Journal of Crop Nutrition Science (JCNS), a peer reviewed research and open access journal, is published by I.A.U, Ahvaz Branch with four issues per year. The journal welcomes papers that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence in these subject areas, and will publish: Regular articles in theoretical and applied researches on Nutrition Science Brief articles and short notes Critical reviews in the above mentioned areas Journal DOI: 10.57647/jncs Journal Abbreviation: J. Crop Nutr. Sci. Journal Title Acronym: JNCS Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Keywords: Biological fertilizer, Chemical properties, Macronutrient, Micronutrient, Mineral, Organic manure Editor-in-chief: Shahram Lack, PhD 0000-0001-8657-1178
Evaluation Effects of Sulphate Fertilizers on Soil pH, Fe and Mn Uptake by Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Water Logged and Calcareous Soils Conditions
BACKGROUND: Under calcareous soils where soil pH is high, micro-elements content is deficient in the crop body. It is because of its precipitation on the clay soils and less uptake by the Rice. OBJECTIVES: The present research, studies the effect of basic, Sulphur powder and micro-element fertilizers on soil pH in the paddy field and uptake of Fe and Mn elements by Rice crop. METHODS: Current study were carried out according split-split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main plot included Macro-elements in two levels (1-control and 2-NPK-fertilizers as basic fertilizer) and Sulphur as sub plot in two levels (1-control and 2-S-powder) also micro-elements belonged to sub-sub plot in five levels (1-control, 2-Zn, 3-Cu, 4-Mn and 5-Zn, Cu, Mn-Sulphate fertilizers). RESULT: This research has shown that, Sulphur and microelements has affected soil pH at tillering, panicle initiation and seed maturity stages, significantly. These fertilizers have also affected Fe and Mn content in the leaves and grains, significantly. The results showed that with decreasing soil pH, Fe and Mn uptake and grain yield increased. CONCLUSION: The least soil pH at all three stages and the most Fe and Mn content in grains were attained when NPK+S+Zn, Cu, Mn-Sulphate fertilizers applied together in this research. Thus, to obtain minimum soil pH and maximum Fe and Mn content in Rice grain under calcareous soils conditions, this treatment can be recommended.
Grain, Macro and Microelements, Nutrition, Paddy field, Sulphur.
Copyright (c) 2026 Majid Qasempour Alamdari, Nilimma Rajurkar, Ashok Patwardhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antioxidant Responses and Germination Indices of Five Tropical Alfalfa Varieties under Drought Stress (Different Concentration of Polyethylene Glycol)
BACKGROUND: Abiotic stresses are considered factors that decrease the crop yield and can lead to a significant decrease in the production of main agricultural products on average. OBJECTIVES: One of the main approaches to obtaining drought tolerance data involves selecting relevant statistics based on the biochemical traits and germination indices. METHODS: Current research was carried out according factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications, on five tropical Alfalfa varieties during germination phase with two factors in September 2017. The first factor was drought stress, applied using various concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with four osmotic potential levels of 0, -2, -4, and -6 bars. The second factor was variety, which included five Alfalfa cultivars; Baghdadi, Nikshahri, Yazdi, Omid (synthetic Alfalfa), and Mesasirsa. RESULT: Levels of drought stress had a significant effect (at the 1% level) on mean time to germination (MTG), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG), mean daily germination (MDG), and final germination percentage. The effect of genotype was significant (at the 1% level) for all traits and germination indices, except MTG and CVG. The interaction effect of drought stress and variety was significantly different (at the 1% level) for the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities (GPX) activity. A mean comparison of indices and antioxidant activities showed that Baghdadi and Yazdi varieties, owing to their high final germination percentage (63.75% and 59.67 %, respectively) and higher antioxidant activity, were classified into a more favourable statistical group (group A). CONCLUSION: This study on Alfalfa varieties found that Baghdadi, Nikshahri, and Yazdi perform well under water stress, showing high germination rates and adaptability to irregular rainfall. Notably, the Yazdi variety is particularly suitable for breeding programs aimed at enhancing drought tolerance in Alfalfa.
Antioxidant activities, Medicago sativa L., Osmotic potential, Water deficit stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmood Moradi Chegeni, Mahmood Tohidi, Ahmad Ali Shoushi Dezfuli, Mehdi Sadeghi, Farbod Fotouhi, Ali Assareh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assess Different Rate and Source of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop Production under Drought Stress Condition
BACKGROUND: Climate change is expected to accelerate, leading to further drought stress in large areas of the world. Considering wheat's status as a dietary staple for a significant portion of the global populace, it becomes apparent that attaining a thorough comprehension of the fertilizers effectiveness, widely utilized in current agricultural practices, holds paramount significance for the enhancement of global food security. OBJECTIVES: This study was done to evaluate the effect of different rate and source of Nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative parameters of Wheat affected drought stress condition in two moderate climate regions. METHODS: Current research conducted according factorial split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included three levels of drought stress [control or no stress, irrigation until the booting stage (booting-stage drought or BSD), and irrigation to the soft dough stage (Maturation-stage drought or MSD)] in the main plots. Different source of Nitrogen fertilizer [including Urea (U) and Ammonium Nitrate (AN)] belonged to first subplot and three level of different rate of Nitrogen [Normal (N) amount according soil test, 50% higher than normal amount (N+50), and 50% lower than normal amount (N-50)] belonged to second subplot. RESULT: In addition to drought stress leading to a decrease in 1000-grain weight, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 50 percent above normal caused an increase in 1000-grain weight of wheat compared to normal treatments and 50 percent below normal. Grain yield in the control treatment without drought stress was higher (5792 kg.ha-1) than the two drought stress treatments, and grain yield with ammonium nitrate fertilizer application (4853 kg.ha-1) was higher than that with urea fertilizer application (4275 kg.ha-1). The highest biological yield was for ammonium nitrate fertilizer and in the control treatment without drought stress, at 14908 kg.ha-1. The highest grain protein percentage of 12.81% was obtained in the irrigation treatment up to the inflorescence emergence stage and with the application of ammonium nitrate, and increasing the amount of Nitrogen fertilizer application led to a further increase in grain protein percentage. CONCLUSION: Use of Baharan Wheat variety in studied region at non drought stress conditions and application of Ammonium Nitrate fertilizer at a rate 50% higher than the recommended level by soil test can be advised to producers.
Chlorophyll, Correlation, Irrigation, Proline, Protein, Soluble sugar
Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas Ghorbani, Mojtaba Jafarzadeh Kenarsari, Amin Farnia, Shahram Nakhjavan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on the Effects of Vinasse and Humic Acid Along with Optimal Use of Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability and Sugarcane Yield
BACKGROUND: Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can play an important role in crop management. Also, by using organic fertilizers, in addition to reducing the consumption of Nitrogenous chemical fertilizers and triple superphosphate, it is possible to reduce costs and environmental pollution, which is a move towards achieving sustainable agricultural goals. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Vinasse and Humic acid on soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus concentrations under Sugarcane cultivation conditions with chemical inputs. METHODS: Current research was done via split split plots experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications. Vinasse at three level (0, 50, and 100 cubic meters per hectare) belonged to main plot, three levels of Humic acid (0, 2.5, and 5 kg.ha-1) belonged to sub plot, and two levels of fertilizer treatment (Recommended advised to consume N, P, K and 50% of Recommended) belonged to sub sub plot. RESULT: The result of analysis of variance revealed effect of effect of Vinasse, Humic acid, fertilizer and interaction effect of treatments on Nitrogen and Phosphorus concentration at both depth was significant. The highest increase in soil Nitrogen content compared to the control at a depth of (30-60) is 0.084 percent, and the highest average percentage increase in soil Nitrogen content compared to the control at a depth of 0-30 centimeters (0.081 percent) is with the use in treatments (100 m3. ha-1 Vinasse). The highest increase in soil Phosphorus compared to the control at a depth of (0-30 cm) and (30-60 cm) was 7.98 and 6.8 mg Phosphorus per kilogram of soil and with the in treatments (100 m3. ha-1 Vinasse). Consume 5 kg.ha-1 Humic acid achieve highest amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorus content and crop yield in both depths. So we can conclude that Vinasse, along with proper fertilizer management, can compensate for the lack and availability of some Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the soil and lead to a reduction in the consumption of chemical inputs and consequently reduce environmental pollution and by adding the highly nutritious elements Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and organic matter, it contributes significantly to soil fertility and plant growth. CONCLUSION: Finally according result of current research consume 50 m3.ha-1 Vinasse and 5 kg.ha-1 with 50% recommended amount fertilizer led to produce economic yield and decrease use of conventional fertilizer based on sustainable agriculture and input management.
Industrial crop, Nutrition, Organic matter, Soil depth, Sugarcane by products
Copyright (c) 2026 Seyedeh Zahra Jafari Naeini, Alireza Jafarnejadi, Kamran Mohsenifar, Timoor Babaienejad, Ali Gholami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Super Absorbent Polymers and Soil Texture Affects on Zea mays L. Physiological Response, under Drought Stress Condition
BACKGROUND: Super absorbent polymers (SAP) have been studied as soil amendments in arid and semi-arid environments, but little is known about potential use for drought stress mitigation in different soil textures. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this survey was to evaluate the role of SAP under drought stress condition on antioxidant enzymes and Corn crop production. METHODS: Current research arranged in split-split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The primary plots included different types of soil, including sandy and clay-loam. The subplots were categorized into three levels of drought stress, 80, 100 and 120 mm of evaporation from the pan which is named severe drought stress, mild drought stress and well-watered conditions, respectively. Five value of SAP including 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg.ha-1 were applied as the sub-subsidiary factor. RESULT: The results illustrated that drought caused a significant decrease in net photosynthesis rate, leaf stomatal conductance, chlorophyll (Chl.) a+b, relative water content (RWC), plant height, and grain yield of Maize. Catalase (CAT), Super oxide dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Relative electrolyte conductivity (REC), and proline were significantly elevated with increase in drought stress level. Relative to the control treatment, the moderate and severe drought conditions increased water use efficiency (WUE) on average by 5.8 and 11.7%, respectively. The maximum value of grain yield (491.8 g) was recorded for clay-loam soil texture. Applying SAP under drought condition enhanced the leaf gas exchange parameters, total chlorophyll, RWC, plant height, and grain yield, while it decreased REC, proline content, CAT, SOD, and APX activity. The highest and lowest Net photosynthesis rate, leaf stomatal conductance and Chl. a+b contents were related to amounts of 80 and 10 kg.ha-1 SAP respectively. A significant increase in leaf relative water content was observed with application of 40 and 80 kg.ha-1 SAP whilst the lower amounts (10 and 20 kg.ha-1 SAP) had no significant impact on the parameter in compared with control (0 kg.ha-1 SAP). CONCLUSION: Finally recommend using SAP at a dose of 80 kg.ha-1 for dealing with drought conditions in the sandy and clay-loam soils.
Antioxidant enzyme, Ascorbate peroxidase, Catalase, Chlorophyll, Proline, stomatal conductance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alireza Moeini, Ali Neshat, Najme Yazdanpanah, Amin Pasandi Pour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation Physiological Parameters of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Affected Different Concentration and Stage of Use Gibberellic acid under Warm and Dry Climate Condition (Southwest of Iran)
BACKGROUND: Growth regulators play an essential role in the biosynthesis of crop fibres, affecting both the elongation rate and quality. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a phytohormone that is needed in small quantities at low concentration to accelerate plant growth and development. OBJECTIVES: Current study was done to assess response of grain yield, its components, morphological and qualitative traits of canola genotypes to apply different time and concentration of growth regulator hormone (gibberellic acid). METHODS: This research was done via combined analysis split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor included different level of canola genotypes (Hyola401, RGS003, Jerry) and sub factors consisted different concentration of gibberellic acid (0, 50 and 100 mg.l-1) and several time of application of gibberellic hormone (at before planting grain treatment, vegetative phase before flowering, flowering before pod emergence). RESULT: According result of analysis of variance effect of genotype, different concentration and time of application of gibberellic hormone on all measured traits (instead Chlorophyll) was significant at 5% probability level but interaction effect of treatments was not significant. The highest and lowest amount of all measured traits between genotypes was for Hyola 401 and Jerry, respectively. Assess mean comparison result of application different concentration of gibberellic hormone indicated the maximum amount of number of pod per plant (97.31), number of grain per pod (18.71), 1000-grain weight (2.89 gr), grain yield (2575 kg.ha-1), Biological yield (7620 kg.ha-1), harvest index (33.79%), oil content (46.42%), oil yield (1192.51 kg.ha-1), Catalase enzyme (21.65 unit/mg protein) and Peroxidase enzyme (17.89 unit.mg protein-1) were noted for 100 ppm gibberellic and minimum amount of those traits belonged to control. Compare different time of application of gibberellic hormone revealed the highest and lowest amount of all measured traits (instead protein content and protein yield) were for vegetative phase before flowering stage and Flowering before pod emergence, respectively. CONCLUSION: According result of current study advised to use Hyola401 hybrid with 100 ppm gibberellic hormone at VPBF growth stage to achieve maximum crop production by farmers.
Antioxidant enzyme, Chlorophyll, Crop production, Growth regulator, Hormone
Copyright (c) 2026 Somayeh Ghalandari, Tayeb Sakinejad, Mani Mojaddam, Shahram Lak, Mojtaba Alavi Fazel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment the Effect of Water Stress and Calcium Silicate on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield in North of Iran
In order to consider the effect of irrigation cut off and calcium silicate on seed yield and its components of rice (Local cultivar, Tarom Hashemi), a research was carried out as split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replications in 2014 in Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Irrigation cut off arranged 15 days in 4 growth stages (At beginning, middle and last of tillering stage and 50% of flowering stage) as main factor and calcium silicate in three amounts (0, 500 and 1000 kg.ha-1) as sub-factor applied 15 days before transplanting. Results of analysis of variance showed that effect of irrigation cutoff on all measured traits (except percentage of filled spikelet per panicle) was significant. Effect of calcium silicon and interaction effect of treatment on all measured traits were no significant. According to mean comparison cut off of irrigation at beginning of tillering stage showed significantly decrease in panicle length, number of panicle per m2, number of spikelet per panicle and drastically reduce in seed yield. Cut off of irrigation at middle of tillering stage caused to decrease in 1000-seed weight. Maximum number of panicle per m2 and grain yield (405.78 gr.m-2) was found in cut off of irrigation at 50% of flowering stage. Correlation between traits showed number of spikelet per panicle (0.58*), number of panicle per m2 (0.56*), 1000-seed weight (0.59*) and percentage of filled spikelet per panicle (0.51*) have a significant and positive correlation with seed yield at 5% probability level. In general, it can be concluded that beginning of tillering stage was too sensitive to cut off irrigation because it caused to reduce of yield and yield contributing.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Study of Source and Different Levels of Potassium Fertilizer on Canola (Brassica napus L.) Production
Increasing the area of arable oilseed land, particularly rapeseed, and the important roleof potassium in yield and oil content, especially in calcareous and high pH soils, need tomore knowledge about plant nutrition requirement. In this study, the effect of sourcesand different levels of potassium fertilizers on some quality and quantity characteristicson canola yield were assessed by combined analysis factorial experiment based on randomizedcomplete blocks design during 2011-2013. Two potassium fertilizer sources:potassium sulfate and potassium chloride with four levels of the potassium fertilizer control,100, 150, 200 kg.ha-1 in main plot and sub plot, respectively. Results of combinedanalysis of variance showed effect of potassium sources on capsule in plant and oil yieldwas significant at 5% probability level. Also effect of potassium rate on capsule in plant,seed yield and oil content was significant at 5% and 1% probability level. Interactioneffect of treatments on capsule in plant, seed yield, oil yield and oil content wassignificant. Potassium chloride fertilizer impact on yield and its components showedbetter results. Interaction effects of sources and rates of potassium showed the highestseed and oil yield (2128 and 878 kg.ha-1, respectively) from 100 kg.ha-1 potassium chloridetreatment. Also the highest capsule in plant and seed in capsule obtained from 150kg.ha-1 potassium chloride treatment. Finally, for increasing canola yield application of100 kg.ha-1 potassium chloride recommended.
The Relationship between Every-other Furrow Irrigation and Foliar Application of Zinc on Physiological Indices in Two Sweet Corn Genotypes
To assessment growth physiological charachteristics of two hybrids of sweet corn affected different irrigation pattern and zinc fertilization, a research was conducted as split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main factor included different levels of irrigation pattern included conventional furrow irrigation, fixed every other furrow irrigation and alternate every other furrow irrigation, also different levels of foliar application of zinc as lack of foliar application of zinc, use of Drop zinc sulfate (0.002 lit.ha-1), use of Fast zinc sulfate (0.002 lit.ha-1) and two hybrids of sweet and super sweet corn belonged to sub plots. The result of analysis of variance indicated the effect of irrigation pattern, foliar application of zinc, different genotypes and interaction effect of the treatments on all measured traits were significant at 1% probability level. Dual interaction effect showed maximum rate of all physiological indices belonged to I3Zn3 (Alternate every other furrow irrigation, fast zinc spray), I3V2 (Alternate every other furrow irrigation, Challenger genotype), Zn3V2 (Fast zinc spray, Challenger genotype). According result of triple interaction effect maximum rate of physiological indices such as leaf area index (4.227), crop growth rate (3.186 gr.m-2.GDD), relative growth rate (0.189 gr.gr-1.GDD), net assimilation rate (1.73 gr.m-2.GDD), harvest index (53.03), chlorophyll a (0.299 gr.gr-1 FW), chlorophyll b (0.491 gr.gr-1 FW) and carotenoid (0.997 gr.gr-1 FW) belonged to I3Zn3V2 (Alternate every other furrow irrigation, fast zinc spray, Challenger genotype). Finally use alternate every other furrow irrigation to conserve water along with foliar application of zinc (particularly zinc sulfate with fast zinc) led to stable physiological indices in stress conditions and it can be proposed to the farmers in markazi province at central of Iran.
Assessment the Effect of Different Planting Pattern (Rice-Wheat, Corn-Wheat) and Growth Stage on Soil Chemical Properties
Conducting research on monitoring contaminated fields by heavy metals is necessary in order to achieve sustainable agriculture, increase product quality and keep public health. This study was carried out using split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2014-2015 in Shavor Agricultural Research Center in order to evaluate the effect of cropping systems and different growth stages on arsenic content and other chemical properties of conventional cultivation. The main factor consisted of planting pattern at two levels (rice-wheat and corn-wheat), and the sub-factor included different growth stages in three levels (Tillering, flowering, and maturity). The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of cultivation system on concentration of arsenic, cationic exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter, phosphorus concentrations, pH, and concentration of soil lime was significant at 1% level. The effect of different growth stages on all traits except of electrical conductivity (at 5% level) was non-significant. The interaction effects of the treatment on all traits were non significant. According mean comparison rice-wheat cropping system had more arsenic concentration (8.68 mg.kg-1) than corn-wheat cropping system (6.73 mg.kg-1). Comparison of different growth stages showed that soil electrical conductivity decreased over time; therefore, the lowest concentration was found in maturity stage (2.62 ds.m-1) that was affected by continuous irrigation. Arsenic and phosphorus are absorbed via similar system by plants because of they are analog; so low concentration of phosphorus and high concentration of arsenic lead to the activation of the absorption system which results in increased absorption of arsenic compared to phosphorus. Finally use of phosphorus fertilizers based soil test is recommended according standard of soil and water Institute.
Enhancement of Growth, Inoculation and Yield Production of Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids by Using Bio-Fertilizer
Bio-fertilizers are naturally occurring soil bacteria that aggressively colonize plantroots and benefit plants by providing growth promotion. This investigation was aimedat determining the effect of Nitroxin bio-fertilizer application on growth, inoculationand yield production of corn hybrids. An experiment was conducted as split plot on thebasis of randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were Included:use of the chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels (F1: 100% urea +0% Nitroxin; F2:75% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F3: 50% urea + 100% Nitroxin; F4: 25%urea + 100% Nitroxin) and the sub plots included three maize hybrids (H1: SingleCross 704 hybrid, H2: Mobin hybrid, H3: Karoun hybrid). Chemical fertilizers usedincluded urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulphate and Nitroxin as biologicalfertilizer. The results showed that the highest seed yield and 1000 seed weight wasallocated to 50% urea with 100% Nitroxin application. Single cross 704 at the level of100% chemical fertilizer had the highest number of seeds per ear, number of seeds perrow and inoculation percentage. Seed yield had positive and significant correlationwith seed number per ear, number of seed per row, seed weight and ear length. Alsolength of ear without a seed trait had the significant negative correlation by number ofseed per row and ear length at 5% probability level, which shows a decrease length ofear without a seed by increasing ear length and seed number per row. Finally applicationof N fertilizer level at 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer andKaroun hybrid was recommended.
Determination Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) Application on Quantitative Parameters of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seed and Correlation Between Measured traits
To assessment effect of concentration and times of disinfection wheat seeds, infected byAspergillus fungus a research was conducted based on Factorial experiment accordingrandomized complete block design with four replications. The factors included four levelsof sodium hypochlorite (2, 4, 6, and 8%) and four times of seed disinfection (2, 5, 7, and10 minutes). Result of analysis of variance indicated interaction effect of treatments ongermination percentage (p≤0.05), Radicle length (p≤0.05), plumule lentgh (p≤0.05),germination rate (p≤0.05), seed dry matter (p≤0.01), speed of germination (p≤0.05) andseedling dry matter (p≤0.01) was significant, but on mean of germination time, radicle dryweight, plumule dry weight and abnormal bud was not significant. Germination rate asimportant trait had significant relation with seedling dry matter (0.992**), radicle length(0.990**), germination percentage (0.983**), plumule length (0.982**), speed of germination(0.981**), seed dry matter (0.924**) and abnormal bud (-0.767*). Treatment of 6%concentrations of sodium hypochlorite along 7 minute had highest amount of Seed drymatter (0.0899 gr), speed of germination (38.991 day), seedling dry matter (0.1899 gr),germination percentage (98.87 %), radicle length (11.40 cm), plumule length (10.91 cm),germination rate (39.98 day), so it possible to advised for improve wheat seed germinationparameters.
Assessment Effect of Organic Matter and Arsenic on Transfer Coefficient, Tolerance Index and Phytoremediation in Cress (Lepidium sativum L.)
Soil contamination with heavy metals such as arsenic has harmful effects on human health and agricultural products. Arsenic (AS) is one of the heavy metals which are highly toxic and carcinogenic. This research was conducted to study the effect of organic manure on increasing the Arsenic absorption ability by Cress plant in the greenhouse of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Khuzestan, Iran, according factorial experiment based randomized completely design with three replications. Main factor included two levels of organic substance (0 and 10 tons per hectar) and three levels of arsenic concentration (0, 20 and 40 ppm) belonged to sub factor. Mean comparison result revealed increasing arsenic concentration led to increase arsenic accumulation in shoot plant (14.1 ppm), also this trend seems in transfer coefficient trait so cress can be used as a purifier plant to reduce arsenic contamination of the soil. It need to mention by increase arsenic concentration, shoot dry weight decreased (0 ppm arsenic concentration had 20.1 gr per flowerpot but 40 ppm treatments had 0.7 gr). Finally according to contamination symptoms (Necrosis and chlorosis) on cress plant at 40 ppm concentrations and reduced plant shoot dry weight at this concentration, it is recommended to use the cress plant for purification of soil contaminated less than 40 ppm arsenic concentrations. It is noteworthy advised according plant's ability to absorb arsenic and other heavy elements, sowing of this plant as food should be avoided in the contaminated fields.
Investigating Effect of Growth Promoting Bacteria and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Qualitative and Quantitative Traits of Zea Mays L. Hybrids
Fertilizer management plays an important role in obtaining satisfactory yields from maize. In addition, fertilizer management is essential for achieving sustainable agriculture and protecting the environment. This research was conducted by split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Main factor was integrated with chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels that included 100, 75, 50, 25% quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers and with zero and 100% of biological fertilizers. Sub factor was three types of maize hybrids including Single cross 704, Single cross Karon 701 (SLD 45/1/2-1× MO17), Single cross Mobin (SLD 45/1/2-1× SLH 2/29/14/2-4/1). Analysis of variance indicated effect of fertilizer on all measured traits instead seed oil percentage and chlorophyll index was significant but effect of hybrids on all traits instead seed protein percentage was not significant. Interaction effect of treatments on seed yield, seed protein percentage and seed oil percentage was significant at 5% and 1% probability level, respectively. According result of mean comparison effect of different level of fertilizer treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer had highest amount of Biological yield (26.49 t.ha-1), harvest index (56.71%), protein yield (1.19 t.ha-1), oil yield (1.18 t.ha-1), and chlorophyll index (53.04), although hybrid SC.704 by 50% Chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer had higher seed yield (15.14 t.ha-1), seed protein percentage (9.98%) and seed oil percentage (9.48%). Finally according result of this research use up biological fertilizers with half the recommended amount of chemical fertilizers is the greatest help towards sustainable agriculture.
Influence of Zeolite and Biological Fertilizer under Different Irrigation Regime on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.)
In order to study the effect of zeolite and biologic fertilizers application under different irrigation regime on yield and quantitative traits in sugar beet, a research project was conducted according split-split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replicates. The main factor included irrigation regime at two levels (Normal and stress), sub factor included zeolite application at two levels (with and without application) and biological fertilizers at four levels [1- Non application of mycorrhiza, 2-Application of mycorrhiza 3- Non -inoculation of bacteria 4- Inoculation of bacteria (Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Azospirillum)] belonged to sub-sub factor. Analysis of variance results showed that interaction effect of zeolite and mycorrhiza and non-application of bacteria under normal irrigation regime on all measured traits (Instead potassium and nitrogen content) was significant. Mean comparison of treatments indicated that NZ1M1B0 treatment (Zeolite and mycorrhiza application and non-inoculation of bacteria under normal irrigation regime) had highest amount of root yield (73340 kg.ha-1), white sugar content (11.88%) and white sugar content (16.47%) but treatments of NM1B0 (Mycorrhiza application and non-inoculation of bacteria under normal irrigation regime), DM0B0 (Non-application of mycorrhiza and bacteria under stress irrigation regime) and DZ0M0B0 (Non-application of zeolite, mycorrhiza and bacterial under stress irrigation regime) had highest amount of potassium content (4.45 meq.100g-1 sugar), amino-nitrogen (2.09 meq.100g-1 sugar) and sodium content (11.95 meq.100g-1 sugar), respectively. According to results of this research mycorrhiza inoculation and use of zeolite under water deficient conditions, caused improving sugar yield and consequently decreasing negative elements (Na, K, and N) under drought stress condition.
Assessment Effect of Different Amounts of Iron and Manganese Sulfates on the Qualitative and Quantitative Yield of Wheat in South West of Iran (Ramhormoz Region)
In order to evaluate the effect of different amounts of iron and manganese sulfates on wheat yield (Chamran cultivar), a factorial experiment based a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment treatments consisted of different concentrations of iron sulfate )Including; zero, 1500, and 3000 grams per hectare) and manganese sulfate (Including; zero, 1500, and 3000 grams per hectare(. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different levels of iron sulfate and manganese sulfate in terms of seed yield and yield components and seed protein content. As the consumption of iron and manganese sulfate increased the number of infertile spike decreased. The highest number of seeds per spike belonged to the consumption of 1500 and 3000 g per hectare iron and manganese sulfates. The treatment with the consumption of 3000 g iron and manganese sulfates in comparison to the control treatment led to the increase of 1000-seed weight as much as almost 10 g. The highest seed yield with an average of 670 g.m-2 belonged to the treatment with consumption of 3000 grams of iron and manganese sulfates. As the consumption of iron and manganese sulfates increased from zero to 3000 g per hectare, protein, the content of protein, iron and manganese of seed increased significantly. The results showed that micronutrients by improving growth conditions and influencing the seed yield components can increase the seed yield and quality to some extent. In general, it can be concluded that highest yield and yield components in this experiment belonged to the treatments with 3000 g.ha-1 iron sulfate and 3000 g.ha-1 manganese sulfate.
Evaluation Effects of Chemical, Organic and Biologic Fertilizers on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomile L.) Yield
Although herbs have been important and attractive since long time ago, they have gained such popularity due to the adverse side effects of chemical medicines that nowadays their cultivation has become among significant agricultural programs of most developed countries. In order to study the effects of chemical, organic, and biological fertilizers on Medicinal Chamomile yield and its components, a split plot experiment laid out in a randomized complete blocks design was conducted with three replications. The experimental fertilizing factors were applied as follows: chemical N as the main factor at four different levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg.ha-1), manure as the secondary factor at two different levels (0 and 30 kg.ha-1), and Nitroxin, an organic fertilizer, as the subordinate factor at two levels (not inoculating versus inoculating Chamomile seeds). Results revealed that chemical N and organic fertilizers significantly affected plant height, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per capitols, seed yield, 1000 seeds yield, and Nitrogen use efficiency, but there were no significant effects on root length and number of capitols per plant. The number of capitols per plant was not affected by any of the studied factors, but root length was only affected by biological fertilizer. Compared to the control, seed yield was increased 53%, 53%, and 59% respectively. Among these three experimented fertilizers, the biological Nitroxin was the most influential one on the above mentioned traits.
Impact of Titanium on Growth and Forage Production of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Growth Stage
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of titanium dioxide and titanium oxide foliar application during two growing stage on growth and forage production of maize during 2012 growing season in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Varamin-Pishva Branch. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks arranged in factorial with four replications. The factors were included two growing stages i.e. four leafy stage and stem elongation for titanium application and five titanium concentration and sources including control (water) titanium oxide (Bulk) and three concentrations of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03% of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The results showed that titanium dioxide nanoparticle especially at stem elongation stage increased plant growth and dry matter accumulation in maize plant. Although, titanium oxide (bulk) had positive effect on biological yield, titanium dioxide nanoparticle produced the highest forage yield. In addition, among different concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticle, application 0.02% significantly improved plant growth; dry matter and final forage yield so that it can be recommended to earning more forage.
The Effect of Mycorrhiza Fungi (VAM) on Phosphorus Absorption by Corn (Zea Mays L.) at South West of Iran
In order to understanding of the VAM effects on functions and nutrition of the corn, a research was conducted in Agricultural Research Center of Safi Abad, Khouzestan. The experiment was carried out based randomized complete block design at four replications. The treatments contain Mycorrhiza Fungi and phosphorous includes: A: Phosphorus according to soil test. B: VAM + Phosphorus according to soil test. C: Phosphorus according to 65% of soil test. D: VAM + Phosphorus according to 65% of soil test. E: Check treatment. This research was done to determine amount of absorbed macro and micro nutritious elements in shoot at early growth stage in corn plant. Result showed amounts of absorbed elements in shoot at any of the treatment levels were not different according to the statistical analysis results. Phosphorus content in plant was variable from 0.12 in treatment 5 to 0.18 % in treatment 1. Plant dry matter was variable from 28.60 in treatment 4 to 36.48 gram in treatment 1 and also the yield of fresh plant was variable from 260 in treatment 5 to 320 gram in treatment 2. The treatment caused plant root to be colonized by Mycorrhiza and using phosphorous fertilizer, compared to soil test (check treatment), was the greatest amount of uptake in corn plant.
Evaluation of Tillage, Nitrogen Fertilizer and Crop Residue Management on some Agronomic Traits of Soybean
This study setout to investigate the effect of wheat residue, tillage, and nitrogen fertilizer management on some agronomic traits of soybean as a split split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included wheat residue management: collecting and leaving residue and sub plot included tillage (without tillage and conventional tillage), and the sub -sub plots included nitrogen fertilizer consumption: base fertilizer, base fertilizer + NF (Nitrogen Factor amount of nitrogen needed for wheat residue degradation to prevent nitrogen deficiency for next crop). The ANOVA results showed that the effect of residue management on harvest index was significant at 5% level. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected on grain oil percentage at 5% level and on grain yield and harvest index at 1% level. The highest grain oil percentage, grain yield, and harvest index were obtained in base fertilizer treatment. Moreover, the interactive effect of tillage and residue management on grain yield was significant at 5% probability level. The highest grain yield belonged to residue management and tillage, residue management without tillage, and tillage without residue. Interactive effect of residue and nitrogen fertilizer on number of pod per plant was significant at 1% probability level. Highest number of pod per plant belonged to residue and base fertilizer. Interactive effect of tillage and nitrogen fertilizer on grain oil was significant at 5% level and on the number of pod per plant and grain yield was significant at 1% probability level. Highest oil percentage belonged to the treatment without tillage and base fertilizer, tillage and base fertilizer NF+, with tillage and base fertilizer, and the highest number of pod belonged to tillage and base fertilizer, and highest grain yield belonged to the treatments with tillage and base fertilizer NF+, tillage and base fertilizer, and without tillage and base fertilizer.
Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Some Maize Hybrids in South West of Iran (Shoushtar Region)
In order to investigate effect of application of Nitroxin and nitrogen chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components, split plot experiment on the basis of Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was conducted. Four levels of Nitrogen fertilizer (N1: 100% chemical fertilizer, N2: 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer, N3: 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer, N4: 25% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer) in main plots and three Maize Hybrids (H1: S.C. 704, H2: Mobin, H3: Karun 701) in subplots were studied. Results showed that the highest grain yield belonged to 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer and Karun hybrid, and the lowest one belonged to 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer and S.C. 704. Maximum biological yield belonged to 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer and Karun hybrid. The highest harvest index belonged to 100% chemical fertilizer and Mobin hybrid and the minimum harvest index in treatment of 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer and S.C. 704 hybrid was seen. 1000-grain weight in treatment of 100% chemical fertilizer and Mobin hybrid have maximum rate. Maximum number of grain per ear and grain per row belonged to the treatment with 100% chemical fertilizer and S.C. 704 hybrid. In maize which require high nutrition for optimal yield, Biological fertilizer application alone cannot replace chemical fertilizers, but they can be used as supplements for chemical fertilizers. Finally application of N fertilizer level at 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer and Karun hybrid were recommended.
Evaluation of Sulfur Fertilizer on Canola Yield under Salinity Conditions
Soil and water salinity damage and decrease canola yield. However, plant yield should be increased using effective methods. This study aimed at investigating the effect of sulfure application fertilizers on canola yield. To this end, the experiment was conducted in split plot arrangement based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Shavoor Research Station in south west of Iran. Main plots was the source of sulfur fertilizer (sulfur element, gypsum, sulfuric acid, golden bio-sulfur) and sub plots were the rate of sulfur application including 6 levels (0, 50, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 Kg S.ha-1). Results showed sources and rate that of sulfur fertilizers had significant different effects (p<0.01) on canola yield and biologic yield but they had no effect on grain thousand weight and grain in capsule. The highest grain yield and biologic yield obtained from Golden bio sulfur application. The findings also revealed that Interactive effects had significant effects (p<0.01) on canola yield and biologic yield but they had no effects on grain thou-sand weight and grain in capsule. Sulfur fertilizer application is an effective method for compensation damage yield of canola in salinity conditions.
Assess Effect of Growth Regulator (Gibberellin Hormone) on Crop Production under Abiotic Stress
The development and growth of plants are influenced by a variety of factors, including phytohormones with their designated roles. Plant growth regulators are known to enhance the source-sink relationship and stimulate the translocation of photo-assimilates thereby helping in effective flower formation, fruit and seed development and ultimately enhance productivity of the crop. Growth regulators can improve the physiological efficiency including photosynthetic ability and can enhance the effective partitioning of accumulates from source to sink in the field crops. Gibberellic acid (GA) a well-known phytohormone, has numerous physiological effects on plants including seed germination, growth, stem elongation, leaf expansion, photosynthesis, flowering and cell expansion. In recent years, growth hormones have attracted much attention to enhance yield and its related traits of crops. The synthesis and regulation of gibberellins in plants involve complex biosynthetic pathways that integrate both endogenous and environmental signals. Additionally, GA play a role in stress response, helping plants adapt to challenging conditions like salinity and water scarcity. Research continues to explore the biotechnological applications of GA, including their use in floriculture, fruit production, and improving plant resilience under stress conditions, making them essential for sustainable agriculture. It can be concluded that the exogenous application of gibberellic acid improves the morphological characteristics, physiological and metabolic processes, in addition to increasing the yield and quality of plants grown under different environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 مجله تغذیه گیاهان زراعی
Effects of Rhizobium– Mycorrhizae Symbiosis and Foliar Application of Urea on Some Traits of Soybean
In order to investigate the effect of rhizobium bacteria, mycorrhiza fungi and foliar application of urea on qualitative and quantitative traits of soybean an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The experiment included six treatments as: Control (C), Rhizobium bacteria (R), Rhizobium bacteria + Mycorrhiza fungi (R+M), Rhizobium bacteria + Foliar application of Urea (R+U), Rhizobium bacteria+ Mycorrhiza fungi + Foliar application of Urea (R+M+U), Foliar application of Urea (U). Results showed that the effect of rhizobium and mycorrhiza and foliar application of urea on grain yield and yield components of soybean was not significant, but their effect on grain protein, grain oil, and the number of grains per lateral pod was significant. Rhizobium- mycorrhiza symbiosis and foliar application of urea had significant effect on the rate of grain oil, protein, and yield increased number of grains per pod. Combined use of rhizobium, mycorrhiza, and foliar application of urea increased leaf area and the highest leaf area index belonged to rhizobium treatment (R) 80 days after planting and after that (R+U) treatment 90 days after planting. The highest rate of dry matter belonged to rhizobium treatment (R). Stem height, number of nodules, nodule dry weight, and root dry weight during the growth season increased similarly in all treatments. The highest stem height belonged to (R+M) treatment, the lowest stem height belonged to (C) treatment, the highest nodule dry weight and root dry weight belonged to (R) and (R+M+U) treatments, respectively and the lowest one belonged to (C) treatment.
Effect of Soil Application of Humic Acid and Fluvic Acid on Agronomic traits of Barley
One of the most important issues affecting environmental health and sustainable food production is application of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. This study set out to investigate the effect of application of soil humic acid and fulvic acid on barley plant. To this end a factorial experiment was carried out on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Roudehen in 2012. The first factor included four levels of humic acid concentration (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g per kg soil) and the second factor included 4 levels of humic acid concentration (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g per kg pot soil). The results showed that humic acid and fulvic acid had a significant effect on dry weight of stem, leaf, and spike. Moreover, humic acid and fulvic acid had a significant effect on grain yield (at 1% level), biological weight (at 1% level), and 1000-grain weight (at 5% level), but their effect on harvest index was not significant. The highest rate of biological weight was obtained when 1 g humic acid per kg soil and 1 g fulvic acid per kg soil were applied. In general, the results of the research indicated that application of humic acid and fulvic acid had a positive effect on improvement of growth and yield of barley plant.
Assessment of Foliar Application of Iron and Silicon on Some Agronomic, Quanti-tative and Qualitative Parameters of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
This study aimed at evaluating some quantitative and qualitative properties of potato as one of the main commercial products in Iran. To this end, a split plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete bloke design with silicone and iron was carried out in jiroft as one of the commercial area of planting potatoes. The main factor included different levels of silicon (0, 10, 20, 30 mM.l-1) and sub plot included different levels of Iron (0, 1, 2, 3 g.l-1). The results showed that the highest and the lowest dry and fresh weight of plant, stem diameter, number of tubers per plant, number of tubers above 100 g, and the yield of tuber per hectare were observed in treatments with the interactive effect of iron and silicon at a concentration of 2 g per liter and control treatment, respectively. Tuber yield due to foliar application of 2 g.l-1 iron and 2 g.l-1 silicon was 15-35% more than control treatment. However, the interactive effect of the fertilizers on plant height, number of stems, number of tubers and tuber weight was not significant. In general, iron and silicon fertilizers with concentration of 2 g.l-1 is recommended for producing potato with higher quality and quantity.
Assessment Maize Hybrids Response to Biological and Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers
This research set out to evaluate the effect of combined biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on some corn hybrids. To this end an experiment was conducted as split plot on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were included: use of chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels: 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer, 25% chemical fertilizer + 100% bio-fertilizer and sub plots included three corn hybrids: single cross 704 hybrid, Mobin hybrid and Karoun hybrid. Chemical fertilizers used included urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulphate and Nitroxin for biological fertilizer. Results showed that Karoun hybrid in 50% Chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer treatment had the highest grain yield, and biological yield and protein percent and the lowest number of grain per row, grain yield, plant height and biological yield belonged to 100% chemical fertilizer and Mobin hybrid treatment. Highest 1000 grain weight belonged to Karoun hybrid and the lowest protein percent was in Mobin hybrid. Finally results revealed that single cross 704 and Karoun hybrids in number of grain per row and protein yield and Mobin hybrid and single cross 704 in 1000-grain weight were not significantly different. Single cross 704 hybrid only in protein percent was higher than other hybrids. Finally consummation of biological fertilizers with 50% organic fertilizer produced the highest grain yield.
Effect of Biological and Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers and Plant Density on Quan-titative and Qualitative yield of Silage Corn
In order to study the effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on silage corn under different plant densities, a split plot experiment was carried out in a randomized completely block design with three replicates in south western Iran. The main plot included nitrogen fertilizer treatment at three levels (N1: with out chemical and organic fertilizers, N2: 75% chemical fertilizer + 100% organic fertilizer, N3: 100% chemical fertilizer+ 100% organic fertilizer) and the sub plot was density in three levels (D1: 70000 plant.ha-1, D2: 90000 plant.ha-1, D3: 110000 plant.ha-1). The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight of forage, stem, and leaf of the corn was related to the treatment with 75% urea and 100% Nitroxin. D1 (70000 plant.ha-1) and D2 (90000 plant.ha-1) had higher yields than the other densities in terms of stem, leaf and forage dry weights, but it was not possible to identify appropriate density in terms of fresh weight of stem, leaf, corn and forage because the effects of different densities on these traits were not significant. N2 treatment had the highest rate of plant height, number of leaves per plant, and corn/plant ratio. N1 treatment without chemical or organic fertilizer had the lowest rate of mentioned features. Moreover, N3 treatment had highest rate of protein and phosphor. Interaction effect of fertilizer and density was not significant on all studied traits. Generally, combined fertilizer treatment with 75% urea and 100% Nitroxin had a significant effect on the increase of forage yield in comparison to control treatment (without chemical and organic fertilizer). The optimum plant density (90000 plant.ha-1) increased yield and more importantly due to competition and shadowing reduced the dry matter and yield in this experiment.
Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Bread and Durum Wheat Genotypes
The present study aimed at investigating the effect of different levels of nitrogen on yield and yield components of bread and durum wheat. To this end the experiment was conducted in 2010-2011 in south west of Iran as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot included four levels of nitrogen 60, 120, 180, 240 kg.ha-1 and the sub plot included four wheat genotypes (Chamran, S-85-19, Dena, and Behrang). The results showed that effect of nitrogen fertilizer on biological yield and grain yield was significant at 1% level and on the number of spike per area unit, number of spikelet per spike, number of grain per area unit, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index at 5% probability level was significant. The highest grain yield and biological yield by 554.60 and 1271 g.m-2, belonged to treatment with application of 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen, respectively. The highest harvest index by 46.71% belonged to the control treatment. Finally, the results indicated that among the genotypes, the highest number of grains per spike by 30 grain belonged to Dena cultivar and highest grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index by 524.34, 1168.80 g.m-2, and 45.42% belonged to Chamran cultivar, respectively
Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Planting Patterns on Dry Matter Production and Growth Physiological Indices in Intercropping Maize and Sunflower
This research aimed at investigating the effect of different levels of nitrogen and planting patterns on dry matter production and growth physiological indices in intercropping maize and sunflower. To do this a split plot experiment carried out based randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Shushtar Islamic Azad University. The main plot included three levels of nitrogen as N1=50, N2=100, and N3=150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and the sub plot included two crops monoculture (S1=Sunflower, S5=Maize) and three planting patterns (S2=25% Maize + 75% Sunflower, S3= 50% Maize + 50% Sunflower, S4= 75% Maize + 25% Sunflower). The mixture was formed based on replacement. Result revealed that the increase of nitrogen level up to 150 kg.ha-1 significantly increased plant height and total fresh weight of maize and sunflower. Planting pattern influenced maize plant height and total fresh weight of maize and sunflower. The highest TDM, height, and total fresh weight of maize and LAI and total fresh weight of sunflower belonged to the second planting pattern. Result also showed that CGR, RGR, and NAR in each plant followed the general pattern of these indices and the best status was achieved at the level of 150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. The highest rate of LER by 1.16 belonged to N3S2. That is, the intercropping yield in this case increased 16% compared with pure cultivation.