International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture
Journal DOI: 10.57647/IJROWA Journal Abbreviation: Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. Journal Title Acronym: IJROWA Owner organisation: Islamic Azad University-Isfahan Branch Publisher: Islamic Azad University-Isfahan Branch, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK The IJROWA Journal has been indexed in the well-known world databases mainly; Scopus (CiteScore (2023) = 2.1), Scimago Journal Rank (Q2), Web of Science Journal Impact Factor (JCR): 2023, IF = 1.2. All submitted manuscripts are checked for similarity through a trustworthy software such as iThenticate to be assured about its originality and then rigorously peer-reviewed by the international reviewers. IJROWA is a quarterly journal published by the Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch. The journal requires payment of Article Processing Charges (APCs) upon article acceptance to cover publication costs. The journal publishes high-quality review articles in all areas of recycling of organic waste including: Solid waste reuse in agriculture Waste water reuse in agriculture Utilization of organic wastes: composting Ways to reduce, reuse and recycle organic waste Social and economic impact of reduction, reuse and recycling of organic waste in agriculture Methods to raise the public awareness of recycling and reuse of organic waste in agriculture Organic waste utilization in animal and poultry nutrition Urban food waste composting Agricultural crop residues for wastewater treatment The IJROWA highlights research that supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From boosting soil fertility with organic waste (SDG 2: Zero Hunger) to cutting waste in agriculture (SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production), we demonstrate innovations that drive sustainability in food systems and the environment. Website: https://oiccpress.com/ijrowa Publisher: OICC Press Latest News: We would like to inform all authors and contributors that, effective 1st November 2025, an Article Processing Charge (APC) will apply to all new submissions, manuscripts submitted on or after this date that are accepted for publication in the International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture (IJROWA).
Yield and Profit Improvement of Maize Utilizing Optimal Planting Density and Rice-Husk Waste as Effective Silicon Fertilizer
Purpose: Using silicon fertilizer from rice husk waste and double-narrow row (DNR) plant spacing can increase maize yield. Therefore, the study aimed to improve farmers' productivity and profitability by applying biosilica fertilizer with DNR plant spacing and closing the maize yield gap. Method: The field experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replications in a 2 × 6 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two plant spatial arrangements: DNR and conventional row (CR) plant spacing; six maize cultivars: Pioneer-27, Bisi-18, NK-22, JH-37, RK-457, and RK-57; and two levels of biosilica fertilizer application in the form of Si-nanoparticles: with and without biosilica fertilizer. We observed the correlation among yield and yield components, yield increase, profitability, and yield gap analysis. Results: The number of seeds per row and the number of leaves per plant both showed the highest estimates of positive correlation and positive direct effect as the dominant characteristic that directly affected the variation of maize grain yield. Application of biosilica fertilizer with DNR plant spacing indicated a significant increase in maize productivity of 0.96 t ha–1 or 9.90% and additional net return gains of USD 183.49 ha–1 compared to CR plant spacing without application of silicon fertilizer. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 21.35% Conclusion: The DNR planting system and the application of biosilica fertilizer from rice husks were consistently more effective than CR spacing without biosilica fertilizer, demonstrating their reliability and potential for increasing maize yields, improving net income, and narrowing the yield gap. Highlights · Double-narrow-row (DNR) was compared to conventional row (CR) plant spacing · Maize yield was 10% higher with DNR plus biosilica fertilizer · Farmers get additional net return gains of USD 183 ha–1 per cycle · There is room for increasing maize productivity by closing exploitable yield gaps · DNR with biosilica fertilizer as an innovative approach to sustainable agriculture
Copyright (c) -1 Slameto Slameto, Erythrina Erythrina, Endriani Endriani, Valeriana Darwis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal Composting Reactors for Co-treatment of MSW and Sewage Sludge
Purpose: This study investigated the co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) in lab-scale vertical and horizontal reactors to compare their performance and identify optimal operational parameters for enhanced bio-safety. Method: The study compared the reactor configurations using two distinct aeration flow rates (22 and 66 L·min⁻¹) and two sizes of wood chip bulking agents (10 mm and 20 mm), resulting in eight experimental runs. Results: All eight treatments achieved the required thermophilic temperature (>55 ºC for at least 2 days). However, the Horizontal reactor method resulted in a shorter overall composting period. Notably, the treatment with the lowest aeration rate and largest bulking agent size (AVCCP2: Vertical, 22 L·min⁻¹, 20 mm) achieved the longest sustained thermophilic phase of 7 days. This optimal thermal condition confirmed the complete removal of pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella spp., enteric viruses, and viable helminth eggs) and led to the fastest rate of C/N ratio reduction. Conclusion: The pilots AVCCP2 and AHCCP2 (Horizontal, 22 L·min⁻¹, 20 mm) demonstrated the maximum efficiency, primarily due to their long sustained thermophilic duration. AVCCP2 showed the best performance in terms of sanitization and pathogen control, achieving Class A compost standards and confirming the potential of vertical reactors for real-scale application with enhanced bio-safety. Highlights ● Vertical and horizontal in-vessel co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) were comparatively investigated. ● Optimization of aeration rate and bulking agent size was essential for efficient process progression. ● Aerating at a lower rate significantly prolonged the thermophilic phase, ensuring effective pathogen removal. ● A higher reduction rate of the C/N ratio was observed in treatments utilizing the smaller particle size of the bulking agent. ● The increase in pH value was notably greater in the vertical reactors compared to the horizontal reactors.
Copyright (c) -1 Tahere Taghizade Firozjaee, Hasan Aminirad, Hossein Jalalianei, Farshad Golbabaei Kootenaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative study of biochar production from temple floral waste and coriander stems
Purpose: This study investigates and compares the efficiency and physicochemical properties of biochar produced from two distinct biomass feedstocks: temple floral waste and coriander stems—and assesses their potential applicability in agricultural systems. Method; Biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 550 °C under oxygen-limited conditions. The samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Germination tests were conducted using Cicer arietinum to assess the effectiveness of the biochars. Results: EDX analysis confirmed the presence of essential macronutrients—carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)—indicating potential as soil enhancers. The maximum biochar yield (57%) was obtained from temple floral waste, whereas coriander stems yielded )49%(. Germination tests revealed that coriander stem biochar promoted seed growth more effectively than floral waste. Conclusion: Both biomass sources are viable for sustainable biochar production; however, coriander stem biochar showed greater potential for enhancing seed germination. The findings highlight the role of unconventional biomass in sustainable waste management and agricultural improvement. Highlights · Comparison of biochar efficiency from temple floral waste and coriander stems. · Both biomasses underwent pyrolysis at 550°C, a process without oxygen. · Physicochemical analysis of biochar from floral & coriander waste revealed macro-nutrients. · Highest biochar yield was achieved using floral waste. · Sustainable waste management & biochar production from temple waste, coriander stems.
Copyright (c) -1 Kalyani A. Motghare, Vivek P. Bhange, Jagdish W. Gabhane, Manju A. Soni, Vivek M. Nanoti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of sustainable biomaterials composites from waste materials (spent mushroom compost, garlic shell, and water hyacinth) with edible mushroom mycelium-based
Purpose: To evaluate performance and add value of bio-based degradable waste materials of spent mushroom compost cooperate with garlic shell, and water hyacinth with mushroom mycelium-based methods. Method: The Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus polychrous, L. squarrosulus, and Pleurotus sajor-caju were used to study bio-based composites from various formula of waste materials (spent mushroom compost (Agrocybe cylindracea or P. ostreatus), garlic shell, and water hyacinth). Then we selected the best species and the formula of biomaterial composites to prepare pot prototypes. Finally, the biomaterial composite pots were measured physical and mechanical properties. Results: L. squarrosulus exhibited the fastest mycelial growth and highly effective to composed materials. Then, selected further pot prototypes with variation formulation and physical and mechanical properties were presented; density ranged from 0.18−0.22 g cm-3 and water absorption reaching between 172−250% in 24 hr., the absorption increases more gradually, reaching 302%−368% after 168 hr. Variations between formulation, the composites AC-F1 and PO-F1 exhibited superior water absorption. Whereas composites AC-F2 and PO-F2 demonstrated the lowest water absorption. For the compressive strength significant differences between samples prepared with spent mushroom compost from A. cylindracea and P. ostreatus. The spent mushroom compost from P. ostreatus is higher compressive strength, ranging from 385.4−451.5 kPa. In contrast the spent mushroom compost derived from A. cylindracea ranged between 174.9−197.3 kPa. Conclusion: The mycelium-based biodegradable composite produced demonstrates excellent performance and suitability for various applications. As such, they contribute to efficient upcycling and support zero-waste practices.
Copyright (c) -1 Mettaya Kitiwan, Narumon Tangthirasunun, Phacharaphon Tunthawiroon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilizing swine wastewater for sustainable fertilization of tree
Purpose: This study evaluated the influence of swine wastewater (SW) application on soil chemical attributes and the morphometric development of tree seedlings. Method: The experiment was conducted in the environmental area of the Federal University of Paraná, using a completely randomized design with five SW doses: T1: control, T2: 25 m³ ha⁻¹, T3: 50 m³ ha⁻¹, T4: 75 m³ ha⁻¹, and T5: 100 m³ ha⁻¹, with four replicates. The species Luehea divaricata Mart. (Malvaceae) and Cordia americana (L.) Gottschling & J.S.Mill. (Cordiaceae) were evaluated. Soil chemical characteristics and seedling dimensions were evaluated before planting and after 36 months. Results: SW application promoted changes in soil chemical attributes, such as increased acidification, reducing the pH from 4.7 in the control to 4.2 in T5. For Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺, the increase relative to the control was 2.03 cmolc dm⁻³, 1.20 cmolc dm⁻³, and 0.38 cmolc dm⁻³, respectively. For organic carbon (C-org), a reduction was recorded in all treatments. The height growth of Luehea divaricata was equal between T4 and T3; however, these were statistically different from the other treatments. The same occurred with Cordia americana, however, this difference occurred between treatments T3 and T5. Conclusion: The application of SW promoted changes in the soil chemical characteristics and contributed to the growth of both forest species, especially for plants that received doses between 50 and 100 m³/ha⁻¹. HIGHLIGHTS · Swine wastewater application enhances native tree seedling growth. · Swine wastewater improves soil fertility and increases exchangeable cations. · Soil acidification is a potential side effect of swine wastewater application. · The optimal dose of swine wastewater for tree fertilization varies between species. Swine wastewater can be a sustainable fertilizer for forest restoration.
Copyright (c) -1 Juliano Cordeiro, Gustavo Ferreira Coelho, Robson Fernando Missio, Lucas Rafael Sanches, William dos Santos Piva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Neem, mahua and sesame seed cakes, and tamarind husk powder on improving nitrogen-use efficiency in rice
Purpose: Plant-based by-products are known to improve nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) while minimizing environmental pollution. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to examine the potential for improving the NUE of the rice variety Bg300 grown in reddish brown earth (RBE) soil (Chromic Luvisols) by incorporating urea with plant-based by-products. Method: A field experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with six treatments: the control plot without urea application (C), urea alone (U), urea + neem (UN), urea + mahua (UM), urea + sesame (US), and urea + tamarind (UT). Soil and plant samples were collected at three, five, seven, and nine weeks after broadcasting, that is, at the end of the vegetative growth stage. Results: Rice plants receiving UN had a higher shoot dry weight, shoot N concentration, and shoot N content compared to other treatments (P<0.05). After nine weeks of growth, the NUE of UN and UM was 0.093 and 0.091 g mg⁻¹, respectively, while that of U was 0.078 g mg⁻¹ (P<0.05). Soil N concentration was similar among treatments (P>0.05), except for lower soil N in the control (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of soil amendments, particularly neem seed cake, shows strong potential for improving the growth and NUE of rice cultivated in RBE soil. Highlights · Seedcakes are by-products of agriculture industry · Those may use to improve fertilizer-use efficiency · Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and growth of rice were improved with seedcakes · NUE decreased in the order of neem>mahua>seseme>tamarind
Copyright (c) -1 Chanthirakumar Thananseyan, Suwini Kumari, Mojith Ariyaratne, Lalith Suriyagoda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of slow-release fertilizer (SRF) and biofertilizer application on rice growth and yield in a paddy field
Purpose: Paddy fields in Indonesia have experienced a stagnation in productivity, where increasing fertilizer applications no longer result in higher yields. To address this, various strategies, including ameliorants, have been employed to enhance rice production. This study investigates the potential of biofertilizers to improve the efficiency of inorganic fertilizers, specifically slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The aim is to evaluate the impact of biofertilizer application on rice production when combined with inorganic fertilizers. Method: The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications on 5m x 5m plots. The treatments included different combinations of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) and biofertilizers: P1 [SRF NPK 20-10-15 + Zn 0.2]; P2 [SRF NPK 20-10-15 + Cu 0.4 + Fe 0.4]; P3 [SRF NPK 15-15-10 + Cu 0.4 + Fe 0.4]; P4 [SRF NPK 15-15-10]; P5 [SRF NPK 15-15-10 + S 0.4 + Zn 0.2]; and P6-P10, which corresponded to P1-P5 combined with biofertilizer. In the biofertilizer treatments, the inorganic fertilizer dose was reduced to one-third of the original amount. Growth parameters and rice yield were measured. Results: The results showed that applying SRF at 60% of the standard fertilizer rate achieved comparable yields to full-dose conventional applications. Additionally, the integration of biofertilizers allowed for a 70% reduction in SRF usage without compromising rice production. Conclusion: The study shows that combining biofertilizers with SRF allows for a 70% reduction in SRF usage while supporting rice yields, offering an effective and sustainable solution to enhance rice production. Highlights · Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) and biofertilizers effectively maintain rice yield with reduced fertilizer applications. · Biofertilizers contribute to increased nutrient availability through microbial action, promoting sustainable soil health. · Rice yield was sustained with a 70% reduction in SRF when biofertilizer was applied, showcasing environmental and economic benefits. · Combining SRF and biofertilizer presents a viable alternative to conventional high-dose NPK applications in rice cultivation.
Copyright (c) -1 Abdul Ghofar, Sih Parmiyatni, Bedah Rupaedah, Mochamad Rosjidi, Anwar Mustafa, Akhmad Jufri, Bonny Agung Wahyuono, Umiati Umiati, Murbantan Tandirerung, Dadang Rosadi, Hens Saputra, Rudy Surya Sitorus, Suwardi Suwardi, Apong Sandrawati, Dyah T. Suryaningtyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Biochar as a Mulch for Weed Control and Soil Moisture Retention in Strawberry Cultivation
Purpose: Weed control and soil moisture retention are critical challenges in plant cultivation requiring effective solutions. This study aims to assess the impact of biochar produced from pine nut shells as a mulch for weed composition, biomass, and soil moisture retention compared to widely used spunbond covering material in strawberry cultivation. Method: The experiment with six weed species was conducted using a growth chamber over two months with sixteen replicates for each of the three treatments: control (no mulch), soil with a 2 cm layer of biochar mulch, and soil with spunbond. Results: In the control treatment, six weed species germinated, whereas only five and three species were observed in the biochar and spunbond treatments, respectively. Both mulching treatments significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the height of grass weeds, stinging nettles, and shepherds’ purse, as well as the mass of dry above-ground and root biomass of shepherds’ purse, rapeseed, and stinging nettle by 52–100%. Spunbond mulch demonstrated superior soil moisture retention overall. However, during the initial three days of a simulated dry period, biochar retained 7% more water compared to spunbond (2%). The application of spunbond mulch completely suppressed the emergence of rapeseed and burdock, while both biochar and spunbond effectively controlled fennel. Both mulching treatments significantly reduced the height of grasses, stinging nettles, and shepherds’ purse by different mechanisms. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Biochar can be useful for reducing the weed count and increasing the water retention in the soil.
Copyright (c) -1 Konstantin Olegovich Ponomarev, Arina Nikolaevna Pervushina, Alina Aleksandrovna Dryagina, Darya Sergeevna Krasnova, Roman Borisovich Tabakaev, Ilya Aleksandrovich Zhovanik, Alexander Sergeevich Petuhov, Gulnoz Akhmedovna Khisamutdinova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response of corn to potassic organomineral fertilizer in an Oxisol
Purpose: Corn (Zea mays L.) requires an adequate supply of potassium (K) to achieve high productivity. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the main fertilizer source used, but its excessive application can increase soil salinity and production costs. Organomineral fertilizers (OMF) have emerged as an alternative, as they improve soil attributes and supply nutrients. In this study, the effects of an OMF fertilizer were compared with KCl, based on the external critical level (CL) of K for corn in a sandy loam Typic Hapludox. Method: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications. The applied K rates ranged from 40% below to 20% above the CL. Biometric and plant tissue data were evaluated. Results: OMF showed equivalent or superior efficacy compared to KCl, especially at rates suitable for the crop. The use of OMF enhanced calcium and magnesium uptake and exhibited the highest agronomic efficiency of K use across all evaluated rates, with an average value 24% higher than that of KCl. Both fertilizers had similar K uptake efficiency, while apparent recovery efficiency ranged from 55 to 70% for OMF and 77 to 94% for KCl. Conclusion: Both fertilizers exhibited similar efficacy, and the choice should consider availability and cost. In addition to being a viable alternative, OMF offers environmental benefits and contributes to organic waste management, promoting more sustainable agricultural practices and aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Objectives. Highlights · Organomineral fertilizer (OMF) increased potassium agronomic efficiency. · OMF improved calcium and magnesium uptake in corn plants. · OMF showed equal or superior performance to KCl in corn growth. · Potassium rates above the critical level did not improve plant productivity. · OMF promotes sustainable waste management and reduces KCl dependence.
Copyright (c) -1 Caroline de Figueiredo Oliveira, Tiago Tezotto, Vinícius de Melo Benites, Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digestate: Scope and Application as Nitrogen Fertilizer for Rice
Purpose: Rice production in paddy soil is important for food security, and nitrogen fertilisation is important to achieve high yields. Digestate, the organic rest from biogas production can be a good fertilizer, but relatively little is known about its use in paddy soil, which is investigated here. Method: Nitrogen transformations and rice growth in soil waterlogged and at field capacity after application of digestate and digestate products were assessed in a pot experiment. Nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions with the same digestates were also assessed in an incubation. Results: One of the tested digestates had as good fertilizer effect as urea. Nitrogen transformations went mostly as expected under given water status, but digestates were more affected by waterlogging than urea. Some instability appeared about 10 days after fertilizer application. Then nitrite levels were high, responsive microbial populations peaked and N2O emissions started. Whilst emissions after mineral fertilizer application (urea) were not affected by waterlogging, emission after application of one of the examined digestate was high at field capacity but almost zero under waterlogging. N2O emissions from all other digestate and water treatments were also low. Conclusion: Digestates have great potential as organic fertilizers in rice production, but N2O emissions under aerobic soil conditions are of concern and warrants further investigation and mitigation strategy. Highlights: · Digestates are potentially good fertilisers for rice · Nitrogen uptake from one of the tested digestates was comparable with urea · Ammonium was released quickly from digestate, but more nitrate was formed with urea treatment · Some instability appeared about 10 days after fertiliser application, with high nitrite levels · Water-saving irrigation increases N2O emission more with digestate than with mineral fertilisers
Copyright (c) -1 Bente Foereid, Maria Dietrich, Lisa Paruch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vermicomposting for Sustainable Soil Health in SubSaharan Africa Focusing on Ethiopia: Opportunities, Adoption Barriers, and Policy Pathways
Purpose: Soil degradation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) threatens smallholder farming sustainability. Vermicomposting, using earthworms to convert agricultural waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer, has emerged as a promising solution. Method: This review synthesizes 86 studies to analyse vermicomposting's impacts on soil and plant health, and alignment with regenerative agriculture and circular economy principles. Results: The bio-conversion process through vermicomposting aligns with principles of regenerative agriculture and the circular economy by recycling agricultural waste into valuable soil improvers, thereby reducing landfill usage and mitigating environmental pollution. The review highlights the role of earthworms and microorganisms in stabilizing organic waste, improving nutrient profiles, and enhancing the biological activity of vermicompost. Additionally, it examines the mechanisms by which vermicompost amendments suppress plant diseases and pests, ultimately supporting sustainable farming practices. While vermicomposting offers substantial environmental and agricultural benefits, these outcomes depend on process optimization and local adaptation. Key knowledge gaps and barriers to adoption in SSA are identified, emphasizing the need for policy interventions. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">: Vermicomposting is a sustainable and practical approach to transforming agricultural waste into high-quality organic manure, with profound implications for improving soil health and fostering smallholder farming resilience in SSA particularly Ethiopia.<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Integrating vermicomposting into national soil health and waste management strategies, including subsidy programs, can scale its adoption. Highlights Transformation of available organic waste into soil improvers for healthier soils is needed Vermicomposting becomes a strategy to recycle agricultural waste into safe fertilizer in smallholders Vermicomposting's benefits rely on process optimization and local adaptation. Vermicomposting promotes a circular economy and regenerative agriculture Vermicomposting technology adoption is crucial in SSA smallholders through knowledge creation
Copyright (c) -1 Zerihun Getachew Gebrehana, Mesfin T. Gebremikael, Sheleme Beyene, Wim M.L. Wesemael, Stefaan De Neve (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Lignocellulosic Wastes and Industrial by-Products on Some Chemical Properties of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula Edodes)
Purpose: The edible and medicinal Shiitake mushroom is one of the most well-known mushrooms worldwide. Mushroom cultivation reduces the environmental impact of agricultural waste used as substrates and provides an economically viable alternative for producing food with high flavor and quality, as well as valuable metabolites. Method: The present study was conducted in 2023 at the Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, using a split-plot design arrangement. The main plots included sawdust from oak, poplar, mulberry, and corn wood, while the subplots included wheat bran (0 and 25%), oat seeds (0 and 30%), gypsum (CaSO₄•2H₂O) (0 and 30 mmol per kilogram), whey powder (0 and 1%), dairy factory wastewater (0 and 50%), and sugar factory wastewater (0 and 50%). Result: The highest average carbohydrate content in the Shiitake mushroom was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with wheat bran supplement (29.71%), while the lowest was found in the poplar sawdust treatment with dairy wastewater (25.54%). Additionally, the highest average protein content in the Shiitake mushroom was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with dairy wastewater supplement, while the lowest was found in the poplar and corn sawdust treatments without any supplements (15.34 and 15.37 g per kg dry weight, respectively). Conclusion: The highest average carbohydrate content in Shiitake mushrooms was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with wheat bran supplementation. The highest fiber content in Shiitake mushrooms was observed in the oat treatment, while the lowest content was found in treatments with whey, dairy wastewater, control, and gypsum. Highlights Oak sawdust + wheat bran yielded highest Shiitake carbs (29.71%). Dairy wastewater + oak sawdust boosted Shiitake protein (33.54 g/kg). Oat supplement increased Shiitake fiber content (86.93 g/kg). Substrate type did not significantly affect ash or soluble solids. Lignocellulosic wastes enhanced Shiitake nutritional quality sustainably. Gypsum reduced oxalate toxicity, improving Shiitake mycelial growth. Dairy wastewater enriched nitrogen, elevating Shiitake protein levels. Whey and control treatments showed lowest fiber content in Shiitake.
Copyright (c) -1 Abbas Lotfi, Mehrdad Jafarpour, Fariba Khalili (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vegetative Indices for Evaluation of the Agronomic Performance of Black oats Irrigated with Slaughterhouse Effluent
Purpose: The expansion of the global population has resulted in an increased demand for food production. This, coupled with the scarcity of natural resources aggravated by the climate crisis, makes technology a necessary tool to ensure productivity for crops. This research aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of black oat irrigated with varying doses of Treated Slaughterhouse Effluent (TSE), through the determination and analysis of vegetation indices. Method: The experiment was conducted in the field using a five-treatment, four-replication randomized block design with repeated measures over time. Fresh mass (FMAP) and aerial dry mass (DMAP) of the aerial part, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nutritional status were used as indicators of agronomic performance, as well as the relative chlorophyll index (CRF), which were correlated with indices (NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, IRVI: Inverse Ratio Vegetation Index, and RVI: Ratio Vegetation Index). Results: There were strong correlations between the indices studied with the biometric parameters of the crop, mainly, the NDVI x DMAP (R² = 0.92) and the RVI x FMAP (R² = 0.89). The indices were also able to differentiate the stages of crop development and could be used as a management tool for agricultural practices. Conclusion: There were no changes in the biometric parameters, nutritional status and indices of the irrigated crop with different concentrations of TSE; therefore, the dose of 25% is recommended, for having presented a saving of 100% of the synthetic nitrogen, replacing 25% of a fresh water source, without an excess of N, thus avoiding the leaching risks. Highlihgts · There are strong correlations between vegetation indices and biometric parameters · The indices were able to differentiate the phenological stages of the crop · Treated slaughterhouse effluent showed potential for use in crop irrigation
Copyright (c) -1 Felipe Oliva de Godoy, Ana Paula Pereira Carvalho, Lucas Renato Trevisan, Lisiane Brichi, Fabrício Rossi, Tamara Maria Gomes (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parthenium Hysterophorus: An Invasive Weed for Nutritional Enrichment of Vermicompost
Purpose: Parthenium hysterophorus is a problematic weed that is difficult to manage or recycle. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative uses, such as vermicomposting with cow dung, for large-scale weed disposal. This study investigates the utilization of Parthenium mixed with cow dung in varying ratios through vermicomposting and assesses the final product. Method: Nine treatments replicated three times consisted of various ratios of Parthenium and cow dung: 0:1, 1:0, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 2:3, 1:5* (*Sun-dried) were used for vermicomposting. A 90-day experiment evaluated the growth and breeding of Eisenia fetida and the nutritional contents of the prepared vermicompost. Result:The body weight and population of Eisenia fetida increased significantly within 90 days of its inoculation in cow dung. Parthenium showed a deleterious effect on the biomass growth of Eisenia fetida. On the 90th day in the heap of Parthenium, the body weight of Eisenia fetida decreased significantly. However, the decrease was non-significant when Parthenium and cow dung were 2:3, i.e. 40% Parthenium in the substrates. This ratio was found to be the most suitable for vermicomposting. Besides the harmful effect of Parthenium on the growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida, it showed various advantageous properties during vermicomposting. Substituting 40% cow dung with Parthenium in the vermicompost increased the macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper and manganese) concentration of the vermicompost. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #0e101a; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion: Overall, Parthenium can serve as an enrichment material for vermicomposting and an appropriate method for large-scale utilization and eradication of this weed. Highlights Parthenium hysterophorus are abundant in macro- and micronutrients. Parthenium- An enrichment material for vermicomposting. Parthenium-based vermicompost supports worm activity and casting Parthenium and cow dung (2:3) is an optimal substrate for vermicomposting. Parthenium harms growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida
Copyright (c) -1 Arun Kumar Jha, Rajeev Padbhushan, Achin Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Biochar and Impacts on Corn (Zea Mays L.) Agronomic Development and Nutrient Availability in Soil Under Tropical Climate
Purpose: Soil amendments such as biochar, a by-product of renewable energy production from organic waste, have the potential to improve crop yields by increasing water-holding capacity and soil nutrient content. However, data on the impact of biochar on corn and tropical environments are rare. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of biochar produced from coffee residues on maize (Zea mays L.) in acid soils exposed to a tropical climate. Method: A field experiment quantifying maize growth was conducted in a randomised complete block design with four replications. Acid soils were amended with four biochar rates (0%, 1%, 2% and 10% by volume). After maize harvest, soil was collected and soil properties, phenological and performance variables were measured. Results: The physico-chemical effects of the biochar applied to the soil showed that acidic soils changed to neutral or moderately acidic soils. Water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, phosphorus and potassium contents increased significantly. Conclusion: Our results show that biochar has positive effects on soil properties and plant growth, suggesting that biochar as a soil amendment has the potential to improve the quality of poor soils and nutrient availability. These results could theoretically support the idea of applying biochar to soils to increase nutrient stocks, reduce nutrient leaching and improve crop yields. Highlights · Coffee residue biochar enhances corn growth and phenology. · Biochar increased soil water holding, cation exchange, organic C, P, and K. · Biochar increased maize yield and partial nutrient productivity. · Biochar is effective for corn seedling growth without irrigation or N fertilizer. · Equatorial acidic soils benefit from biochar amendment.
Copyright (c) -1 Juan Manuel Trujillo-González, Juan David Mahecha-Pulido, Andrea Maritza Astroz-Cano, Marco Aurelio Torres-Mora, Amanda Silva-Parra, Marlon Serrano-Gómez, Edgar Fernando Castillo-Monroy, Francisco J. García-Navarro, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Equine Dung as an Organic Nitrogen Supplement in Compost Formulation for Cultivation of White Button Mushroom [Agaricus Bisporus J.E. Lange (Imbach)]
Purpose: The present study aimed to utilize the equine dung as an organic nitrogen supplement in commercial compost formulations for the cultivation of white button mushroom. Method: Four different compost formulations (C1 to C4) were prepared using wheat straw or in combination with paddy straw as the basic ligno-cellulosic substrate material. The initial nitrogen levels were maintained at 1.48–1.79% by incorporating various nitrogen enrichment materials such as chicken manure, equine dung, mustard oil cake and wheat bran. Results: The C4 compost formulation (composed of wheat straw – 150 kg, equine dung – 400 kg, mustard oil cake – 30 kg, wheat bran – 30 kg, gypsum – 25 kg, and urea – 6 kg) exhibited the highest biological efficiency of 18.20%, outperforming poultry manure-based compost formulations. Among the various physico-chemical properties of the matured compost, the C:N ratio was identified as a critical factor for achieving higher yields and an extended cropping period. Conclusion: The experimental findings demonstrate an environmentally sustainable approach for utilizing equine dung waste in a productive way to cultivate protein-rich food. This study highlights the potential of equine dung as a valuable component in compost formulations for white button mushroom production. Highlights · Equine Dung as a Sustainable Nitrogen Source: Equine dung was successfully utilized as an organic nitrogen supplement in compost formulations, promoting sustainable and productive management of equine waste. · Enhanced Biological Efficiency: The compost, prepared using equine dung, mustard oil cake, wheat bran, gypsum, and urea, resulted in maximum biological efficiency of 18.20%, outperforming the commercial poultry manure-based formulations. · Optimized Nitrogen Levels for Yield: Initial nitrogen levels in compost formulations (1.48–1.79%) were optimized to support higher yields of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). · Importance of C:N Ratio: Physico-chemical analysis highlighted that the C:N ratio of matured compost significantly influenced mushroom yield and cropping period. · Environmental and Nutritional Benefits: The study demonstrates an environmentally sustainable approach to converting equine dung waste into a productive resource for cultivating protein-rich white button mushrooms.
Copyright (c) -1 Roohi Jan, Sachin Gupta, Sudheer Kumar Annepu, Moni Gupta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coffee Innovation and Sustainability–Organomineral Fertilizers Noteworthy Results
Purpose:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Coffee is a highly valued commodity and demands high nutritional inputs for its vegetative and reproductive development. Different sources of fertilizers are used to supply the nutritional needs of the plant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the response of different sources and doses of special fertilizers compared to conventional mineral fertilizers in coffee plants in two consecutive crop seasons. Method: A 4×4 factorial scheme was implemented with four fertilizers [conventional mineral, mineral with polymer, organomineral with cellulosic residue (OM-CR), organomineral with sugarcane filter cake (OM-FC)] and four doses (50, 75, 100, and 125% of the recommended dose). Coffee plant growth was evaluated: plant height, canopy diameter, growth of plagiotropic branches, and chlorophyll content. Nutrient contents in the soil and leaves, as well as coffee bean productivity, were also analyzed. Results: In biometric data, mineral and organomineral fertilizers showed responses that were equivalent to or superior to those of the control, even when using reduced OMF doses. For leaf N, P, and K content and soil P and K contents, the organomineral fertilizers performed better than conventional mineral fertilizers, especially in the second crop season. There were no significant differences among the fertilizers and doses for coffee bean productivity. Conclusion: The organomineral fertilizers, regardless of the dose, showed comparable or improved resultscompared to the conventional mineral fertilizer for the plant growth variables, potentially replacing traditional mineral fertilizers in the nutritional management of coffee crops. These results are the first report on coffee production using special fertilizers on two consecutive harvests. Highlights: · Organomineral fertilizers are under development, and consistent studies are needed in coffee crops. · Organomineral fertilizers on coffee development present superior growth responses at reduced doses. · Coffee leaf N, P, K and soil P, K responded more to organomineral fertilizers in the second season. · No significant differences were detected among fertilizers and doses for coffee bean productivity. · Organominerals can replace mineral fertilizers in the nutritional management of coffee crops.
Copyright (c) -1 Raquel Pinheiro da Mota, Reginaldo de Camargo, Miguel Henrique Rosa Franco, Gleice Aparecida de Assis, Risely Ferraz-Almeida, Ernane Miranda Lemes (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Release of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium from Filter Cake, Filter Cake Biochar, and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in a Laboratory Study
Purpose: This study characterized the chemical components and nutrient release patterns of filter cake, filter cake biochar, and sugarcane bagasse ash—by-products of the sugarcane industry, a globally significant crop. Method: The chemical composition of each material was analyzed, nutrient release kinetics were examined using water extraction during 336 h, and kinetic models were applied. Results: The studied materials were rich in various elements and exhibited alkaline properties. Carbon and Si were the primary components, followed by Ca, Al, P, and K. All materials released substantial amounts of K and P, with minimal N release. Filter cake had the highest cumulative release of water-soluble P (7,701±87.4 mg/kg), followed by filter cake biochar (2,982±27.3 mg/kg) and sugarcane bagasse ash (1,194±3.66 mg/kg), representing 32.2%, 7.8%, and 21.7%, respectively, of total P. Conversely, the cumulative release of water-soluble K was highest in sugarcane bagasse ash (7,295±418 mg/kg), followed by filter cake (3,999±124 mg/kg) and filter cake biochar (2,312±107 mg/kg), accounting for 23.3%, 30.3%, and 11.0%, respectively, of total K. The nutrient release kinetics showed that the magnitude of release was controlled by the inherent elemental concentrations of each material and exhibited good fits with the Elovich and power function models (R² = 0.836–0.990 and 0.810–0.996). Nutrient release depended mainly on diffusion through heterogeneous and homogeneous surfaces. Conclusion: These sugarcane by-products have the potential to improve soil fertility through nutrient releases. Transforming filter cake into biochar slows the initial release of nutrients while ensuring a more sustained and steady long-term release. Highlight · Filter cake, its biochar and sugarcane bagasse ash are alkaline and rich in C and Si. · Filter cake releases the most water-soluble P among the three materials. · Sugarcane bagasse ash shows the highest cumulative release of water-soluble K. · Each material shows distinct nutrient release influencing agricultural use. Biochar transformation of filter cake slows nutrient release for long-term use.
Copyright (c) -1 Daojarus Ketrot, Sawarin Saribut, Anuthida Sombatcharoennon, Weerawan Peungyam, Karuna Poomsong, Rathanont Jaroenchasri, Worachart Wisawapipat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of mineral liquid organic fertilizer on soil and morphological/physiological parameters in ICA Cerinza bean cultivation until flowering stage
Purpose: The production of beans and food in general at the global level has been threatened by the high costs of industrially synthesized fertilizers. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of a mineral organic liquid fertilizer (MOLF) on the chemical properties of the soil and the morphological and physiological parameters in ICA Cerinza bean cultivation up to the flowering stage. Methods: The crop was established in open fields in bags and randomly distributed. Aerobic fermented MOLF and commercial liquid fertilizer were evaluated up to the flowering stage. The behavior of micro and macronutrients in the soil was determined using Mehlich-3 and Bray II extractants. In addition, physiological parameters were evaluated in the plants. Results: The incorporation of MOLF in ICA Cerinza bean cultivation increased the content of available P, with results very similar to those of commercial fertilizer. Higher values were observed in chlorophyll content compared to commercial fertilizer. Fluorescence data showed heterogeneous behavior in treatments and which was associated with nutrient content in the soil. Oxalic, citric, formic, acetic, lactic, and succinic acids were identified, with their concentration being higher in the early stages of growth and their production was closely related to the P content and the addition of MOLF. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of using MOLF in bean crops, improving the availability of nutrients in the soil and promoting the secretion of organic substances that can contribute to nutrient mobilization, contributing to fundamental stages such as flowering. Highlights · Leachates from composting stabilized through aerobic fermentation can be used as organic amendments to enhance soil properties. · The use mineral organic liquid fertilizer can be improving nutrient availability in the soil and enhancing the secretion of organic substances that can contribute to nutrient mobilization. · The application of mineral organic liquid fertilizer has effects on the physiological response of Ica Cerinza beans. · Six organic acids (oxalic, citric, formic, acetic, lactic, and succinic) were identified, with higher concentrations in the early growth stages, and their production was closely related to P content and the addition of LOMF. · Elevated values were observed in chlorophyll and fluorescence data, which exhibited heterogeneous behavior. These variations are linked to nutrient content in the soil and the presence of Deroceras reticulatum.
Copyright (c) -1 Angelica Maria Vargas-Cuy, José Francisco García-Molano, Lizeth Andrea Moreno-Amaya, Luis Alexander Pàez-Guevara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytotechnical performance of leafy vegetables under organic management with fermented agro-industrial composts in Brazil
Purpose: This study evaluated how fermented agro-industrial bran composts, with or without T. asperellum inoculation, affect soil enzymatic activity and crop performance in successively grown American lettuce and bertalha under organic management at Fazendinha Agroecológica, Brazil. Method: The treatments consisted of six fermented compost formulations containing mixtures of high C/N ratio raw materials (wheat bran - WHB, rice bran - RIB, passion fruit peel - PFPB) combined with low C/N ratio raw materials (castor bean bran - CAB, cottonseed bran - COB), plus a control without fertilization. Compost formulations were applied before transplanting American lettuce (cv. Angelina) at a dose equivalent to 240 kg N ha-1, with residual effects assessed at bertalha (local variety) harvest. Soil microbial activity was estimated using Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolysis (FDA). Phytotechnical variables related to production performance were determined for both vegetables. Results: T. asperellum application did not affect microbial activity, whereas compost application altered FDA, with the lowest value observed without fertilization. Compost application increased American lettuce production by up to 83%. Residual effects on bertalha performance varied, with formulations 40% COB + 60% RIB and 40% COB + 60% PFPB resulting in 55% and 67% higher yields than the control, respectively. However, CAB + WHB did not differ from the control. Conclusion: Utilizing regionally available agro-industrial waste, such as passion fruit peel and rice bran, in compost formulations presents an agronomically efficient strategy for enhancing sustainability and reducing monetary costs in organic farming units. Highlights · Fermented composts increased iceberg lettuce yield by up to 83%. · Residual effects on bertalha yield reached up to 67% higher than the control. · T. asperellum did not influence soil microbial activity in this study. · Compost with passion fruit peel and rice bran proved agronomically efficient. · Using agro-industrial waste reduces costs and boosts organic farming sustainability.
Copyright (c) -1 Ana Amélia dos Santos Cordeiro, Ricardo Luiz Louro Berbara, José Guilherme Marinho Guerra, Luiz Fernando de Sousa Antunes, Giulia da Costa Rodrigues dos Santos, Ednaldo da Silva Araújo, José Antonio Azevedo Espindola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing yield properties of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) plant by integrative application of poultry manure
Purpose: Poultry manure has promising effects on bitter melon fruit yield and can be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizers. This study was conducted to determine the effect of chicken (CM) and turkey manure (TM) with a control on the bitter melon morphology and yield at the Agriculture Faculty research and application area of Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Türkiye in 2021 year. Method: The treatments were: CM with 10 t/ha (CM1), 12.5 t/ha (CM2), 15 t/ha (CM3), 17.5 t/ha (CM4), TM with 10 t/ha (TM1), 12.5 t/ha (TM2), 15 t/ha (TM3), 17.5 t/ha (TM4). Results: The results showed that TM1 application increased plant height (119.67 cm), and CM3 application increased fruit length (10.20 cm) and diameter (4.20 cm). Also, CM3 application decreased 50% flowering (70.33 days) and first fruit setting days (79.33 days), and increased fresh (142.33 kg/ha) and dry fruit (5.87 kg/ha) yield values. Correlation analysis revealed the highly significant positive correlations (between the r=0.801**-r=1**) in the most of the examined properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the examined properties showed a total of 81.4% of the total variation, and reveal to distinguish significant groupings among the examined properties and poultry manure applications. Conclusion: As a conclusion, both CM and TM applications showed positive effect on the bitter melon. Especially, CM3 and CM4 applications had the highest effect on the fruit yield. CM3-4 and TM4 applications can serve as a viable and effective nutrient source for promoting growth and maximizing bitter melon yield. Highlights · Poultry manure enhances the yield value of bitter melon · The chicken manure applications showed positive effect on bitter melon fruit yield · The examined properties showed high total variation according to PCA analysis result · The highest correlation was found between the fresh and dry weight values · The multivariate analyses produced important results
Copyright (c) -1 Gulsum Yaldiz, Mahmut Camlica, Deniz Dasdemir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioconversion of food waste into compost using rotary drum composter for agricultural utilization
Purpose: The goal of this research was to create a higher-quality compost produced by mixing sawdust with food waste and dry leaves in four different trials in a rotary drum composting unit. Method: A customized PVC composter, designed to prevent corrosion and overheating, including aeration holes spaced 15 cm apart. 500 kg of waste, sourced from Sharda University and local areas, was mixed for optimal moisture levels and divided into four trials: food waste (FW), FW with leaf powder (FW + LP), FW with sawdust (FW + SD), and food waste with leaf powder and sawdust (FW + LP + SD). Over 45 days, trials underwent rigorous monitoring and comprehensive lab analyses for parameters like moisture, volatile solids, pH, conductivity, and total organic carbon and C/N ratio. Results: The present study shows that composting across all trials, with trial 2 displaying accelerated organic degradation. Temperature profiles surpassed 50°C for T2, T3, and T4 after 15 days. The pH levels ranged from 7.6 to 8.5. Treatment T3 (FW+SD) achieved the highest organic matter reduction at 13.42%. Sawdust (FW+SD) showed superior treatment efficiency, with a finer fraction of 39.37%. Successful composting with food waste showcased the composter's effectiveness, particularly in trial three (FW+SD), which was further validated in a coriander seed pot experiment. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that all the produced composts were classified as stable and fully matured. This study underscores the efficiency of recycling sawdust through the composting process, particularly when integrated with nitrogen-rich food waste, to generate valuable end products. Highlight Customized PVC composter used to restrict corrosion and overheating. Adding a bulking agent is crucial for speeding up the breakdown of food waste Combining sawdust and leaf powder helps to control excessive leachate production. Sawdust is particularly effective in converting food waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer. The study's methods are simple enough to be replicated within communities, offering a practical solution to food waste management issues.
Copyright (c) -1 Hrishikesh Shivam, Mulbah Rufus Flomo, Dayanand Sharma, Tushar Bansal, Pooja Jha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recycling and screening of agricultural wastes to reuse in biofloculated aquaria inhabiting Ctenopharyngodon idella
Purpose: This study was conducted in the context to recycle the agricultural wastes among fruits and vegetable peels in a biofloc system inhabiting grass carp fingerlings (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish has attained a vital place in the food industry, but the major problem is costly fish feed along with water management. Method: Banana, potato and orange peels were incorporated as cost effective agricultural wastes for the biofloc development and its effect on fish growth was analyzed. Three experiments in triplicates were conducted for the three agricultural wastes to raise biofloc in 90 L glass aquaria and run parallel with control. Fingerlings were fed on the developed biofloc for 60 days. Results: Higher fish growth (p<0.05) that is gain in weight (4.08 ± 0.41) and gain in length (3.14 ± 0.37) was obtained in aquaria fed on banana peels than other agricultural wastes and control containing 39% protein, while the microbial screening showed six different types of bacterial isolates with 1.65 × 105 CFU m L-1. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and percentage specific growth rate (%SGR) also improved in fingerlings reared on banana peels biofloc-based aquaria. Conclusion: Consequently, banana peels can be recycled as the cheapest agricultural waste in the biofloc system. Research Highlights · Commencement of recycling and utilization of agricultural wastes that can serve as sole carbon source in animal nutrition and hence improves the environment quality. · Introduction of cheapest fish feed by using agricultural wastes that replaces fully commercial feed to make it cost effective. · Initiation of a system that recycled agricultural wastes incorporating in fish feed to get better growth at cheapest prices. · Waste water treatment by adopting biofloc technology that minimized the water exchange in fish aquaria because ammonia produces as fish wastes has been recycled and converted into useful form by bacteria. · It is a novel work to choose as a start up of biofloc business that is cheap and requires minimum area. It is also helpful in making the environment clean by utilizing agricultural wastes. · This research work better meet the journal scope “recycling and reusing of organic wastes” because it provides novel information regarding recycling of agricultural wastes, its utilization in animal nutrition and environmental issues.
Copyright (c) -1 Komal Tayyab, Sumaira Aslam, Faiza Jabeen, Tamseela Mumtaz, Zill-i- Huma, Meerab Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vermicompost quality of oyster mushroom Baglogs waste and pineapple residue mix
Purpose: The study aimed to examine the quality of vermicompost produced through the combination of oyster mushroom Baglogs and pineapple waste using the Eudrillus eugeniae species as a decomposer. Method: Vermicompost and compost were derived from a mixture of oyster mushroom Baglogs and pineapple waste. Eudrillus eugeniae earthworms were employed as the decomposers for the vermicomposting process. Vermicompost, compost, and the initial substrate were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), chemical composition analysis, and microbiological analysis. Results: The FT-IR spectra of the vermicompost confirmed an increase in nitrogen-rich compounds and the presence of humic substances. SEM analysis revealed more significant morphological structure changes in vermicompost. Furthermore, the vermicompost showed the smallest particle size (95.85 µm) compared to compost (149.73 µm) and the initial substrate (653.31 µm). The vermicompost demonstrated a 3-fold reduction in C/N ratio compared to the initial substrate. The nutrient content of the vermicompost increased by 1.2 – 3.2-fold from the initial substrate. The vermicompost exhibited a higher bacterial population (30.93x107 CFU/g) compared to compost (10.05x107 CFU/g) and initial raw material (2.47x107 CFU/g). Conclusion: The results demonstrated improvement in the qualities of vermicomposting as a sustainable method for waste recycling. The enhanced nutrient content, particle size reduction, and increased bacterial population in the vermicompost indicated its potential as a valuable resource for improving soil health and plant productivity. Research Highlights · Vermicomposting can be used to address waste management and recycling · The combination of organic waste in the vermicomposting process can enhance quality · FT-IR analysis is used to examine the chemical composition of organic fertilizer · The vermicompost surface turns more irregular. · Vermicompost has a smaller particle size fraction compared to other treatments.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
Copyright (c) -1 Lia Hadiawati, Ahmad Suriadi, Syarifinnur Syarifinnur, Khaerana Khaerana, Yudhistira Nugraha, Zaenal Arifin, Lolita Endang Susilowati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effects of compost application on soil properties: Agricultural and environmental benefits
Purpose: Human activities generate substantial waste, often relegated to landfills or incineration. Composting offers a valuable alternative, transforming waste into organic fertilizers that can improve soil health. This review examines the multifaceted influences of compost application on soil properties, the associated agricultural and environmental benefits. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing numerous research articles focused on compost application in agricultural soils. The review prioritized studies investigating the direct and indirect effects of varying compost application rates on a range of soil properties. The search encompassed databases and scientific journals related to soil science, environmental science, and agriculture. Results: The reviewed literature consistently demonstrated that compost incorporation positively influences several key soil properties. Compost application generally led to a reduction in bulk density, indicating improved soil structure. Furthermore, it enhanced water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity, promoting better water management. Compost also increased soil water content and the availability of plant-available water, benefiting plant growth. The review highlighted that compost application generally has positive effects on agricultural and environmental soils. Conclusion: Composting offers a sustainable waste management strategy with significant potential for soil improvement. The reviewed evidence supports the widespread use of compost as a soil amendment to enhance soil physical properties, water relations, and potentially other soil chemical and biological properties. These improvements contribute to enhanced soil health, sustainable agriculture, and environmental protection, particularly in the context of degraded soil remediation. Further research is encouraged to optimize compost application rates for different soil types and cropping systems. Research Highlights · Soil Structure Improvement: Compost reduces bulk density, enhances porosity, and improves water retention, particularly in degraded soils. · Nutrient Enrichment: Provides slow-release macronutrients (N, P, K) and increases cation exchange capacity (CEC), improving long-term soil fertility. · Microbial Enhancement: Boosts microbial activity and diversity, aiding nutrient cycling and suppressing soil-borne pathogens. · Sustainable Waste Management: Diverts organic waste from landfills, reducing methane emissions and supporting circular agriculture. · Optimization Needed: Benefits depend on compost type, soil conditions, and application rates (20–30 Mg/ha every 2–3 years), requiring site-specific strategies.
Copyright (c) -1 Farida Iraji, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, Jorge Mongil-Manso, Graciela Pellejero, David Miguélez, Payam Najafi, Juan Manuel Trujillo González (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digestate in paddy soil – methane emission and carbon sequestration
Purpose: Soils are the largest store of carbon in the biosphere, but soils can also act as the key sources of greenhouse gases. Rice cultivation in paddy soil is anoxic, thus creating an optimal condition for methane production. Digestate, a potential biofertilizer, contains a microbial consortium adapted for methane production because it comes from biogas production where methane production is optimised. In this study, we explored digestate as fertiliser in paddy soil, focussing on the effects of carbon sequestration and methane emission. Method: A number of digestates and digestate products were incubated in the soils, both waterlogged and at field capacity. The effects of thermal treatment of the digestates were assessed to understand if the microbial community applied with the digestate played a role. Results: Carbon dioxide emission was 53% higher in the soil with a history of mineral fertiliser application, than in the soil with digestate application history under waterlogging, at field capacity it was 13% smaller. Methane emissions came later when the digestate was heat-treated, indicating that the microbial community in the digestate could change the timing of emissions, but not the amount. Otherwise, some digestates increased methane emissions, whilst others had little effect. The supply of available carbon appeared to be an important factor to explain differences. Conclusion: Digestate can increase carbon sequestration in paddy soil, although the interaction between waterlogging and soil history is not fully understood. The microbial community applied with the digestate can make methane emission start earlier, but it does not increase total emission. Research Highlights The microbial community applied with the digestate accelerated methane formation. CO2 emission was higher under waterlogging than at field capacity in soil with low organic content. Waterlogging decreased methane emission in unamended soil. Only digestate where some methane potential was left induced high methane emission. Methanogens and methanotrophs abundances dynamics partly explain emission patterns.
Copyright (c) -1 Bente Foereid, Maria Dietrich, Monica Fongen, Lisa Paruch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hydrolysates of fish waste as potential plant biostimulants
Purpose: The development of plant biostimulants from fish industry waste will increase crop yields and reduce environmental pollution. The aim of our study was to develop an optimal method for the production of fish hydrolysates and to test their effectiveness as plant biostimulants for important crops such as corn and beans. Method: Three different hydrolysates were used: I - from guts only, II and III - from guts and heads. I and III were hydrolyzed using fish guts own enzymes, while II was additionally stimulated with nitric acid. Results: It was found that for beans, the treatment with a low concentration of fish hydrolysates (1%) was more optimal, while for corn, higher concentrations of hydrolysates (2% and 5%) were more effective. Treatment with all hydrolysates reduced the chlorophyll a content in maize leaves. For plants, hydrolysates from fish guts alone were more effective as biostimulants, especially for legumes that formed a root-nodule symbiosis. Conclusion: According to all the studied indicators, hydrolysate I (only from viscera) at a concentration of 1% was the most effective in the treatment of beans and corn, increasing the index of seedling vigour, growth and total vegetative mass. Research Highlights Use of fish waste hydrolysates can increase crop and reduce environmental pollution Beans require lower concentrations of fish waste hydrolysates than corn. Hydrolysate from only fish viscera acts better as a biostimulant. Hydrolysate with heads has fewer enzymes and fewer low-molecular-weight peptides. Hydrolysate with heads has a lot of calcium, which negatively affect
Copyright (c) -1 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing agricultural waste bioconversion by Black Soldier Fly larvae through wheat bran supplementation
Purpose: The growing global challenge of waste management, amplified by population growth, demands sustainable solutions. Insect-based bioconversion, specifically using Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly, BSF), offers an effective method for converting organic waste into protein-rich biomass. Method: Various agricultural and food wastes were used as diets for BSF larvae and analyzed for their chemical composition. Pistachio hulls had the highest dry matter (94.27%) and ash content (9.60%), while date fruit waste had the highest carbohydrate content (91.55%). Cafeteria food waste had the highest crude protein (15.32%) and fat content (11.33%). Due to the high adhesiveness of date paste, larvae growth was restricted. Wheat bran was added to improve texture, reduce stickiness, and enhance larval feeding. The diets were evaluated based on growth indices such as weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and lipid efficiency ratio (LER). Results: BSF larvae could not thrive on pure date paste due to its physical properties. However, the addition of wheat bran improved the substrate, resulting in better growth and survival rates. The best growth indices were observed in treatments with wheat bran alone or mixed with date paste, where WG and SGR were significantly enhanced. PER and LER also showed improved feed utilization. Conclusion: An appropriate dietary balance is essential for optimizing BSF larvae growth, efficient mass rearing, and promoting sustainable waste management and protein production. Combining date by-products with wheat bran reduces waste, enhances sustainability, and provides a local protein source for poultry and aquaculture. Research Highlight Wheat bran boosts black soldier fly bioconversion efficiency. Enhanced waste recycling through insect-based bioconversion. Agricultural waste valorization using black soldier fly larvae. Sustainable organic waste management via BSF larvae. Impact of wheat bran supplementation on BSF waste processing.
Copyright (c) -1 Zahra Raeiszadeh, Kamal Ahmadi, Mahdieh Asadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The rise of the worm: Bibliometric insights into the growing significance of vermicomposting for sustainable agriculture and environmental management
Purpose: This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of vermicomposting research over the past decade, focusing on its several advantages to sustainable agriculture and waste management. Method: The study encompasses 3259 papers published during the last decade (2013-2022), with a focus on the last five years to identify emerging trends. Results: A substantial growth in vermicomposting research is observed, with an annual publication output doubling from 2013 to 2022. Subject area analysis reveals prominence in Agricultural and Biological Sciences and Environmental Science. International collaboration has increased over the decade, with India leading in quantity but displaying a Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) below the global average. Other countries, including China, Spain, USA, and Malaysia, exhibit higher FWCI scores. Academic-corporate collaboration is limited, with only 9 papers resulting from such partnerships. Patent analysis indicates a growing interest in vermicomposting-related innovations, with 35 patents published since 2015, emphasizing sustainable practices in agriculture and waste management. Conclusion: Emerging trends encompass the development of methods for assessing vermicompost maturity and investigating its integration with other waste treatment technologies, optimization of vermicomposting through feedstock diversification, process fine-tuning, and innovative reactor designs, and environmental applications, involving the removal of heavy metals, degradation of microplastics, and wastewater treatment. Research Highlights A bibliometric analysis was conducted using Scopus, VOSviewer and SciVal A steady increase in annual publications with a particular uptick since 2019 3259 research articles and 35 patents were published during 2013-2022 India is the most prolific country, followed by Iran and China Emerging trends: innovative reactor designs, and new environmental applications
Copyright (c) -1 Ridha Mhamdi, Darine Trabelsi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative characterization of biochar obtained from cow dung and poultry litter
Purpose: The conversion of animal waste to biochar by pyrolysis remains the most sustainable alternative for proper management of cow dung and poultry litter in addressing soil infertility and environmental problems. Biochar serves multiple purposes, including waste management, organic fertilizer, carbon sequestration, soil improvement, and renewable energy production. Methods: Cow dung and poultry litter feedstocks were pyrolyzed for 1 hour at 400 o C in an oxygen limited reactor to produce biochar. Physico-chemical investigation of the produced biochar includes proximate analysis, microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES), scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG). Results: Cow dung biochar (CDB) yield was 41% while poultry litter biochar (PLB) was 60.2% respectively. Poultry litter biochar showed a higher ash content of 53.2%, volatile matter 43.5%, bulk density 0.449 g/mL and electrical conductivity 0.25 g/mL than cow dung biochar. Investigation observed dominant macronutrients: N(28300 mg/kg), K(10560.05 mg/kg), Ca(972.17 mg/kg), Mg(4523.82 mg/kg) and micronutrients Cu(80.71 mg/kg), Zn(90.42 mg/kg), Na(2862.47 mg/kg), Fe(2014.25 mg/kg) in poultry litter biochar than cow dung biochar. SEM-EDX images were black and porous with embedded organic and inorganic components. Functional groups acting as cation adsorbents were identified using FTIR. Mass loss and sample disintegration were evident in TGA and DTG curves as temperature increased. Conclusion: Animal waste converted to biochar can act as a nutrient rich soil conditioner to address the mineral deficit in fruits and vegetables cultivated in acidic soils. Reusing agricultural waste in this way is a good idea. Research Highlights Environmental problems such as pollution, global warming and poor soil fertility will be addressed through reuse of animal waste. This study uses slow pyrolysis to compare the physicochemical characteristics of biochar made from cow dung and chicken litter. Analysis was done on important parameters such yield, elemental composition, pH, nutritional content, and functional groups. Cow dung biochar demonstrated a more stable structure and reduced ash level, but poultry litter biochar demonstrated higher production and nutritional contents. The results point to possible uses for biochars in nutrient control and soil amendment.
Copyright (c) -1 Erdoo Rose Kukwa, Orseer Barnabas Iortyom, Christie Agbenu Adah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0