plant’s phenology, height, dry biomass, and fodder quality. Our results indicated that vegetation growth occurs in three phases: establishment, growth, and flowering. The impact of cutting varied across these phases. Plots cut during the establishment phase exhibited vegetation characteristics similar to those of uncut plots. Plots cut during the growth phase had reduced vegetation height but all individuals completed their growth cycle. Plots cut during the flowering phase had significantly lower biomass at the end of the season and experienced a slight delay in phenological development and increase the quality of the fodder at the end of the season. These findings highlight the importance of cutting timing on vegetation dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Simon Taugourdeau, Ousmane Diatta, Ousmane Ndiaye, Sekouna Diatta, Abdoul Aziz Diouf, Mohammed Habibou Assouma, Paulo Salgado, Denis Bastianelli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological and Socioeconomic Triggers of Forest Fires in Uttara Kannada, India, and Their Impact on Biodiversity Conservation (A review)
This study studies the complex cause and consequence aspects of forest fire in the western ghats' district of Uttara Kannada, Karnataka, India - a region particularly known for biodiversity. It singles out key factors influencing fire dynamics: natural or anthropogenic elements, such as lightning, droughts, and anthropogenic changes induced by socioeconomic change. Through field information and satellite image analysis, research shows how such climate change and increased human activities continue to fuel rising fire frequency and intensity, posing a threat to the ecological and biodiversity balance within the region. The study conclusion calls for collaborative forest management mechanisms that integrate grassroots practices with wider global conservation visions. This study puts forth actionable recommendations that improve the technique of fire management and prevention. These efforts seek to minimize ecological and economic damage brought about by forest fires. These efforts lead to better comprehension of the concept of ecosystem integrity and bring forward the relevance of preserving biodiversity against climatic and human challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shivanand S. Ningani, Abhishek Swami, Kamal Upreti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the effects of climate variability on vegetation in mountainous rangelands (case study: Sabalan Mountainside in Iran)
The impact of climate change on vegetation growth has become a significant issue in recent years. This study focuses on the effects of climate variability on vegetation cover of rangelands in different elevation zones of the Sabalan Mountain region in northwestern Iran, which plays a vital role in the local economy and ecosystem. The study utilized a combination of climate and rangeland vegetation cover data Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) collected over 17 years (2003–2019) from two local weather stations and Landsat satellite imagery. The Mann-Kendall test was used to identify trends, and simple and multiple linear regressions (p<0.05) models were employed to assess the relationship between climate variables and vegetation cover NDVI. The results showed that a significant rise in June average temperatures (0.071°C/year, p<0.05), while vegetation cover showed a notable increase in NDVI during early summer (0.004/year for low-elevation rangelands, 0.006/year for mid-altitude rangelands, p<0.05). A strong positive correlation (r=0.57 for mean and r=0.52 for peak temperature, p<0.01) was found between NDVI in higher-altitude rangelands and July temperatures. The NDVI of rangelands also showed a notable positive correlation of r=0.55 with the average June temperature (p<0.01). Additionally, the multiple regression analysis revealed that the relationship between NDVI and temperature parameters strengthened at mid-altitudes, with an increase in correlation (r=0.73) (p<0.01) when both average and maximum spring temperatures were considered. This research highlights the potential implications of climate change for rangeland management in the region, offering insights for future studies and climate adaptation strategies.
Copyright (c) -1 Farhad Hashemian, Ebrahim Fataei, Marzieh Mosayebi, Aliakbar Imani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the allelopathic impact of leaf extracts from three desert flora on roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L. (All.)) under three experimental conditions
This study aimed to assess the allelopathic effects of leaf extracts from Prosopis juliflora (an invasive species), Acacia nilotica, and Ziziphus spina-christi (native species) on seed germination and seedling growth of Chamaemelum nobile (L) All. (Roman chamomile) under three vegetative conditions (laboratory, greenhouse, and field). The germination percentage, germination rate, and seedling growth of Roman chamomile were evaluated under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, the effects of various concentrations of leaf powder (30%, 50%, and 100%) were assessed, with distilled water used as the control. During the greenhouse stage, different litter-to-sand ratios (1:15, 1:10, and 1:5) were utilized for evaluation. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications. Field experiment was performed utilizing a randomized systematic design, in which 10 randomly selected seedlings of each species were planted at distances of 0, 1, and 2 m from selected trees. The results indicated that leaf extracts of P. juliflora, A. nilotica, and Z. spina-christi reduced the germination percentage, radicle length, and plumule length of Roman chamomile across all concentrations compared to the control. Moreover, an increase in leaf extract concentrations led to a decrease in germination percentage, germinationrate, radicle length, and plumule length. P. juliflora's leaf extract exhibited a more pronounced impact on all variables compared to the other species. In this context, the treatment with 100% leaf extract of P. juliflora yielded the lowest percentage of germination (24%), the lowest germination rate (3 seeds per day), the shortest plumule length (0 mm), and the shortest radicle length (3.5 mm) for Roman chamomile. In the greenhouse treatment, the litter-to-sand ratio significantly influenced the germination and radicle length of Roman chamomile, with all variables showing an increase with higher sand proportions relative to leaves. The highest allelopathic effects were observed in the P. juliflora leaf extract mixed with sand. These findings were supported by the results of field treatments. The field study confirmed the results of the experiments conducted in both laboratory and greenhouse. Additionally, the frequency of Roman chamomile was found to increase as the distance from A. nilotica and P. juliflora increased, suggesting an influence over the plant's spread. Conversely, Z. spina-christi exhibited a different behavior, indicating its supportive role in enhancing the presence of Roman chamomile in natural settings. Regarding the significant medicinal value of Roman chamomile in Iran, along with the allelopathic impact of A. nilotica and P. juliflora on other plants, it is advisable to prioritize the cultivation of species like Z. spina-christi which are better adapted to local soil and climate conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Sadeghipour, Davoud Kartoolinejad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GIS-aided site selection for solar panel installation in rangeland areas of Mashhad County of Iran
Most areas of Iran enjoy more than 300 days of good sunshine for photovoltaic energy production and the potential for wind energy production is also immense. In this study we evaluated the suitability of Mashhad County rangelands in Iran for the installation of photovoltaic panels. Mashhad is a mega city with a growing population due to its religious importance and the traveling pilgrims coming to the city to visit the Holy Shrine each year. We evaluated the rangeland areas based on several factors including topographic features (slope gradient, slope direction and height), roads and infrastructure, built-up areas, environmentally protected areas, solar photovoltaic output potential, air temperature, land cover and active fault lines using the multicriteria evaluation method. Since most of the area is flat with minor elevations, there is no limitation for energy production. The largest share of the area has slope gradient of less than 15% (3303 km2), this factor also imposes no limitation. In terms of elevation also 42% (4335 km2) of the area below 2000m is suitable for solar farm construction. There are some 72 active faults in the area. In total, 7.3% of the total area is covered with protected areas accounting for ~720 km2 which is not suitable for solar farms. In terms of land cover, 72% of the area is available for constructing solar farms. There is also no limitation in terms of air temperature and potential PhotoVoltaic (PV) output. The final suitability map was obtained by combining these layers and then divided into five classes. Based on our results, the suitable class had the largest share of the final map. Highly suitable areas comprise 14.1% of the total area. The excluded lands from the analysis due to the limiting factors made up approximately 56% equal to 5811 km2. In total, Mashhad County has considerable potential for solar energy production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mostafa Dastorani, Masoud Jafari Shalamzari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0