International Nano Letters
type: channel
description: International Nano Letters is a peer-reviewed open access journal, covering fundamental and applied research in all disciplines of science, engineering and medicine. The overall aim of the International Nano Letters is to bring science and applications together on nanoscale and nanostructured materials with emphasis on synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications of materials containing true nanosize dimensions or nanostructures that enable novel/enhanced properties or functions. It is directed at both academic researchers and practicing engineers. This journal operates on an open access model and charges an Article Processing Charge (APC) to cover the costs of publication and ensure free and permanent access to published articles. We are committed to supporting researchers worldwide and offer APC waivers for authors from low- and middle-income countries, as well as in cases of financial hardship. Waiver requests are considered on a case-by-case basis and do not influence editorial decisions. For more information on APCs and waiver eligibility, please visit our APC & Waivers Policy page. Journal DOI: 10.57647/inl Journal Abbreviation: Int. Nano Lett. Journal Title Acronym: INL Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Editor-in-Chief: Bijan Ranjbar, PhD Director-in-Charge: Jamshid Sabbaghzadeh, PhD Managing Editor: Atefeh Ghaderi, PhD
publisher: OICC Press
language: en
publication name: International Nano Letters
issn: 2008-9295
items: Recent Insights into Biodegradable Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications: Prospects and Challenges
items: Distance-Based Colorimetric µPADs for Nickel Detection: Effect of Cover Materials, Reagent Loading, and Data Normalization
items: Effect of Pulsed Laser Irradiation on Perovskite/TiO2 Nanoparticles
items: Nonlinear Dynamical Band Structure Induced by Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearity in Duffing Oscillators
items: Luminescent ZnWO4:Ag Fibers as Flexible Platforms for Smart Radiation Sensitive Textiles
items: Structural Tuning of ZnO Nanorods via Seed-Layer Engineering for High Speed n-ZnO/p-Si UV Photodetector
items: Optical Route for Testosterone Hormone Sensing Exploiting BlochWaves in One Dimensional Photonic Crystal
items: Electrospun PAN/ZnO/CuO Nanofibers: Investigation of Microstructure and Antibacterial Activity
items: Tailoring Electronic and Magnetic Behaviour of ZnS via (Sm, Co) Co-Doping for Spintronics Applications
items: Sonneratia caseolaris-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles: Characterisation and Antibacterial Activity Against Edwardsiella tarda from Diseased Freshwater Fish
items: Nano Herbal Therapeutics: A Dual-Edged Sword – Comprehensive Insights into Advantages, Challenges, and Future Prospects
items: Structural Investigation of the Graphene TriangularNanostructure Edges and Energy Band Calculation
items: Plasmon–Exciton Coupling in Flexible Ag/Fluorescein Hybrid Nanostructures for Enhanced Fluorescence Applications
items: Quantum Dot-Integrated Perovskite Solar Cells: A Pathway to Enhanced Light Harvesting and Stability
items: Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Metformin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Ionic Gelation Technique
items: Enhancing Hyperthermic Oncology: A Computational Approach to Optimize Fe3O4@Au core-shell Configurations for Targeted Tumor Therapy
items: Nanomaterials in Diabetic Wound Dressing: A Mini Review
items: Preparation of a New Inexpensive Paper-Based Sensor for the Detection of Nitrite and Nitrate Species in Water
items: Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Introduce New Inhibitors for Ambler Class C of β-lactamase Enzymes
items: Effect of Ni-Doping on the Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Method
items: Selenium Chitosan and Selenium Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Combined with Curcumin Chitosan Nanoparticles to Enhance Antibacterial and Antiviral Activities
items: Zinc- poly aniline- Palladium core shell for Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of Acetaminophen
items: Emerging Food Analytical Methods: Role of Nanotechnology
items: Synergistic Effect of Nano-TiO2 and CNTs on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Cement–Silica Fume Stabilized Soils under Freeze–Thaw Cycles
items: Nanotechnology-Enhanced Polymer Scaffolds with Antibacterial and Angiogenic Properties on Diabetic Wound Healing
items: Isotherm Investigation and Assessment of the Adsorption Efficacy of Zinc Ions on Natural Zeolite and Zeolite Modified with Anionic (SDS) and Cationic (CTAB) Surfactants
items: The Effect of Applied Electric Field on Hydrogen Incorporation During the Formation of Au Nanoparticles Fabricated by Laser Ablation
items: Water Chemical Treatment by Photocatalytic Activity of Graphene Oxide–Decorated Titanium Dioxide/Ag Nanocomposite
items: Multilayer Propylenidene for Optoelectronic Applications: A First-Principles Study of Electronic and Optical Characteristics
items: Designing and Optimizing Bioactive Bone Dressing for Tooth Socket Preservation and Regenerative Dentistry Application: In Vitro Study

Recent Insights into Biodegradable Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications: Prospects and Challenges
type: item
description: Biodegradable nanocomposites have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-based food packaging materials, offering enhanced mechanical strength, improved barrier performance, and active functionalities such as antimicrobial activity. By combining biopolymer matrices with nanoscale fillers, these materials aim to maintain food quality while reducing environmental impact. Numerous studies demonstrate that biodegradable nanocomposites can satisfy key functional requirements of traditional packaging while providing additional performance advantages. However, despite significant laboratory-scale advancements, several critical challenges continue to limit large-scale implementation. These include scalable manufacturing and nanofiller dispersion control, regulatory compliance, migration safety evaluation, cost competitiveness, and long-term environmental assessment. Addressing these interconnected constraints is essential for translating material innovation into practical packaging solutions. This review aims to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale material development and real-world packaging applications by addressing technical, safety, and commercialization constraints. By examining current limitations and emerging solutions, the review provides a realistic outlook on the future integration of biodegradable nanocomposites into sustainable food packaging systems.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Biodegradable nanocomposites
  topic: keywords
subject: Active food packaging
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanofiller dispersion
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Life cycle assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Commercialization challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryam Salehian
creator: Zeinab Salehi
creator: Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Salehian, Zeinab Salehi, Kianoush Khosravi-Darani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.57647/inl.2026.1601.04

Distance-Based Colorimetric µPADs for Nickel Detection: Effect of Cover Materials, Reagent Loading, and Data Normalization
type: item
description: Distance-based microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (pPADs) provide instrument-free quantification for metal ions, yet cross-study comparisons are hindered by differences in geometry, paper type, reagent loading, and sample volume. In this work, transparent-sheet-covered pPADs were fabricated on Whatman Grade 42 using a simple impregnation method, and the selective Ni–dimethylglyoxime (Ni–DMG) reaction at pH 10.2 generated a reddish-pink precipitate whose migration length represented the analyte concentration. Four Ni(II) levels (20 − 80 ppm) and three DMG loadings (20, 40, and 60 mM) were tested (???? = 10, 5 pL per sample). Band length increased with Ni(II) concentration but decreased with higher DMG, revealing a trade-off between signal and reagent excess. To compare with wax-printed pPADs in the literature, a channel-width correction and dimensionless length normalization were applied, while data were expressed in terms of Ni(II) amount (nmol). The normalized curves showed close agreement in the overlapping range despite differences in paper grade and channel width. The Wilairat model fitted the data well (????2 > 0.95), with increasing DMG elevating the reagent parameter and lowering the asymptotic distance. Overall, the reproducible, low-cost platform and the introduced normalization framework offer a practical route to harmonize distance-based colorimetric Ni(II) detection across various pPAD designs.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
  topic: keywords
subject: Distance-based colorimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Nickel detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Dimethylglyoxime
  topic: keywords
subject: Normalization
  topic: keywords
subject: Dimensionless length
  topic: keywords
creator: Elnaz Ghahremani
creator: Leila Vafajoo
creator: Azizollah Shafiekhani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Elnaz Ghahremani, Leila Vafajoo, Azizollah Shafiekhani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
doi: 10.57647/inl.2026.1601.02

Effect of Pulsed Laser Irradiation on Perovskite/TiO2 Nanoparticles
type: item
description: Perovskite layers are key nanoscale absorbers in a wide range of optoelectronic devices, driving intense research into their deposition control, crystallization kinetics, and interfacial nanoengineering. In this work, we investigate the effects of nanosecond-pulsed Nd:YVO4 laser irradiation (355 nm) on the structural and optical properties of perovskite layers integrated with TiO2 nanoparticles. Nanoscale modifications induced by laser processing are systematically analyzed through optical transmission, photoluminescence (PL), surface morphology, and elemental composition measurements. The results reveal laser fluence as a decisive parameter: Low fluence deteriorates optoelectronic performance by forming a defective surface dead layer via increased nanoscale roughness, whereas higher fluence enhances optical transmittance through controlled nanoscale ablation and film thinning. Moreover, the incorporation of a mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticle scaffold plays a critical role in maintaining bandgap stability during laser exposure, underscoring its protective function against localized thermal decomposition. These findings demonstrate that laser-matter interactions at the nanoscale can be precisely tuned to engineer perovskite layers for targeted optoelectronic device applications.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Perovskite
  topic: keywords
subject: TiO2 nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Photoluminescence
  topic: keywords
subject: Laser process
  topic: keywords
creator: Nahid Ghazyani
creator: Vahid Kamrani Pouya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nahid Ghazyani, Vahid Kamrani Pouya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1504.16

Nonlinear Dynamical Band Structure Induced by Frequency-Dependent Nonlinearity in Duffing Oscillators
type: item
description: We demonstrate that a nonlinear medium whose nonlinear susceptibility is explicitly frequency-dependent such as graphene-exhibits nonlinear dispersive dynamical states governed by the Duffing equation. These states selectively suppress or support certain frequency components of the driving field, forming a nonlinear band structure without any spatial periodicity. This reveals a new mechanism of nonlinear frequency filtering originating solely from the dynamical response of the nonlinear oscillator. The nonlinear dispersive medium modifies the effective Floquet quasi-energy landscape of the driven Duffing oscillator. The Jacobi elliptic solutions exist only in regions where the nonlinear Floquet modes are stable, forming frequency-selective “nonlinear Floquet bands”. Outside these bands the Floquet multipliers diverge, resulting in forbidden frequencies.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Nonlinear dispersive medium
  topic: keywords
subject: Graphene
  topic: keywords
subject: Frequency band pass filter
  topic: keywords
subject: Floquet states
  topic: keywords
subject: Duffing oscillator
  topic: keywords
creator: Morteza Abdollahi Sharif
creator: Mehdi Borjkhani
creator: Hadi Borjkhani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Morteza Abdollahi Sharif, Mehdi Borjkhani, Hadi Borjkhani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-01
publication date: 2026-02-01
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1504.15

Luminescent ZnWO4:Ag Fibers as Flexible Platforms for Smart Radiation Sensitive Textiles
type: item
description: In this study, Ag-doped ZnWO4 fibers were successfully fabricated using a simple, low-cost drawing technique, and their structural, morphological, and optical properties were systematically investigated, with particular emphasis on their response to ionizing radiation. ZnWO4 and ZnWO4:Ag nanopowders were first synthesized via a coprecipitation method and subsequently embedded into a polymeric matrix to form flexible microfibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase monoclinic wolframite ZnWO4 structure, while Ag incorporation induced slight peak shifting and reduced crystallinitydue to lattice distortion. Raman spectroscopy further verified the preservation of characteristic WO24− vibrational modes. FESEM observations revealed the successful formation of continuous microfibers with average diameters of approximately 12 μm for pristine ZnWO4 fibers and 15 μm for Ag-doped fibers, with uniformly distributed Ag nanoparticles decorating the fiber surface, as confirmed by EDS and elemental mapping analyses. Optical studies demonstrated a strong emission band centered at ∼ 500 nm in both photoluminescence (PL) and ion beam induced luminescence (IBIL) spectra. Notably, Ag-doped ZnWO4 fibers exhibited significantly enhanced luminescence intensity compared to undoped samples under both UV excitation and 2.2 MeV proton irradiation, attributed to Ag-induced defect states, improved charge carrier trapping, and enhanced radiative recombination. The IBIL intensity was substantially higher than PL due to the higher excitation efficiency of energetic protons. These findings highlight the strong potential of Ag-doped ZnWO4 nanofibers as advanced functional materials for ionizing radiation detection, scintillation devices, and smart textile applications.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Phosphor
  topic: keywords
subject: ZnWO4
  topic: keywords
subject: Optical sensitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanofibers
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanaz Alamdari
creator: Amir Hossein Jabbar Sadooni
creator: Somayeh Salmani Shik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sanaz Alamdari, Amir Hossein Jabbar Sadooni, Somayeh Salmani Shik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1504.13

Structural Tuning of ZnO Nanorods via Seed-Layer Engineering for High Speed n-ZnO/p-Si UV Photodetector
type: item
description: The effect of seed layer thickness on the optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanorods (NRs) for fast-response UV photodetector applications was investigated. Vertically aligned ZnO NRs were grown via a hydrothermal method using seed layers with various thicknesses ranging from 350 nm to 550 nm. FESEM characterization revealed that the synthesized ZnO NRs had average diameters of 71−175 nm and lengths of 1.3−2 μm. UV-Vis spectra indicated that the sample with the thinnest seed layer (350 nm), which exhibited a higher aspect ratio, showed enhanced absorption in the UV region. p-n heterojunction photodetectors (PDs) based on the synthesized ZnO NRs were fabricated, and their I-V and I-t characteristics were evaluated. The results demonstrated that optimizing the seed layer thickness in accordance with the UV wavelength significantly improves the photodetector’s responsivity, sensitivity, and quantum efficiency, while also achieving remarkably fast response and recovery times. These findings highlight the critical role of structural tuning in enabling high-performance, fast-response UV photodetectors.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: ZnO nanorods
  topic: keywords
subject: Seed layer tuning
  topic: keywords
subject: Fast-response UV photodetector
  topic: keywords
subject: PN photodiode
  topic: keywords
creator: Samaneh Jabbarivand
creator: Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara
creator: Soraya Muosavi
creator: Ali Kazempour
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samaneh Jabbarivand, Moahammad Hossein Majles Ara, Soraya Muosavi, Ali Kazempour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1504.14

Optical Route for Testosterone Hormone Sensing Exploiting BlochWaves in One Dimensional Photonic Crystal
type: item
description: Bloch surface waves (BSWs) in periodic multilayer photonic crystals (PCs) were excited using a 635-nm laser for testosterone hormone detection employing the Kretschmann-Raether configuration. A 24-layer ZrO2-SiO2 PC served as the key dielectric sensing medium for the evanescent field interaction with testosterone molecules in blood plasma. Although SiO2 does not bind strongly to testosterone, it provides the necessary low-index component to achieve high contrast with ZrO2. The layer combinations are ideal for low optical loss in biosensing. A 20-μL mixture of phosphate buffered saline, testosterone, and blood plasma with the testosterone concentrations of 0.5, 1, 10, 100, and 200 mM were poured over the PC surface. The acceptable viscosity of this mixture helps adhere the BSW-based sensor to the BK7 prism coupler surface used in the experiment. The results of polarized reflected transverse magnetic waves indicate strong dependence on the angular shift. The lowest concentration (of 0.5 mM) was detected at an angle of approximately 51.2°, while the highest concentration (of 200 mM) was spotted at 51.7°. For concentrations < 10 mM, the sensitivity of the studied BSW-based sensor was found to be nonlinear with the angular shift; higher concentrations, however, showed this feature to be linear.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Bloch surface waves
  topic: keywords
subject: Biosensing
  topic: keywords
subject: Testosterone hormone
  topic: keywords
subject: Photonic crystal
  topic: keywords
subject: Magneto-plasmonics
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Shirshahi
creator: D. Cheraghian
creator: M. Ghasemi
creator: Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi
creator: Pankaj Kumar Choudhury
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 A. Shirshahi, D. Cheraghian, M. Ghasemi, Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi, Pankaj Kumar Choudhury (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1503.11

Electrospun PAN/ZnO/CuO Nanofibers: Investigation of Microstructure and Antibacterial Activity
type: item
description: Antibacterial polymeric nanofibers derived from PAN nanofibers exhibit remarkable promise for a variety of applications in the biomedical field. In this study, we explored the incorporation of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles into PAN/ZnO/CuO nanofibers, which were meticulously fabricated using the electrospinning technique complemented by an ex-situ generation method. The structural properties of the PAN/ZnO/CuO nanofibers were characterized through XRD analysis, which confirmed a significant interaction between the ZnO/CuO nanoparticles and the electrospun PAN matrix. Additionally, FE-SEM and AFM imaging provided compelling visual evidence that the ZnO/CuO nanoparticles are uniformly distributed throughout the PAN nanofiber network, indicating a well-integrated composite structure. To evaluate their potential for clinical use, we rigorously tested the antibacterial efficacy of the PAN/ZnO/CuO nanofibers against a range of bacterial strains commonly found in hospital environments. The results were promising, revealing that these composite nanofibers exhibit a pronounced antibacterial effect against several pathogens, including Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Such findings suggest that these advanced nanofibers could play a crucial role in enhancing infection control measures in medical settings.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Metal oxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanocomposites
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrospinning
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Sara Azarakhsh
creator: Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara
creator: Reza Beiranvand
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sara Azarakhsh, Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara, Reza Beiranvand (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1502.08

Tailoring Electronic and Magnetic Behaviour of ZnS via (Sm, Co) Co-Doping for Spintronics Applications
type: item
description: Exploring semiconducting materials for applications in the spintronic devices we investigate structural, electronic and magnetic properties of (Sm, Co) Co-doped ZnS diluted magnetic semiconductor (Zn30Sm1Co1S32) by first principle calculations using GGA+U approximation. The total energy calculations depict the ferromagnetic state as the stable state in the Co-doped system with larger Sm-Co separation while for smaller Sm-Co separation the system shows antiferromagnetic character. The total density of states (DOS) calculations demonstrates semiconducting and metallic character in the spin up and spin down states respectively which discloses p-d hybridization between Co-d and S-p ion revealing half metallic behaviour with 100% spin polarization. These findings establish Zn30Sm1Co1S32 as promising material for spintronic applications, combining semiconductor functionality with magnetic ordering and spin polarization essential for next-generation electronic devices.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Spintronics
  topic: keywords
subject: Diluted magnetic semiconductors
  topic: keywords
subject: Half metallic ferromagnetism
  topic: keywords
subject: p-d Hybridization
  topic: keywords
creator: D. Saikia
creator: J. P. Borah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 D. Saikia, J. P. Borah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1502.07

Sonneratia caseolaris-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles: Characterisation and Antibacterial Activity Against Edwardsiella tarda from Diseased Freshwater Fish
type: item
description: Edwardsiella tarda infection can cause significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. It causes haemorrhagic septicaemia in freshwater and marine fish, and serious health issues in humans and other animals. The abuse of antibiotics in aquaculture has been linked to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are regarded as a potential therapeutic alternative. This study biosynthesised AgNPs using the methanolic leaf extract of Sonneratia caseolaris. A 0.1 mg/ml (H2) extract solution formed AgNPs successfully as indicated by brownish colour change after 24 h incubation and evidenced by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed silver as the main constituent (84.49%). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) displayed polydisperse, near-spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 22.3 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis suggested that several functional groups were involved in SC-AgNPs formation. SC-AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against 12 E. tarda isolates from diseased African catfish and Asian swamp eels, including a β-haemolytic strain (ET10). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined to be 2.5 μg/mL. This study suggests that SC-AgNPs has the potential as an alternative to antibiotics to reduce the risk of antibioticresistance in aquaculture.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Biosynthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Green synthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Mangrove apple tree
  topic: keywords
subject: Methanolic leaf extract
  topic: keywords
subject: Edwardsiellosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Alia Syafiqah Aznan
creator: Kok Leong Lee
creator: Wan Nurhafizah Wan Ibrahim
creator: Nur Azna Saari
creator: Mohamad Tajuddin Abdul Manaf
creator: Norhidayah Mohd Ahyat
creator: Ruhil Hayati Hamdan
creator: Musa Nadirah
creator: Yeong Yik Sung
creator: Alyza Azzura Abd Rahman Azmi
creator: Faizah Shaharom-Harrison
creator: Rossita Shapawi
creator: Houjun Pan
creator: Musa Najiah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alia Syafiqah Aznan, Kok Leong Lee, Wan Nurhafizah Wan Ibrahim, Nur Azna Saari, Mohamad Tajuddin Abdul Manaf, Norhidayah Mohd Ahyat, Ruhil Hayati Hamdan, Musa Nadirah, Yeong Yik Sung, Alyza Azzura Abd Rahman Azmi, Faizah Shaharom-Harrison, Rossita Shapawi, Houjun Pan, Musa Najiah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1502.06

Nano Herbal Therapeutics: A Dual-Edged Sword – Comprehensive Insights into Advantages, Challenges, and Future Prospects
type: item
description: Nano herbal therapeutics combine nanotechnology with herbal medicine to overcome challenges like poor bioavailability and instability of phytochemicals. These formulations enhance efficacy, safety, and patient compliance compared to conventional herbal and synthetic nanoparticle systems. Plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs) offer benefits including improved cellular uptake, low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. Several nano-formulated herbal compounds have shown promising outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies, especially in cancer, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. This review highlights the pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential of nano-herbal systems while comparing PDNPs to synthetic counterparts. We also explore their mechanisms of action, molecular signaling pathways, and roles in targeted delivery. Additionally, the review addresses challenges such as formulation stability, large-scale production, regulatory gaps, and long-term toxicity. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Emerging tools such as AI-assisted formulation and biodegradable carriers are discussed as future directions. The integration of nanotechnology and herbal medicine presents a transformative approach to disease treatment. However, regulatory standardization, environmental safety, and ethical commercialization remain critical for clinical translation.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Nano herbal therapeutics
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioavailability
  topic: keywords
subject: Toxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Targeted delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Green synthesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Entesar E. Hassan
creator: Dalia Mamdouh Mabrouk
creator: Sekena H. Abdel-Aziem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Entesar E. Hassan, Dalia Mamdouh Mabrouk, Sekena H. Abdel-Aziem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1502.05

Structural Investigation of the Graphene TriangularNanostructure Edges and Energy Band Calculation
type: item
description: In this paper, we have used the Tight Binding model for the triangular graphene nanostructure, and by calculating the eigenenergy at the zigzag and armchair edges, and compared with graphene lattice energy spectra, we were able to predict the energy gap in this structure. By applying the Tight Binding Hamiltonian matrices for the unit cell and the first neighbors in the graphene lattice, we obtain the energy eigenvalues. We changed the problem conditions for the edges and observed that the zigzag edge has an electronic band with a zero-gap similar to a complete graphene lattice. But, the presence of the armchair edge has caused the formation of an energy gap. Eventually, we compared the results with experimental examples. The presence of an energy gap in the triangular nanostructure of graphene can be related to the edge of the armchair. Furthermore, the presence of active radicals and functional groups on the edge of the armchair reduces the energy gap in the nanostructure, which gives semiconductor properties to this structure.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Graphene; Zigzag
  topic: keywords
subject: Armchair
  topic: keywords
subject: Triangular nanostructures
  topic: keywords
subject: Tight binding model
  topic: keywords
creator: Alireza Dadkhah Tehrani
creator: Babak Efafi
creator: Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alireza Dadkhah Tehrani, Babak Efafi, Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1503.12

Plasmon–Exciton Coupling in Flexible Ag/Fluorescein Hybrid Nanostructures for Enhanced Fluorescence Applications
type: item
description: In this work, the fabrication and optical characterization of flexible hybrid plasmonic-excitonic films were made, which included a PDMS substrate covered by a dispersed Ag layer and a fluorescein/PVP top layer. The coupling of localized surface plasmon modes (SPPs) in the Ag layer with the excitonic transition of fluorescein molecules resulted in a strong enhancement of the fluorescence emission intensity. This effect is largely attributed to the good overlap of the spectral response of the silver plasmon, around 420 nm, with the fluorescein absorption band around 490 nm, providing the necessary conditions for an effective plasmon-exciton interaction. In addition, the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum for an excitation wavelength of 532 nm evidenced the presence of a strong emission peak around 530 nm, whose intensity linearly depends on the excitation irradiance, indicating that the stability of the coupling process is guaranteed with in the system Hybrid architectures based on the PDMS/Ag/fluorescein-PVP guarantee brilliant future prospects regarding their implementation in biosensing and nanophotonic systems due to their flexibility, low cost, and scalability.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Plasmon-Exciton Coupling
  topic: keywords
subject: Silver Nanostructures Fluorescein
  topic: keywords
subject: LIF
  topic: keywords
subject: PDMS Substrate Optical Sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: Absorbance(a.u) wavelength
  topic: keywords
creator: Zainab Adnan
creator: Zainab Ahmed
creator: Zahraa Musafir Abd
creator: N. S. Shnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Adnan, Zainab Ahmed, Zahraa Musafir Abd, N. S. Shnan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1503.10

Quantum Dot-Integrated Perovskite Solar Cells: A Pathway to Enhanced Light Harvesting and Stability
type: item
description: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a transformative photovoltaic technology, combining high power-conversion efficiencies with inexpensive, solution-based processing. However, their intrinsic instability and incomplete optical absorption currently hinder their widespread application. The integration of quantum dots (QDs) into PSCs has arisen as a promising strategy to address these limitations. By broadening the absorption spectrum, passivating defects, and facilitating charge transport, QDs can push single-junction PSC efficiencies to ∼ 26% while improving long-term stability. This review surveys recent progress in QD PSCs systems, covering QDs synthesis and incorporation methods, device architectures, and optoelectronic enhancements. We discuss the multifaceted roles of QDs in defect passivation, moisture resistance, and interface engineering, and highlight concerns about scalability and lead toxicity. Finally, we outline future directions such as lead-free QDs, tandem cell designs, and scalable manufacturing to position QD-enhanced PSCs as next-generation photovoltaic candidates.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Quantum dots
  topic: keywords
subject: Perovskite solar cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Photovoltaic cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Light harvesting
  topic: keywords
subject: Defect passivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Stability enhancement
  topic: keywords
creator: Promud Konch
creator: Prerona Singha
creator: Pradip Kumar Kalita
creator: Sagar Bhattarai
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Promud Konch, Prerona Singha, Pradip Kumar Kalita, Sagar Bhattarai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1503.09

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Metformin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Ionic Gelation Technique
type: item
description: This study formulated and characterized metformin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) using the ionic gelation technique and evaluated their drug release kinetics. Characterization confirmed successful drug encapsulation, with FTIR indicating compatibility, XRD showing reduced crystallinity, and particle sizes ranging from 184.28 to 246.82 nm. The NPs exhibited stable zeta potentials (+42.38 to +49.06 mV) and high entrapment efficiencies (68.42% − 81.26%). In vitro drug release studies at pH 7.4 and pH 2 demonstrated an initial burst release, followed by sustained release over 24 hours. The cumulative drug release ranged from 81.92% to 97.72% at pH 7.4 and 89.4% to 98.1% at pH 2, with a faster release at pH 2. Drug release kinetics followed First-order for MN1, while MN2 and MN3 best fitted the Higuchi model, indicating diffusion-controlled release through the chitosan polymeric network. These findings highlight the potential of metformin-loaded chitosan NPs for sustained drug delivery, which may enhance patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency. Future studies should further explore their clinical applications.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Metformin
  topic: keywords
subject: Chitosan nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Ionic gelation
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug release kinetics
  topic: keywords
subject: Controlled drug delivery
  topic: keywords
creator: Airemwen Collins Ovenseri
creator: Ahmad Saleh Malkawi
creator: Obarisiagbon A. Johnbull
creator: Uhumwangho U. Michael
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Airemwen Collins Ovenseri, Ahmad Saleh Malkawi, Obarisiagbon A. Johnbull, Uhumwangho U. Michael (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
doi: 10.57647/inl.2025.1401.04

Enhancing Hyperthermic Oncology: A Computational Approach to Optimize Fe3O4@Au core-shell Configurations for Targeted Tumor Therapy
type: item
description: This work focuses on Near- Infrared region and an incident laser with a wavelength of 808 nm to study the numerical optimization of the Fe3O4@Au core-shell nanostructure for enhanced hyperthermia treatment, specifically targeting skin cancer. Utilizing the simulation capabilities of COMSOL Multiphysics, we meticulously computed the optical properties-absorption, scattering, and extinction coefficients-of these nanostructures across varying incident wavelengths and core-to-shell ratios. Our findings reveal a pivotal dependency of maximum absorption rates on both the core-to-shell ratio and the parameters of the incident laser, marking a significant stride in the customization of hyperthermia therapy. Crucially, the study harnesses local temperature elevation as a therapeutic index for skin cancer treatment. The thermal mapping achieved delineates a stark contrast between the peak temperature of 56 °C within the tumor and a controlled 37 °C in the surrounding healthy tissue, showcasing the potential for targeted thermal ablation with minimal collateral damage. The graphical representations not only corroborate the theoretical model but also serve as a beacon for future clinical applications, promising a new horizon in the minimally invasive treatment of cancer with the utmost precision and minimal undesired effects.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Core-Shell structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Hyperthermia
  topic: keywords
subject: Fe3O4@Au
  topic: keywords
subject: COMSOL multiphysics
  topic: keywords
subject: Local temperature
  topic: keywords
subject: Absorption cross-section
  topic: keywords
creator: Somayeh Salmani
creator: Somayeh Rahbari
creator: Fereshteh Shafiepour
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Somayeh Salmani, Somayeh Rahbari, Fereshteh Shafiepour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1404.16

Nanomaterials in Diabetic Wound Dressing: A Mini Review
type: item
description: Diabetes is one of the most prevalent worldwide chronic diseases. This disease is result of impaired insulin production or function which leads to the sustainable high blood glucose. Diabetes causes numerous problems including neuropathy, vascular disorders and chronic infections. One of the most known infections are diabetic wounds, particularly foot ulcers. Diabetes delays the healing process leading to a non-healing wound and finally this disease can lead to amputation. Nanotechnology has introduced innovative approaches to treating these wounds. In fact, presence of nanomaterials in diabetic wound dressing can decrease healing time even up to 50%. Different kinds of nanomaterials including inorganic, organic, biological and composite nanostructures, were used in diabetic wound dressings. This review article explores the impact of nanomaterials on diabetic wound treatment in recent decade. In this way, different kinds of implemented nanomaterials in diabetic wound dressings and their mechanism of action, advantages, limitations and challenges are compared. Overall, nanomaterials operate through controlled drug release, stimulation of cell growth, and inflammation reduction.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Nanostructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Wound healing
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic foot ulcers
  topic: keywords
creator: Razieh Sanjari
creator: Mohsen Forozanfar
creator: Fatemeh Honarasa
creator: Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh
creator: Heydar Aqababa
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Razieh Sanjari, Mohsen Forozanfar, Fatemeh Honarasa, Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh, Heydar Aqababa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1404.15

Preparation of a New Inexpensive Paper-Based Sensor for the Detection of Nitrite and Nitrate Species in Water
type: item
description: A low-cost, disposable, paper-based microfluidic analytical device (µPAD) has been developed for the measurement of nitrite and nitrate in water, with a color intensity-based response. The µPAD was fabricated using Whatman filter paper No. 1 and a glossy, self-adhesive backing. Nitrite was measured by the Griess reaction, and for nitrate determination, nitrate was reduced to nitrite in situ on the paper with zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs). We chose ZnNPs because they outperformed zinc microparticles (ZnMPs). The system showed linear calibration ranges of 0.01−1.25 mM for nitrite and 0.04−1.25 mM for nitrate. The detection limits were 0.003 and 0.008 mM,respectively. The method showed no interference from common ions present in water. The results of real samples were consistent with the spectrophotometric reference method, so the proposed µPAD is suitable for rapid measurement of nitrite/nitrate concentrations at sampling sites of environmental and drinking waters.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Paper-based sensor
  topic: keywords
subject: Colorimetric detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Nitrite and nitrate species
  topic: keywords
subject: Griess reaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Zn nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahra Moradi
creator: Parvaneh Ghaderi-Shekhi Abadi
creator: Kambiz Varmira
creator: Mohammad Joshaghani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Zahra Moradi, Parvaneh Ghaderi-Shekhi Abadi, Kambiz Varmira, Mohammad Joshaghani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1404.13

Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Introduce New Inhibitors for Ambler Class C of β-lactamase Enzymes
type: item
description: β-lactam antibiotics account for nearly 60% of global antibiotic use and are vital in treating bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. However, bacterial resistance has significantly increased due to the production of β-lactamase enzymes, which hydrolyze the β-lactam ring and deactivate the drug. To counter this resistance, β-lactam antibiotics are often administered with β-lactamase inhibitors. In this study, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to identify new inhibitors of class C β-lactamase enzymes. A total of 1177 compounds were initially selected based on structural similarity to known drugs, followed by ADMET filtering, which reduced the number to 433 candidates. These compounds were docked with five target β-lactamase proteins. Five compounds—ZINC29247885 and ZINC22925503 (from EDTA derivatives), ZINC207616107 and ZINC220912466 (from Nacubactam analogs), and ZINC199517773 (from Vaborbactam subgroup)—showed the highest docking scores. Their performance was compared with that of β-lactam antibiotics to evaluate their potential in combination therapies. Molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns were conducted to assess the stability of the ligand-receptor complexes. The results suggest that these compounds are promising β-lactamase inhibitors and could enhance the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics in clinical applications by overcoming bacterial resistance.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotic resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: β-lactam antibiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: β-lactamase enzymes
  topic: keywords
subject: High throughput virtual screening
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular docking; Molecular dynamics
  topic: keywords
creator: Bahare Noohi
creator: Maedeh Moayed Naseri
creator: Mansour Zahedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Bahare Noohi, Maedeh Moayed Naseri, Mansour Zahedi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1404.14

Effect of Ni-Doping on the Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Method
type: item
description: In this study, the structure of zinc oxide doped with nickel at different concentrations of 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% was examined. Zinc oxide was synthesized using the sol-gel method. Prepared sols coated on silicon wafer by spin coating method to be used as a photodiode in an electrical circuit for evaluation. XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, and SEManalyses were utilized to compare the structures of the solutions, powders and thin layers. The zinc oxide structure, with the addition of nickel, reduced in size from 28 nm to 21 nm. The substituted nickel created defects, which led to peak broadening of XRD and a blue shift in UV-Vis spectrum. The photovoltaic properties are studied to understand the behavior of the structures and the current-voltage diagrams of the samples were plotted. The calculations indicate that the zinc oxide sample doped with 3% nickel, prepared using this method, exhibits the best performance as an optical photodiode in the UV range. It shows a better response in I-C curve and ideality factor. Also, the structure of this percentage has the best performance.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Zinc oxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Nickel doping
  topic: keywords
subject: NZO nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Photodiodes
  topic: keywords
subject: P-N junctions
  topic: keywords
creator: Elahe Moeini Sede
creator: Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara
creator: Seyedeh Soraya Mousavi
creator: Fereshteh Rasouli Asl
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Elahe Moeini Sede, Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara, Seyedeh Soraya Mousavi, Fereshteh Rasouli Asl (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1402.12

Selenium Chitosan and Selenium Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Combined with Curcumin Chitosan Nanoparticles to Enhance Antibacterial and Antiviral Activities
type: item
description: The use of nanoparticles is a promising strategy for combating pathogenic microorganisms. This study introduces a novel hybrid nanosystem combining selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) with curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Cur-CS NPs) to enhance antimicrobial efficacy. The results indicate that increasing the rotation speed to 1500 rpm, the potassium iodide and ascorbic acid concentrations to 40 mM and 70 mM, respectively, leads to the production of smaller Se NPs. Furthermore, Cur-CS NPs, prepared via ionotropic gelation, exhibited a pH-dependent release profile. Two hybrid systems were developed, one combining Se-chitosan NPs (Se-CS, 73 nm) with Cur-CS NPs, and another combining Se-carboxymethyl chitosan NPs (Se-CMCS, 80 nm) with Cur-CS NPs. Both combinations demonstrated remarkable broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with similar minimum inhibitory concentrations (0.570–1.251 µg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentrations against E. coli (1.251 µg/mL) and S. aureus (9.251 µg/mL). Furthermore, SeCS@Cur-CS NPs demonstrated potent antiviral activity, exhibiting a two-fold higher efficacy in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 compared to SeCMCS@Cur-CS NPs. All systems maintained excellent biocompatibility, showing no cytotoxicity to Vero cells at concentrations up to 110 µg/mL. These findings suggest a synergistic effect between stabilized selenium nanoparticles and Cur-CS NPs, yielding a multifunctional platform with dual antibacterial and antiviral capabilities.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Selenium
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanoparticle
  topic: keywords
subject: Curcumin
  topic: keywords
subject: Chitosan
  topic: keywords
subject: Carboxymethyl Chitosan
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahra Tavakoli
creator: Reza Aalizadeh
creator: Khosro Khajeh
creator: Bijan Ranjbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Zahra Tavakoli, Reza Aalizadeh, Khosro Khajeh, Bijan Ranjbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1402.11

Zinc- poly aniline- Palladium core shell for Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of Acetaminophen
type: item
description: In this work, the electrochemical performance of ZnO-(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) was studied, along with poly(2-anilinoethanol)-(M-ZnO-P2AE NC) embedded with Pd nanoparticles for detecting Acetaminophen. The core-shell structure was synthesized in a three-step process: solvothermal synthesis, hydrothermal treatment, and surface decoration with Pd nanoparticles. Physicochemical analysis shows that Pd decoration enhances the optical and electrochemical performance of the composite, with high thermal stability. These results suggest that Pd nanoparticles alter the electronic structure of M-ZnO-P2AE NC, as confirmed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analysis. Electrochemical detection of Acetaminophen was conducted in the presence of other biomaterials to evaluate the selectivity of the electrode. The electrochemical analysis indicates that the prepared core-shell can effectively monitor Acetaminophen, with a detection limit of 10 nM.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Electrochemical sensor
  topic: keywords
subject: Core- shell
  topic: keywords
subject: Acetaminophen
  topic: keywords
subject: Pd nano particles
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Nikfarjam
creator: Hamed Javadi
creator: Javad Shabani Shayeh
creator: Roya Sedghi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammad Nikfarjam, Hamed Javadi, Javad Shabani Shayeh, Roya Sedghi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1402.10

Emerging Food Analytical Methods: Role of Nanotechnology
type: item
description: Food analysis is a crucial aspect of the food industry, ensuring the safety, quality, and authenticity of food products consumed by the public. To achieve this, various analytical methods are utilized, each with its own set of principles and applications. These methods play a vital role in detecting contaminants, ensuring compliance with regulations, and enhancing the overall quality of food products. The food industry is constantly evolving, and the demand for fast, accurate, and reliable analytical methods to ensure food safety, quality, and authenticity has never been greater. Traditional analytical methods have limitations such as low sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. Modern and emerging analytical techniques have been developed to overcome these limitations, providing faster, more accurate, and more comprehensive analysis of food samples. For instance, nanosensors, such as optical nanosensors for real-time detection of foodborne pathogens and toxins and nanoparticle-based multiplex nanosensors for identifying contaminants like mycotoxins and adulterants in complex food matrices, leverage nanotechnology to achieve ultra-sensitive, on-site monitoring in applications like smart packaging for spoilage prevention. Overall, food analytical methods are essential for maintaining the quality, safety, and authenticity of food products. By adhering to key principles e.g. accuracy, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity, these methods enable the food industry to meet regulatory requirements and consumer expectations. Accordingly, this review discusses the principles and applications of modern and emerging food analytical methods and techniques, with a central emphasis on the role of nanosensors in advancing food safety.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Food analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Emerging methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Food safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Bio/nanosensors
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanotechnology
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamed Ahari
creator: Sima Moradi
creator: Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hamed Ahari, Sima Moradi, Kianoush Khosravi-Darani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1402.09

Synergistic Effect of Nano-TiO2 and CNTs on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Cement–Silica Fume Stabilized Soils under Freeze–Thaw Cycles
type: item
description: Soft clay soils with high water content and low bearing capacity pose serious challenges for geotechnical infrastructures, particularly in cold regions where repeated freeze-thaw cycles accelerate structural degradation. Although various nano-additives have been utilized to enhance soil stabilization, the synergistic effect of nano titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in cement–silica fume systems has not yet been systematically evaluated. In this study, the combined influence of nano-TiO2 and CNTs on the mechanical and durability properties of cement–silica fume stabilized soils was investigated through an extensive experimental program involving 243 specimens prepared with 12% cement and varying silica fume (5−20%), nano-TiO2 (1−5%), and CNT (0.15−0.45%) contents, cured for 7, 28, and 56 days. The specimens were subjected to 25 freeze–thaw cycles at a constant moisture content of 40%, exceeding the liquid limit of the soil.Results indicated that the silica fume–cement mixtures improved unconfined compressive strength (UCS) by an average of 85% compared to cement alone, while the incorporation of nano-TiO2 and CNTs further increased UCS by up to 142%. Water absorption decreased by approximately 85%, and strength loss under freeze–thaw cycles was minimal. These findings highlight the novelty and practical significance of the nano-TiO2–CNT composite in enhancing both the mechanical strength and frost durability of cement-stabilized soils, providing a sustainable approach to subgrade stabilization in cold climates.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Soft soils
  topic: keywords
subject: Cement-stabilized soil
  topic: keywords
subject: Silica fume
  topic: keywords
subject: Nano-titanium dioxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon nanotubes
  topic: keywords
subject: Freeze-thaw cycles
  topic: keywords
subject: Unconfined compressive strength
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamed Ajorloo
creator: S. Mohammad Mirhosseini
creator: Emadaldin Hezavehi
creator: Ali Hassani Joshaghani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hamed Ajorloo, S. Mohammad Mirhosseini, Emadaldin Hezavehi, Ali Hassani Joshaghani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1402.08

Nanotechnology-Enhanced Polymer Scaffolds with Antibacterial and Angiogenic Properties on Diabetic Wound Healing
type: item
description: Healing of wounds is a complicated and coordinated process with four phases, namely control of bleeding, inflammation, growth, and regeneration. Chemokines, growth inhibitors, and growth factors are all vital in establishing cell-cell contacts and the extracellular matrix. The conventional therapies include herbal treatments, specialist dressings, and interim scaffolds. Polymer scaffolds are a new innovation in wound treatment, providing a three-dimensional, temporary scaffolding for biological activities during healing. Objectives: A study attempted to speed wound healing processes by combining angiogenesis-stimulating protein (VEGF), vitamin D, silver carbon quantum dot (Ag-CQD), and henna extract (Lawsonia inermis) on polymeric nanostructures. Characteristics of the manufactured nanostructure investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FT-IR ATR), and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). The release of Lawson and VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nanodrop micro-volume spectrophotometers. The nanostructures were further strengthened by immobilizing VEGF to increase angiogenesis at the wound site. Vitamin D and lawsone exhibited more than 70% favorable benefits on wound healing phases. Also silver nanoparticles demonstrate significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In terms of antibacterial efficacy, this scaffold was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the scaffold Gel/Chi/Pcl/AgCQD/Law/VEGF with 175−200 nm fibers and 10 mg of Lawson was shown to be stable at pH =7.4. Thus, the produced scaffold exhibited considerable resistance against S. aureus, and chitosan mixed with Lawson material appeared to be extremely promising in wound healing.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Smart nanostructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Lawsonia inermis L.
  topic: keywords
subject: VEGF
  topic: keywords
subject: Wound Healing
  topic: keywords
subject: Vitamin D
  topic: keywords
subject: Ag-CQD
  topic: keywords
creator: Hayder Sudan Abbas Obaid
creator: Fateme Mirzajani
creator: Amin Hamidi
creator: Iliya Fattahiyan
creator: Meysam Omidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hayder Sudan Abbas Obaid, Fateme Mirzajani, Amin Hamidi, Iliya Fattahiyan, Meysam Omidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1402.07

Isotherm Investigation and Assessment of the Adsorption Efficacy of Zinc Ions on Natural Zeolite and Zeolite Modified with Anionic (SDS) and Cationic (CTAB) Surfactants
type: item
description: This investigation examines the efficacy of natural clinoptilolite zeolite and its modified variants, utilizing the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), for the removal of zinc ions from aqueous solutions. Solutions containing zinc at varying concentrations were formulated, and the residual ion concentrations post-adsorption were assessed utilizing atomic absorption spectroscopy. The findings demonstrate that surface modification with anionic SDS surfactant dramatically enhances adsorption performance, achieving an exceptional capacity of 18.56 mg/g at 200 mg/L initial concentration. This represents a substantial threefold enhancement compared to natural zeolite (5.57 mg/g) and a notable fivefold superiority over CTAB-modified zeolite (3.85 mg/g), highlighting the crucial influence of surfactant charge characteristics. The adsorption isotherm analyses suggested that the adsorption process conformed to a monolayer model. Nonlinear regression analysis of the empirical data against various isotherm models indicated that the Fritz-Schlunder model offered the most accurate representation for the natural zeolite, while the Weber-van Vliet model exhibited optimal conformity for both surfactant-modified systems. In summary, the results of this study indicate that the modification of clinoptilolite zeolite with the anionic surfactant SDS constitutes a promising approach for augmenting the efficiency of zinc ion removal from aqueous systems.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Zeolite
  topic: keywords
subject: Surfactant modification
  topic: keywords
subject: Zinc adsorption
  topic: keywords
subject: Adsorption mechanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Isotherm modeling
  topic: keywords
creator: Rashid Zandlashani
creator: Abbas Kasaei
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Rashid Zandlashani, Abbas Kasaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1402.06

The Effect of Applied Electric Field on Hydrogen Incorporation During the Formation of Au Nanoparticles Fabricated by Laser Ablation
type: item
description: In the present study, gold nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) method in distilled water environment under different external electric field strengths. The effect of the electric field on the characteristics of produced NPs was traced through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Optical properties were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. The XRD results showed an orthorhombic lattice, alongside the typical cubic structure of Au, which was attributed to the hydrogen incorporation in the crystalline structure of Au nanoparticles. The interaction between hydrogen and gold did not vary linearly with the increased of applied electric field. At an electric field of 20 V/cm, this interaction was almost negligible. Furthermore, the peak observed at around 2000 cm−1 in the FT-IR spectrum provided additional evidence for possible Au-H interactions. Based on the TEM images, some non-spherical shapes such as nanorods were successfully synthesized under higher electric field strengths. Moreover, the interaction between hydrogen and gold likely induced a slight blue shift in the UV-Vis spectrum. The formation of Au hydride makes our sample a promising candidate for use as anoptical hydrogen sensor; however, further research is needed.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Au nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Laser ablation
  topic: keywords
subject: Electric field
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrogen incorporation
  topic: keywords
creator: Parisa Ojaroody
creator: Mohammadreza Hantehzadeh
creator: Elham Darabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Parisa Ojaroody, Mohammadreza Hantehzadeh, Elham Darabi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-03-30
publication date: 2024-03-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1401.04

Water Chemical Treatment by Photocatalytic Activity of Graphene Oxide–Decorated Titanium Dioxide/Ag Nanocomposite
type: item
description: In the present study, gold nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) method in distilled water environment under different external electric field strengths. The effect of the electric field on the characteristics of produced NPs was traced through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Optical properties were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. The XRD results showed an orthorhombic lattice, alongside the typical cubic structure of Au, which was attributed to the hydrogen incorporation in the crystalline structure of Au nanoparticles. The interaction between hydrogen and gold did not vary linearly with the increased of applied electric field. At an electric field of 20 V/cm, this interaction was almost negligible. Furthermore, the peak observed at around 2000 cm−1 in the FT-IR spectrum provided additional evidence for possible Au-H interactions. Based on the TEM images, some non-spherical shapes such as nanorods were successfully synthesized under higher electric field strengths. Moreover, the interaction between hydrogen and gold likely induced a slight blue shift in the UV-Vis spectrum. The formation of Au hydride makes our sample a promising candidate for use as an optical hydrogen sensor; however, further research is needed.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Au nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Laser ablation
  topic: keywords
subject: Electric field
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrogen incorporation
  topic: keywords
creator: Pegah Mosayebi
creator: Davoud Dorranian
creator: Kourosh Behzad
creator: Amir Hossein Sari
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Pegah Mosayebi, Davoud Dorranian, Kourosh Behzad, Amir Hossein Sari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-03-30
publication date: 2024-03-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1401.03

Multilayer Propylenidene for Optoelectronic Applications: A First-Principles Study of Electronic and Optical Characteristics
type: item
description: This study investigates a novel two-dimensional carbon allotrope, propylenidene (PPD). The electronic and optical properties of monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer configurations of PPD were explored using den sity functional theory (DFT). The results reveal metallic behavior in all layered forms, accompanied by highly anisotropic optical responses. Notably, the in-plane polarization of incident light induces strong optical absorption, high dielectric constants, and exceptional optical conductivity. The layers also exhibit significant transparency due to high transmission coefficients. Furthermore, these properties exhibit clear layered-dependent tuning. The findings facilitate the rational design of carbon-based materials with tailored optical properties, paving the way for high-efficiency optoelectronic devices and emerging electro-optical technologies.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Carbon allotrope
  topic: keywords
subject: Multilayer materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Propylenidene
  topic: keywords
subject: Electro-optical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Density functional theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Roya Majidi
creator: Hamid Eftekhari
creator: Ahmad. I. Ayesh
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Roya Majidi, Hamid Eftekhari, Ahmad. I. Ayesh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-03-30
publication date: 2024-03-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1401.02

Designing and Optimizing Bioactive Bone Dressing for Tooth Socket Preservation and Regenerative Dentistry Application: In Vitro Study
type: item
description: To address the challenge of preserving sufficient alveolar bone volume and quality following tooth extraction, this in vitro study presents the design and optimization of a bioactive scaffold composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), alginate (Alg), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). This composite aims to facilitate post extraction socket healing and promote osteogenesis. The scaffold was fabricated using freeze-drying to achieve a porous, sponge-like structure. Sodium alginate and CMC were mixed at a 30:70 ratio, with TCP incorporated at 3% wt% and crosslinked using a 0.5 M calcium chloride solution. The formulation was subjected to controlled freezing and lyophilization steps to enhance porosity and mechanical integrity. Characterization studies confirmed a highly porous structure (79% porosity) with interconnected pores, as visualized by SEM. Mechanical testing revealed improved compressive strength due to TCP incorporation, while FTIR and XRDanalyses confirmed polymer bonding and the presence of TCP, respectively. Degradation testing showed a slow initial breakdown followed by accelerated degradation, leading to complete scaffold resorption by day 28. Biological assays, including MTT, Alizarin Red staining, and ALP activity, demonstrated the scaffold’s excellent biocompatibility and ability to support cell proliferation, migration, and enhanced calcium deposition. These findings suggest that the scaffold has potential for promoting osteogenesis in vitro, warranting further investigation for its possible application in alveolar bone regeneration.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Chitosan sponge
  topic: keywords
subject: Bone tissue engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: Tricalcium Phosphate
  topic: keywords
subject: Extraction socket preservation
  topic: keywords
creator: Elahe Houshmand
creator: Sadaf Javadpour
creator: Mohammadhossein Ehsani
creator: Mike Sabeti
creator: Javad Mehrani Sabet
creator: Seyyed Behnam Abdollahi Boraei
creator: Sattar Yousef
creator: Behzad Houshmand
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Elahe Houshmand, Sadaf Javadpour, Mohammadhossein Ehsani, Mike Sabeti, Javad Mehrani Sabet, Seyyed Behnam Abdollahi Boraei, Sattar Yousef, Behzad Houshmand (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-03-30
publication date: 2024-03-30
doi: 10.57647/inl.2024.1401.01