International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture
Journal DOI: 10.57647/IJROWA Journal Abbreviation: Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. Journal Title Acronym: IJROWA Owner organisation: Islamic Azad University-Isfahan Branch Publisher: Islamic Azad University-Isfahan Branch, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK The IJROWA Journal has been indexed in the well-known world databases mainly; Scopus (CiteScore (2023) = 2.1), Scimago Journal Rank (Q2), Web of Science Journal Impact Factor (JCR): 2023, IF = 1.2. All submitted manuscripts are checked for similarity through a trustworthy software such as iThenticate to be assured about its originality and then rigorously peer-reviewed by the international reviewers. IJROWA is a quarterly journal published by the Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch. The journal requires payment of Article Processing Charges (APCs) upon article acceptance to cover publication costs. The journal publishes high-quality review articles in all areas of recycling of organic waste including: Solid waste reuse in agriculture Waste water reuse in agriculture Utilization of organic wastes: composting Ways to reduce, reuse and recycle organic waste Social and economic impact of reduction, reuse and recycling of organic waste in agriculture Methods to raise the public awareness of recycling and reuse of organic waste in agriculture Organic waste utilization in animal and poultry nutrition Urban food waste composting Agricultural crop residues for wastewater treatment The IJROWA highlights research that supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From boosting soil fertility with organic waste (SDG 2: Zero Hunger) to cutting waste in agriculture (SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production), we demonstrate innovations that drive sustainability in food systems and the environment. Website: https://oiccpress.com/ijrowa Publisher: OICC Press Latest News: We would like to inform all authors and contributors that, effective 1st November 2025, an Article Processing Charge (APC) will apply to all new submissions, manuscripts submitted on or after this date that are accepted for publication in the International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture (IJROWA).
Optimizing Vermicompost and Cobalt Application for Enhancing Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield in Inceptisol
Purpose: Rice is an essential diet for more than half of the world’s inhabitants and subjected to growth in heavy metal-contaminated soil. Rice accumulates heavy metals in the above and below ground parts; the magnitude of accumulation depends upon the plant's available form of heavy metals in the soil. One such heavy metal is cobalt, which its concentration has been manifolded in post-industrial activities, leading to a high soil Co concentration. Cobalt is a component of Vitamin B12 and many enzymes. Humans can’t synthesize these enzymes, and consumption of Co-enriched grain can lead to Co toxicity in humans. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of vermicompost conjugated with an optimum dose of Co for rice plants grown in an Inceptisol. Method: The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) comprising nine treatments. The treatment received vermicompost, Co in the form of cobalt chloride, and the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). Results: The results indicated that the application of Co at lower concentration was beneficial for rice growth without any hyperaccumulation, resulting in a significant increase of 46% and 22% in grain and straw yield, respectively. A comparable trend was also observed for Nitrogen uptake, which increased by 2 and 1.5 times over RDF in grain and straw, respectively. In contrast, higher Co application rates, either alone or in combination with vermicompost, resulted in a 10–15% reduction in cobalt uptake in grains. These findings suggest that vermicompost plays a critical role in regulating and optimizing cobalt uptake under higher Co application levels. Conclusion: Overall, vermicompost and the lower doses of Co provide a better yield in rice without any phytotoxicity. Highlights: · Vermicompost and low-dose Co boosted rice yield by up to 46% over recommended dose of fertilizer · Improved N, Fe, Mn and Zn uptake without Co hyperaccumulation in grain. · Vermicompost raised soil OC and reduced Co uptake, enhancing food safety. · Higher Co (>10 mg kg⁻¹) induced phytotoxicity, lowering growth and yield. · Integrated vermicompost and Co management supports soil and crop health.
Copyright (c) -1 Pramod Kumar Sharma, Dibyajyoti Panda, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, Himanshu Pandey, Abhik Patra, Shashank Kumar Singh, Munesh Kumar Shukla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Different Fertilizer Regimes and Irrigation Water Qualities on Soil Fertility under Lettuce Production
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic compost as a substitute for synthetic nitrogen (N) and the use of wastewater irrigation on lettuce cultivation by assessing changes in key soil fertility parameters. Methods: A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Department of the School of Agricultural Sciences in Botucatu, Brazil (22°50′S, 48°22′W), on a medium-textured Rhodic Hapludox. The experimental design was completely randomized in a split-plot arrangement, with six N fertilization treatments (organic and synthetic) combined with either wastewater or freshwater irrigation, and five replicates. The N treatments were as follows: T1 – no N; T2 – 0.54 g N applied as urea, split at 7, 14, and 28 days after transplanting; T3 – 0.27 g N from organic compost and 0.27 g N from urea, split at 7, 14, and 28 days after transplanting; T4 – 0.54 g N from organic compost; T5 – 0.81 g N from organic compost; T6 – 1.08 g N from organic compost. Results: The highest compost rate (1.08 g N, T6) significantly improved soil fertility by increasing pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and the availability of macro- and micronutrients, under both freshwater and wastewater irrigation. These treatments also enhanced soil organic matter and dissolved organic carbon contents, which were positively correlated with nutrient availability. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; letter-spacing: .15pt; background: white; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion: The T6 treatment also produced the highest green biomass yield of lettuce compared to the exclusive use of urea, highlighting organic compost as a sustainable alternative for N fertilization. Highlights · Organic compost improved soil fertility, nutrient availability, and lettuce yield. · Wastewater irrigation enhanced nutrient recycling and crop productivity. · Combined organic and chemical fertilization reduced soil acidity and Al³⁺ toxicity. · Long-term compost uses increased soil organic carbon and nutrient correlations. · Organic compost offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
Copyright (c) -1 Thomaz Figueiredo Lobo, Helio Grassi Filho, João de Andrade Bonetti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recycling Animal and Plant Residues Through Vermicomposting: Nutrient Release, Organic Carbon Fractions, and Humate Quality Under Semi-Arid Conditions
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the availability of nutrients through different extraction methods, their potential mineralization, total carbon content, and carbon distribution in various organic carbon fractions. Additionally, it examined the characteristics of humates derived from distinct vermicompost formulations. Methods: The experiment followed a 6×4 factorial design, incorporating six treatments (combinations of cattle manure, goat manure, cashew leaves, and catanduva leaves) and four evaluation intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120 days of vermicomposting). The experimental units were arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates, using polyethylene containers under uniform environmental conditions. Results: The findings revealed that vermicomposts produced with cattle manure consistently displayed higher levels of total organic carbon and carbon in both labile and humified fractions of the organic material, regardless of the plant mixtures used. Nutrients showed greater availability in both the short and medium term, except for phosphorus and potassium, which were more readily available in vermicomposts based on goat manure in the short term. Conclusion: Cattle manure vermicomposts, regardless of the plant mixture, had higher levels of nutrients available in the short and medium term, except for P and K. Humates obtained from cattle manure-based vermicomposts exhibited elevated levels of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carboxylic acidity, demonstrating a notable increase in aliphatic carbon groups and a higher degree of humification, coupled with lower aromaticity and minimal structural condensation. Highlights • Producers in the semiarid region have been producing vermicompost with animal and plant waste • The valorization of vermicomposted biowaste must have agronomic qualities within a given time. • The characteristics analyzed were: organic matter and fractions, nutrient and humate contents. • Vermicompost from cattle manure presented higher nutrient contents and total organic C and organic fractions. • Humates from cattle vermicomposts present higher composition of C, H, N and O, acidity and higher E4/E6 ratios.
Copyright (c) -1 Larissa Fernandes da Silva, Luiz Fernando de Sousa Antunes, Jeane Cruz Portela, Diana Ferreira de Freitas, Daniel Valadão Silva, Francimar Maik da Silva Morais, Francisco Éder Rodrigues de Oliveira, João Luiz Lima, Ramona Rodrigues Amaro de Oliveira, Erlen Kaline Ávila do Nascimento, Alessandra Nunes da Silva, Paulo Ricardo Chagas Oliveira, Pedro Victor Tavares Firmino da Silva, Eulene Francisco da Silva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Role of Stirring in Composting of Goat Manure with Application of Corncob Biochar
Purpose: The abundance of corncob waste has not been optimally utilized and tends to be thrown away and left to decompose. The utilization of corncobs processed into biochar in the composting process is a topic that needs to be explored. In addition, dependence on external bio-activators in the composting process can be reduced with the application of biochar as an indigenous material. In this context, the objective of this study was to know the effect of corncob biochar application and stirring on the quality of goat manure organic fertilizer. Method: A randomized Complete Block Design with the first factor of no application and application of 10% biochar based on weight of goat manure and the second factor of being without stirring or with weekly stirring was tested, and each treatment was repeated five times. The observed variables were pH, temperature, humidity, water content, and chemical characteristics viz. C-organic, N, P2O5, and K2O. Results: The addition of corncob biochar with or without stirring to the manure of goats produced better-quality organic fertilizer with the low relative humidity, and high contents in C-organic, N, and K. Conclusion: composting using corncob biochar with or without stirring resulted in better-quality composting by using corncob biochar with or without stirring resulted in a better-quality organic fertilizer compared to composting without biochar application based on regional and national standards supported by WHO such as those in Canada, USA and Europe. Highlight · Converting corncob to biochar is a promising strategy in agricultural waste management. · Biochar could apply as an indigenous material in the composting process. · The addition of corncob biochar can minimize the nutrient loss during the process of composting of goat manure. · Stirring the pile during composting process apparently does not affect the nutrient content of the compost especially for goat manure. The better quality of goat manure compost has been resulted by application of biochar.
Copyright (c) -1 Yugi R. Ahadiyat, Ervina Mela, Ahmad Fauzi, Nazzala Shafa Laksana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Quality of Organic Fertilizer from Chicken Manure Fortified with Agricultural Waste Using a Rotary Drum System
Purpose: Organic fertilizer from chicken manure has the ability to improve soil structure, enhance the soil's capacity to retain water and air, and stimulate beneficial microbial activity within the soil. The objective of this research is to improve the quality of organic fertilizer derived from chicken manure by adding organic waste through composting using a rotary drum system. Method: follows an experimental approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments applied were as follows: P0=100% layer chicken manure; P1= 50%-layer chicken manure: 50% coffee husk waste. P2= 50%-layer chicken manure: 50% banana peel waste. P3 = 50%-layer chicken manure: 50% rice husk ash. The compost quality parameters measured included nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic carbon (C-organic), moisture content, and the C/N ratio, Result: The research findings indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in nitrogen content, potassium content, carbon content, C/N ratio, and moisture content of the organic fertilizer with different types of agricultural waste. However, phosphorus content did not show significant differences with the addition of any agricultural waste. Conclusion The addition of 50% coffee husk to chicken manure (P1) produced the best compost quality, with the highest nitrogen (2.47%) and organic carbon (32.19%), a C/N ratio of 13.03 within the SNI standard, and a stable pH of 7.0. While phosphorus remained stable, all treatments met the SNI requirements, confirming P1 as the most effective formulation for high-quality organic fertilizer. Highlights · The study evaluated the effect of fortifying chicken manure with agricultural wastes (coffee husk, banana peel, and rice husk ash) on compost quality using a rotary drum composter. · The rotary drum system enhanced aeration and uniform mixing, accelerating composting and improving nutrient stability. · The combination of 50% chicken manure and 50% coffee husk (P1) produced the best results with N = 2.47%, C-organic = 32.19%, and C/N ratio = 13.03, meeting SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. · Coffee husk addition improved nitrogen, potassium, and carbon content while reducing moisture content to 26.30%. · All formulations met SNI quality requirements, but only P1 achieved optimal compost maturity, neutral pH (7.0), and blackish-brown color indicating stable humus formation. · The findings confirm that fortification with coffee husk in rotary drum composting is an effective method for producing high-quality organic fertilizer from poultry waste.
Copyright (c) -1 Wehandaka Pancapalaga, Khusnul Khotimah, Malikah Umar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Influence of Three Organic Substrates on Eudrilus eugeniae Cultivation
Purpose: To contribute to the management of organic waste and the improvement of agricultural production, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of three organic wastes on Eudrilus eugeniae cultivation. Method: The experiment was carried out from October 2022 to May 2023 at the University of Yaounde I. The method consisted of collecting and pre-composting organic wastes (kitchen waste: KW, horse dung: HD, and chicken droppings: CD). Epigeic worms, Eudrilus eugeniae were collected and a batch-feeding system was set up in boxes. The experimental design consisting of six treatments replicated three times established with T1=KW+120 worms.kg-1; T2=CD+120 worms.kg-1; T3=HD+120 worms.kg-1; T4=KW+150 worms.kg-1; T5=CD+150 worms.kg-1 and T6=HD+150 worms.kg-1. The physicochemical characteristics of the substrates (pH, Conductivity, Salinity, Total organic matter (TOM), Total organic carbon (TOC), Nitrogen, NH4+, C:N ratio) were measured every 15 days. During the 10 weeks of the experiment, the effect of the substrates on earthworms’ growth and reproduction were determined by physicochemical analyses and correlation test. Results: The results showed that the physicochemical quality of the substrate significantly affected worm’s growth and their reproduction performances. An increase of salinity negatively affected the worm’s weight, the growth rate and the cocoon production. The decrease of C: N, TOM and TOC negatively affected the growth rate This study revealed that the best performances in terms of growth rate, fitness, weight, worm number, and cocoon production were obtained in Kitchen waste (T1: Kitchen waste + 120 worms·kg⁻¹ ). Conclusion: Kitchen organic waste is a suitable substrate for Eudrilus eugeniae cultivation. Highlights · The physicochemical quality of the substrate significantly affected the growth and the reproduction performances of Eudrilus eugeniae · The increase of salinity and conductivity negatively affected the worm’s weight, growth rate and cocoon production · The decrease of C:N, TOM and TOC negatively affected the growth rate of Eudrilus eugeniae · Kitchen organic waste with a stock density of 120 worms.kg-1 showed a higher growth rate, earthworm biomass, and number of cocoons · Too much wood shavings in chicken droppings and horse dung affects the substrate quality and the earthworms’ palatability.
Copyright (c) -1 Ginette Sandrine Liégui, Carine Nono Temegne, Guy Valerie wafo Djumyom, Sylvie Mireille Mendomo Eyenga, Detrithus Borel Koumko Sandeu, Atabong Paul Agendia, Narcisse Steve Keundo Mbadia, Emmanuel Youmbi, Serge Hubert Togouet Zébazé (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutrient Release Pattern of Different Organic Sources under Controlled Conditions
Purpose: It is essential to have up-to-date knowledge about the mineralization of organic sources and the release patterns of nutrients to ensure that crops receive sufficient nutrients throughout their growth cycle. Organic sources like compost, animal manure, and green manure are valuable nutrient sources for crop production. However, the nutrient content of these sources can vary based on factors such as the source, composition, and processing method. This study aimed to determine the release patterns of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) from various organic sources to optimize their utilization. Method: Seven types of compost, EPMC, CPM, GMI, Kitchen Organic Waste Compost (KOWC), Biochar-Enriched Compost (BEC), CWS, and Value-Added Compost (VAC), were collected from organic sources and evaluated for nutrient release patterns under controlled conditions over a 60-day period. Results: The variations in SOM, C dynamics, nutrient mineralization rate were associated with chemical composition of the manures. EPMC was found as the most suitable P organic amendment for integration with chemical N fertilizers while KOWC demonstrated superior potential as an P organic source and BEC as a K-rich organic amendment. Additionally, VAC exhibited the most balanced and consistent nutrient release characteristics, making it a strong candidate for use as a general-purpose organic nutrient source. Conclusion: No single manure type can be universally recommended for integrated management of N, P and K. Instead, nutrient specific calibration and detailed characterization of each manure source are essential for optimize the combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient inputs. Highlights: · The efficiency of compost mineralization was determined by the ratios of C:P and C:K, not C:N. · Enriched poultry-based compost was a top source of organic nitrogen (N) · Composted kitchen organic waste was ideal for phosphorus (P) nutrition. · Biochar-enriched compost was the best organic fertilizer for potassium (K). · Value-added compost emerged as a comprehensive single source of organic N, P and K
Copyright (c) -1 Rashid Mukhtar, Wazir Ahmed, Tanveer Ul Haq, Shafqat Saeed, Ashfaq Ahmad Rahi, Abdul Ghaffar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Yield and Profit Improvement of Maize Utilizing Optimal Planting Density and Rice-Husk Waste as Effective Silicon Fertilizer
Purpose: Using silicon fertilizer from rice husk waste and double-narrow row (DNR) plant spacing can increase maize yield. Therefore, the study aimed to improve farmers' productivity and profitability by applying biosilica fertilizer with DNR plant spacing and closing the maize yield gap. Method: The field experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replications in a 2 × 6 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two plant spatial arrangements: DNR and conventional row (CR) plant spacing; six maize cultivars: Pioneer-27, Bisi-18, NK-22, JH-37, RK-457, and RK-57; and two levels of biosilica fertilizer application in the form of Si-nanoparticles: with and without biosilica fertilizer. We observed the correlation among yield and yield components, yield increase, profitability, and yield gap analysis. Results: The number of seeds per row and the number of leaves per plant both showed the highest estimates of positive correlation and positive direct effect as the dominant characteristic that directly affected the variation of maize grain yield. Application of biosilica fertilizer with DNR plant spacing indicated a significant increase in maize productivity of 0.96 t ha–1 or 9.90% and additional net return gains of USD 183.49 ha–1 compared to CR plant spacing without application of silicon fertilizer. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 21.35% Conclusion: The DNR planting system and the application of biosilica fertilizer from rice husks were consistently more effective than CR spacing without biosilica fertilizer, demonstrating their reliability and potential for increasing maize yields, improving net income, and narrowing the yield gap. Highlights · Double-narrow-row (DNR) was compared to conventional row (CR) plant spacing · Maize yield was 10% higher with DNR plus biosilica fertilizer · Farmers get additional net return gains of USD 183 ha–1 per cycle · There is room for increasing maize productivity by closing exploitable yield gaps · DNR with biosilica fertilizer as an innovative approach to sustainable agriculture
Copyright (c) -1 Slameto Slameto, Erythrina Erythrina, Endriani Endriani, Valeriana Darwis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Co-Composting MSW and Sewage Sludge: Comparing Vertical vs. Horizontal Methods with Different Aeration Rates in Lab-Scale
Purpose: This study investigated the co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) in lab-scale vertical and horizontal reactors to compare their performance and identify optimal operational parameters for enhanced bio-safety. Method: The study compared the reactor configurations using two distinct aeration flow rates (22 and 66 L·min⁻¹) and two sizes of wood chip bulking agents (10 mm and 20 mm), resulting in eight experimental runs. Results: All eight treatments achieved the required thermophilic temperature (>55 ºC for at least 2 days). However, the Horizontal reactor method resulted in a shorter overall composting period. Notably, the treatment with the lowest aeration rate and largest bulking agent size (AVCCP2: Vertical, 22 L·min⁻¹, 20 mm) achieved the longest sustained thermophilic phase of 7 days. This optimal thermal condition confirmed the complete removal of pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella spp., enteric viruses, and viable helminth eggs) and led to the fastest rate of C/N ratio reduction. Conclusion: The pilots AVCCP2 and AHCCP2 (Horizontal, 22 L·min⁻¹, 20 mm) demonstrated the maximum efficiency, primarily due to their long sustained thermophilic duration. AVCCP2 showed the best performance in terms of sanitization and pathogen control, achieving Class A compost standards and confirming the potential of vertical reactors for real-scale application with enhanced bio-safety. Highlights ● Vertical and horizontal in-vessel co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) were comparatively investigated. ● Optimization of aeration rate and bulking agent size was essential for efficient process progression. ● Aerating at a lower rate significantly prolonged the thermophilic phase, ensuring effective pathogen removal. ● A higher reduction rate of the C/N ratio was observed in treatments utilizing the smaller particle size of the bulking agent. ● The increase in pH value was notably greater in the vertical reactors compared to the horizontal reactors.
Copyright (c) -1 Tahere Taghizade Firozjaee, Hasan Aminirad, Hossein Jalalianei, Farshad Golbabaei Kootenaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of Biochar Production from Temple floral Waste and Coriander Stems
Purpose: This study investigates and compares the efficiency and physicochemical properties of biochar produced from two distinct biomass feedstocks: temple floral waste and coriander stems—and assesses their potential applicability in agricultural systems. Method; Biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 550 °C under oxygen-limited conditions. The samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Germination tests were conducted using Cicer arietinum to assess the effectiveness of the biochars. Results: EDX analysis confirmed the presence of essential macronutrients—carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)—indicating potential as soil enhancers. The maximum biochar yield (57%) was obtained from temple floral waste, whereas coriander stems yielded )49%(. Germination tests revealed that coriander stem biochar promoted seed growth more effectively than floral waste. Conclusion: Both biomass sources are viable for sustainable biochar production; however, coriander stem biochar showed greater potential for enhancing seed germination. The findings highlight the role of unconventional biomass in sustainable waste management and agricultural improvement. Highlights · Comparison of biochar efficiency from temple floral waste and coriander stems. · Both biomasses underwent pyrolysis at 550°C, a process without oxygen. · Physicochemical analysis of biochar from floral & coriander waste revealed macro-nutrients. · Highest biochar yield was achieved using floral waste. · Sustainable waste management & biochar production from temple waste, coriander stems.
Copyright (c) -1 Kalyani A. Motghare, Vivek P. Bhange, Jagdish W. Gabhane, Manju A. Soni, Vivek M. Nanoti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Sustainable Biomaterials Composites from Waste Materials (Spent Mushroom Compost, Garlic Shell, and Water Hyacinth) with Edible Mushroom Mycelium-Based
Purpose: To evaluate performance and add value of bio-based degradable waste materials of spent mushroom compost cooperate with garlic shell, and water hyacinth with mushroom mycelium-based methods. Method: The Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus polychrous, L. squarrosulus, and Pleurotus sajor-caju were used to study bio-based composites from various formula of waste materials (spent mushroom compost (Agrocybe cylindracea or P. ostreatus), garlic shell, and water hyacinth). Then we selected the best species and the formula of biomaterial composites to prepare pot prototypes. Finally, the biomaterial composite pots were measured physical and mechanical properties. Results: L. squarrosulus exhibited the fastest mycelial growth and highly effective to composed materials. Then, selected further pot prototypes with variation formulation and physical and mechanical properties were presented; density ranged from 0.18−0.22 g cm-3 and water absorption reaching between 172−250% in 24 hr., the absorption increases more gradually, reaching 302%−368% after 168 hr. Variations between formulation, the composites AC-F1 and PO-F1 exhibited superior water absorption. Whereas composites AC-F2 and PO-F2 demonstrated the lowest water absorption. For the compressive strength significant differences between samples prepared with spent mushroom compost from A. cylindracea and P. ostreatus. The spent mushroom compost from P. ostreatus is higher compressive strength, ranging from 385.4−451.5 kPa. In contrast the spent mushroom compost derived from A. cylindracea ranged between 174.9−197.3 kPa. Conclusion: The mycelium-based biodegradable composite produced demonstrates excellent performance and suitability for various applications. As such, they contribute to efficient upcycling and support zero-waste practices. Highlights · Utilization waste materials of garlic shell, water hyacinth and spent mushroom compost · Evaluate performance and add value of edible mushrooms mycelium-based biodegradable composites waste materials · Ganoderma lucidum slowest growth, less dense, and less tough on biomaterials composites · Lentinus squarrosulus is highly effective of mycelium-based biodegradable composites · These mycelium-based composites have an effective choice and are able apply in many applications
Copyright (c) -1 Mettaya Kitiwan, Narumon Tangthirasunun, Phacharaphon Tunthawiroon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilizing Swine Wastewater for Sustainable Fertilization of Tree
Purpose: This study evaluated the influence of swine wastewater (SW) application on soil chemical attributes and the morphometric development of tree seedlings. Method: The experiment was conducted in the environmental area of the Federal University of Paraná, using a completely randomized design with five SW doses: T1: control, T2: 25 m³ ha⁻¹, T3: 50 m³ ha⁻¹, T4: 75 m³ ha⁻¹, and T5: 100 m³ ha⁻¹, with four replicates. The species Luehea divaricata Mart. (Malvaceae) and Cordia americana (L.) Gottschling & J.S.Mill. (Cordiaceae) were evaluated. Soil chemical characteristics and seedling dimensions were evaluated before planting and after 36 months. Results: SW application promoted changes in soil chemical attributes, such as increased acidification, reducing the pH from 4.7 in the control to 4.2 in T5. For Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺, the increase relative to the control was 2.03 cmolc dm⁻³, 1.20 cmolc dm⁻³, and 0.38 cmolc dm⁻³, respectively. For organic carbon (C-org), a reduction was recorded in all treatments. The height growth of Luehea divaricata was equal between T4 and T3; however, these were statistically different from the other treatments. The same occurred with Cordia americana, however, this difference occurred between treatments T3 and T5. Conclusion: The application of SW promoted changes in the soil chemical characteristics and contributed to the growth of both forest species, especially for plants that received doses between 50 and 100 m³/ha⁻¹. HIGHLIGHTS · Swine wastewater application enhances native tree seedling growth. · Swine wastewater improves soil fertility and increases exchangeable cations. · Soil acidification is a potential side effect of swine wastewater application. · The optimal dose of swine wastewater for tree fertilization varies between species. Swine wastewater can be a sustainable fertilizer for forest restoration.
Copyright (c) -1 Juliano Cordeiro, Gustavo Ferreira Coelho, Robson Fernando Missio, Lucas Rafael Sanches, William dos Santos Piva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Neem, Mahua and Sesame Seed Cakes, and Tamarind Husk Powder on Improving Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Rice
Purpose: Plant-based by-products are known to improve nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) while minimizing environmental pollution. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to examine the potential for improving the NUE of the rice variety Bg300 grown in reddish brown earth (RBE) soil (Chromic Luvisols) by incorporating urea with plant-based by-products. Method: A field experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with six treatments: the control plot without urea application (C), urea alone (U), urea + neem (UN), urea + mahua (UM), urea + sesame (US), and urea + tamarind (UT). Soil and plant samples were collected at three, five, seven, and nine weeks after broadcasting, that is, at the end of the vegetative growth stage. Results: Rice plants receiving UN had a higher shoot dry weight, shoot N concentration, and shoot N content compared to other treatments (P<0.05). After nine weeks of growth, the NUE of UN and UM was 0.093 and 0.091 g mg⁻¹, respectively, while that of U was 0.078 g mg⁻¹ (P<0.05). Soil N concentration was similar among treatments (P>0.05), except for lower soil N in the control (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of soil amendments, particularly neem seed cake, shows strong potential for improving the growth and NUE of rice cultivated in RBE soil. Highlights · Seedcakes are by-products of agriculture industry · Those may use to improve fertilizer-use efficiency · Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and growth of rice were improved with seedcakes · NUE decreased in the order of neem>mahua>seseme>tamarind
Copyright (c) -1 Chanthirakumar Thananseyan, Suwini Kumari, Mojith Ariyaratne, Lalith Suriyagoda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Slow-Release Fertilizer (SRF) and Biofertilizer Application on Rice Growth and Yield in a Paddy Field
Purpose: Paddy fields in Indonesia have experienced a stagnation in productivity, where increasing fertilizer applications no longer result in higher yields. To address this, various strategies, including ameliorants, have been employed to enhance rice production. This study investigates the potential of biofertilizers to improve the efficiency of inorganic fertilizers, specifically slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The aim is to evaluate the impact of biofertilizer application on rice production when combined with inorganic fertilizers. Method: The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications on 5m x 5m plots. The treatments included different combinations of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) and biofertilizers: P1 [SRF NPK 20-10-15 + Zn 0.2]; P2 [SRF NPK 20-10-15 + Cu 0.4 + Fe 0.4]; P3 [SRF NPK 15-15-10 + Cu 0.4 + Fe 0.4]; P4 [SRF NPK 15-15-10]; P5 [SRF NPK 15-15-10 + S 0.4 + Zn 0.2]; and P6-P10, which corresponded to P1-P5 combined with biofertilizer. In the biofertilizer treatments, the inorganic fertilizer dose was reduced to one-third of the original amount. Growth parameters and rice yield were measured. Results: The results showed that applying SRF at 60% of the standard fertilizer rate achieved comparable yields to full-dose conventional applications. Additionally, the integration of biofertilizers allowed for a 70% reduction in SRF usage without compromising rice production. Conclusion: The study shows that combining biofertilizers with SRF allows for a 70% reduction in SRF usage while supporting rice yields, offering an effective and sustainable solution to enhance rice production. Highlights · Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) and biofertilizers effectively maintain rice yield with reduced fertilizer applications. · Biofertilizers contribute to increased nutrient availability through microbial action, promoting sustainable soil health. · Rice yield was sustained with a 70% reduction in SRF when biofertilizer was applied, showcasing environmental and economic benefits. · Combining SRF and biofertilizer presents a viable alternative to conventional high-dose NPK applications in rice cultivation.
Copyright (c) -1 Abdul Ghofar, Sih Parmiyatni, Bedah Rupaedah, Mochamad Rosjidi, Anwar Mustafa, Akhmad Jufri, Bonny Agung Wahyuono, Umiati Umiati, Murbantan Tandirerung, Dadang Rosadi, Hens Saputra, Rudy Surya Sitorus, Suwardi Suwardi, Apong Sandrawati, Dyah T. Suryaningtyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Biochar as a Mulch for Weed Control and Soil Moisture Retention in Strawberry Cultivation
Purpose: Weed control and soil moisture retention are critical challenges in plant cultivation requiring effective solutions. This study aims to assess the impact of biochar produced from pine nut shells as a mulch for weed composition, biomass, and soil moisture retention compared to widely used spunbond covering material in strawberry cultivation. Method: The experiment with six weed species was conducted using a growth chamber over two months with sixteen replicates for each of the three treatments: control (no mulch), soil with a 2 cm layer of biochar mulch, and soil with spunbond. Results: In the control treatment, six weed species germinated, whereas only five and three species were observed in the biochar and spunbond treatments, respectively. Both mulching treatments significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the height of grass weeds, stinging nettles, and shepherds’ purse, as well as the mass of dry above-ground and root biomass of shepherds’ purse, rapeseed, and stinging nettle by 52–100%. Spunbond mulch demonstrated superior soil moisture retention overall. However, during the initial three days of a simulated dry period, biochar retained 7% more water compared to spunbond (2%). The application of spunbond mulch completely suppressed the emergence of rapeseed and burdock, while both biochar and spunbond effectively controlled fennel. Both mulching treatments significantly reduced the height of grasses, stinging nettles, and shepherds’ purse by different mechanisms. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Biochar can be useful for reducing the weed count and increasing the water retention in the soil.
Copyright (c) -1 Konstantin Olegovich Ponomarev, Arina Nikolaevna Pervushina, Alina Aleksandrovna Dryagina, Darya Sergeevna Krasnova, Roman Borisovich Tabakaev, Ilya Aleksandrovich Zhovanik, Alexander Sergeevich Petuhov, Gulnoz Akhmedovna Khisamutdinova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response of corn to Potassic Organomineral Fertilizer in an Oxisol
Purpose: Corn (Zea mays L.) requires an adequate supply of potassium (K) to achieve high productivity. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the main fertilizer source used, but its excessive application can increase soil salinity and production costs. Organomineral fertilizers (OMF) have emerged as an alternative, as they improve soil attributes and supply nutrients. In this study, the effects of an OMF fertilizer were compared with KCl, based on the external critical level (CL) of K for corn in a sandy loam Typic Hapludox. Method: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications. The applied K rates ranged from 40% below to 20% above the CL. Biometric and plant tissue data were evaluated. Results: OMF showed equivalent or superior efficacy compared to KCl, especially at rates suitable for the crop. The use of OMF enhanced calcium and magnesium uptake and exhibited the highest agronomic efficiency of K use across all evaluated rates, with an average value 24% higher than that of KCl. Both fertilizers had similar K uptake efficiency, while apparent recovery efficiency ranged from 55 to 70% for OMF and 77 to 94% for KCl. Conclusion: Both fertilizers exhibited similar efficacy, and the choice should consider availability and cost. In addition to being a viable alternative, OMF offers environmental benefits and contributes to organic waste management, promoting more sustainable agricultural practices and aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Objectives. Highlights · Organomineral fertilizer (OMF) increased potassium agronomic efficiency. · OMF improved calcium and magnesium uptake in corn plants. · OMF showed equal or superior performance to KCl in corn growth. · Potassium rates above the critical level did not improve plant productivity. · OMF promotes sustainable waste management and reduces KCl dependence.
Copyright (c) -1 Caroline de Figueiredo Oliveira, Tiago Tezotto, Vinícius de Melo Benites, Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digestate: Scope and Application as Nitrogen Fertilizer for Rice
Purpose: Rice production in paddy soil is important for food security, and nitrogen fertilisation is important to achieve high yields. Digestate, the organic rest from biogas production can be a good fertilizer, but relatively little is known about its use in paddy soil, which is investigated here. Method: Nitrogen transformations and rice growth in soil waterlogged and at field capacity after application of digestate and digestate products were assessed in a pot experiment. Nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions with the same digestates were also assessed in an incubation. Results: One of the tested digestates had as good fertilizer effect as urea. Nitrogen transformations went mostly as expected under given water status, but digestates were more affected by waterlogging than urea. Some instability appeared about 10 days after fertilizer application. Then nitrite levels were high, responsive microbial populations peaked and N2O emissions started. Whilst emissions after mineral fertilizer application (urea) were not affected by waterlogging, emission after application of one of the examined digestate was high at field capacity but almost zero under waterlogging. N2O emissions from all other digestate and water treatments were also low. Conclusion: Digestates have great potential as organic fertilizers in rice production, but N2O emissions under aerobic soil conditions are of concern and warrants further investigation and mitigation strategy. Highlights: · Digestates are potentially good fertilisers for rice · Nitrogen uptake from one of the tested digestates was comparable with urea · Ammonium was released quickly from digestate, but more nitrate was formed with urea treatment · Some instability appeared about 10 days after fertiliser application, with high nitrite levels · Water-saving irrigation increases N2O emission more with digestate than with mineral fertilisers
Copyright (c) -1 Bente Foereid, Maria Dietrich, Lisa Paruch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vermicomposting for Sustainable Soil Health in SubSaharan Africa Focusing on Ethiopia: Opportunities, Adoption Barriers, and Policy Pathways
Purpose: Soil degradation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) threatens smallholder farming sustainability. Vermicomposting, using earthworms to convert agricultural waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer, has emerged as a promising solution. Method: This review synthesizes 86 studies to analyse vermicomposting's impacts on soil and plant health, and alignment with regenerative agriculture and circular economy principles. Results: The bio-conversion process through vermicomposting aligns with principles of regenerative agriculture and the circular economy by recycling agricultural waste into valuable soil improvers, thereby reducing landfill usage and mitigating environmental pollution. The review highlights the role of earthworms and microorganisms in stabilizing organic waste, improving nutrient profiles, and enhancing the biological activity of vermicompost. Additionally, it examines the mechanisms by which vermicompost amendments suppress plant diseases and pests, ultimately supporting sustainable farming practices. While vermicomposting offers substantial environmental and agricultural benefits, these outcomes depend on process optimization and local adaptation. Key knowledge gaps and barriers to adoption in SSA are identified, emphasizing the need for policy interventions. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">: Vermicomposting is a sustainable and practical approach to transforming agricultural waste into high-quality organic manure, with profound implications for improving soil health and fostering smallholder farming resilience in SSA particularly Ethiopia.<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Integrating vermicomposting into national soil health and waste management strategies, including subsidy programs, can scale its adoption. Highlights Transformation of available organic waste into soil improvers for healthier soils is needed Vermicomposting becomes a strategy to recycle agricultural waste into safe fertilizer in smallholders Vermicomposting's benefits rely on process optimization and local adaptation. Vermicomposting promotes a circular economy and regenerative agriculture Vermicomposting technology adoption is crucial in SSA smallholders through knowledge creation
Copyright (c) -1 Zerihun Getachew Gebrehana, Mesfin T. Gebremikael, Sheleme Beyene, Wim M.L. Wesemael, Stefaan De Neve (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Lignocellulosic Wastes and Industrial by-Products on Some Chemical Properties of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula Edodes)
Purpose: The edible and medicinal Shiitake mushroom is one of the most well-known mushrooms worldwide. Mushroom cultivation reduces the environmental impact of agricultural waste used as substrates and provides an economically viable alternative for producing food with high flavor and quality, as well as valuable metabolites. Method: The present study was conducted in 2023 at the Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, using a split-plot design arrangement. The main plots included sawdust from oak, poplar, mulberry, and corn wood, while the subplots included wheat bran (0 and 25%), oat seeds (0 and 30%), gypsum (CaSO₄•2H₂O) (0 and 30 mmol per kilogram), whey powder (0 and 1%), dairy factory wastewater (0 and 50%), and sugar factory wastewater (0 and 50%). Result: The highest average carbohydrate content in the Shiitake mushroom was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with wheat bran supplement (29.71%), while the lowest was found in the poplar sawdust treatment with dairy wastewater (25.54%). Additionally, the highest average protein content in the Shiitake mushroom was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with dairy wastewater supplement, while the lowest was found in the poplar and corn sawdust treatments without any supplements (15.34 and 15.37 g per kg dry weight, respectively). Conclusion: The highest average carbohydrate content in Shiitake mushrooms was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with wheat bran supplementation. The highest fiber content in Shiitake mushrooms was observed in the oat treatment, while the lowest content was found in treatments with whey, dairy wastewater, control, and gypsum. Highlights Oak sawdust + wheat bran yielded highest Shiitake carbs (29.71%). Dairy wastewater + oak sawdust boosted Shiitake protein (33.54 g/kg). Oat supplement increased Shiitake fiber content (86.93 g/kg). Substrate type did not significantly affect ash or soluble solids. Lignocellulosic wastes enhanced Shiitake nutritional quality sustainably. Gypsum reduced oxalate toxicity, improving Shiitake mycelial growth. Dairy wastewater enriched nitrogen, elevating Shiitake protein levels. Whey and control treatments showed lowest fiber content in Shiitake.
Copyright (c) -1 Abbas Lotfi, Mehrdad Jafarpour, Fariba Khalili (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vegetative Indices for Evaluation of the Agronomic Performance of Black oats Irrigated with Slaughterhouse Effluent
Purpose: The expansion of the global population has resulted in an increased demand for food production. This, coupled with the scarcity of natural resources aggravated by the climate crisis, makes technology a necessary tool to ensure productivity for crops. This research aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of black oat irrigated with varying doses of Treated Slaughterhouse Effluent (TSE), through the determination and analysis of vegetation indices. Method: The experiment was conducted in the field using a five-treatment, four-replication randomized block design with repeated measures over time. Fresh mass (FMAP) and aerial dry mass (DMAP) of the aerial part, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nutritional status were used as indicators of agronomic performance, as well as the relative chlorophyll index (CRF), which were correlated with indices (NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, IRVI: Inverse Ratio Vegetation Index, and RVI: Ratio Vegetation Index). Results: There were strong correlations between the indices studied with the biometric parameters of the crop, mainly, the NDVI x DMAP (R² = 0.92) and the RVI x FMAP (R² = 0.89). The indices were also able to differentiate the stages of crop development and could be used as a management tool for agricultural practices. Conclusion: There were no changes in the biometric parameters, nutritional status and indices of the irrigated crop with different concentrations of TSE; therefore, the dose of 25% is recommended, for having presented a saving of 100% of the synthetic nitrogen, replacing 25% of a fresh water source, without an excess of N, thus avoiding the leaching risks. Highlihgts · There are strong correlations between vegetation indices and biometric parameters · The indices were able to differentiate the phenological stages of the crop · Treated slaughterhouse effluent showed potential for use in crop irrigation
Copyright (c) -1 Felipe Oliva de Godoy, Ana Paula Pereira Carvalho, Lucas Renato Trevisan, Lisiane Brichi, Fabrício Rossi, Tamara Maria Gomes (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parthenium Hysterophorus: An Invasive Weed for Nutritional Enrichment of Vermicompost
Purpose: Parthenium hysterophorus is a problematic weed that is difficult to manage or recycle. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative uses, such as vermicomposting with cow dung, for large-scale weed disposal. This study investigates the utilization of Parthenium mixed with cow dung in varying ratios through vermicomposting and assesses the final product. Method: Nine treatments replicated three times consisted of various ratios of Parthenium and cow dung: 0:1, 1:0, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 2:3, 1:5* (*Sun-dried) were used for vermicomposting. A 90-day experiment evaluated the growth and breeding of Eisenia fetida and the nutritional contents of the prepared vermicompost. Result:The body weight and population of Eisenia fetida increased significantly within 90 days of its inoculation in cow dung. Parthenium showed a deleterious effect on the biomass growth of Eisenia fetida. On the 90th day in the heap of Parthenium, the body weight of Eisenia fetida decreased significantly. However, the decrease was non-significant when Parthenium and cow dung were 2:3, i.e. 40% Parthenium in the substrates. This ratio was found to be the most suitable for vermicomposting. Besides the harmful effect of Parthenium on the growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida, it showed various advantageous properties during vermicomposting. Substituting 40% cow dung with Parthenium in the vermicompost increased the macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper and manganese) concentration of the vermicompost. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #0e101a; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion: Overall, Parthenium can serve as an enrichment material for vermicomposting and an appropriate method for large-scale utilization and eradication of this weed. Highlights Parthenium hysterophorus are abundant in macro- and micronutrients. Parthenium- An enrichment material for vermicomposting. Parthenium-based vermicompost supports worm activity and casting Parthenium and cow dung (2:3) is an optimal substrate for vermicomposting. Parthenium harms growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida
Copyright (c) -1 Arun Kumar Jha, Rajeev Padbhushan, Achin Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Biochar and Impacts on Corn (Zea Mays L.) Agronomic Development and Nutrient Availability in Soil Under Tropical Climate
Purpose: Soil amendments such as biochar, a by-product of renewable energy production from organic waste, have the potential to improve crop yields by increasing water-holding capacity and soil nutrient content. However, data on the impact of biochar on corn and tropical environments are rare. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of biochar produced from coffee residues on maize (Zea mays L.) in acid soils exposed to a tropical climate. Method: A field experiment quantifying maize growth was conducted in a randomised complete block design with four replications. Acid soils were amended with four biochar rates (0%, 1%, 2% and 10% by volume). After maize harvest, soil was collected and soil properties, phenological and performance variables were measured. Results: The physico-chemical effects of the biochar applied to the soil showed that acidic soils changed to neutral or moderately acidic soils. Water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, phosphorus and potassium contents increased significantly. Conclusion: Our results show that biochar has positive effects on soil properties and plant growth, suggesting that biochar as a soil amendment has the potential to improve the quality of poor soils and nutrient availability. These results could theoretically support the idea of applying biochar to soils to increase nutrient stocks, reduce nutrient leaching and improve crop yields. Highlights · Coffee residue biochar enhances corn growth and phenology. · Biochar increased soil water holding, cation exchange, organic C, P, and K. · Biochar increased maize yield and partial nutrient productivity. · Biochar is effective for corn seedling growth without irrigation or N fertilizer. · Equatorial acidic soils benefit from biochar amendment.
Copyright (c) -1 Juan Manuel Trujillo-González, Juan David Mahecha-Pulido, Andrea Maritza Astroz-Cano, Marco Aurelio Torres-Mora, Amanda Silva-Parra, Marlon Serrano-Gómez, Edgar Fernando Castillo-Monroy, Francisco J. García-Navarro, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Equine Dung as an Organic Nitrogen Supplement in Compost Formulation for Cultivation of White Button Mushroom [Agaricus Bisporus J.E. Lange (Imbach)]
Purpose: The present study aimed to utilize the equine dung as an organic nitrogen supplement in commercial compost formulations for the cultivation of white button mushroom. Method: Four different compost formulations (C1 to C4) were prepared using wheat straw or in combination with paddy straw as the basic ligno-cellulosic substrate material. The initial nitrogen levels were maintained at 1.48–1.79% by incorporating various nitrogen enrichment materials such as chicken manure, equine dung, mustard oil cake and wheat bran. Results: The C4 compost formulation (composed of wheat straw – 150 kg, equine dung – 400 kg, mustard oil cake – 30 kg, wheat bran – 30 kg, gypsum – 25 kg, and urea – 6 kg) exhibited the highest biological efficiency of 18.20%, outperforming poultry manure-based compost formulations. Among the various physico-chemical properties of the matured compost, the C:N ratio was identified as a critical factor for achieving higher yields and an extended cropping period. Conclusion: The experimental findings demonstrate an environmentally sustainable approach for utilizing equine dung waste in a productive way to cultivate protein-rich food. This study highlights the potential of equine dung as a valuable component in compost formulations for white button mushroom production. Highlights · Equine Dung as a Sustainable Nitrogen Source: Equine dung was successfully utilized as an organic nitrogen supplement in compost formulations, promoting sustainable and productive management of equine waste. · Enhanced Biological Efficiency: The compost, prepared using equine dung, mustard oil cake, wheat bran, gypsum, and urea, resulted in maximum biological efficiency of 18.20%, outperforming the commercial poultry manure-based formulations. · Optimized Nitrogen Levels for Yield: Initial nitrogen levels in compost formulations (1.48–1.79%) were optimized to support higher yields of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). · Importance of C:N Ratio: Physico-chemical analysis highlighted that the C:N ratio of matured compost significantly influenced mushroom yield and cropping period. · Environmental and Nutritional Benefits: The study demonstrates an environmentally sustainable approach to converting equine dung waste into a productive resource for cultivating protein-rich white button mushrooms.
Copyright (c) -1 Roohi Jan, Sachin Gupta, Sudheer Kumar Annepu, Moni Gupta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coffee Innovation and Sustainability–Organomineral Fertilizers Noteworthy Results
Purpose:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Coffee is a highly valued commodity and demands high nutritional inputs for its vegetative and reproductive development. Different sources of fertilizers are used to supply the nutritional needs of the plant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the response of different sources and doses of special fertilizers compared to conventional mineral fertilizers in coffee plants in two consecutive crop seasons. Method: A 4×4 factorial scheme was implemented with four fertilizers [conventional mineral, mineral with polymer, organomineral with cellulosic residue (OM-CR), organomineral with sugarcane filter cake (OM-FC)] and four doses (50, 75, 100, and 125% of the recommended dose). Coffee plant growth was evaluated: plant height, canopy diameter, growth of plagiotropic branches, and chlorophyll content. Nutrient contents in the soil and leaves, as well as coffee bean productivity, were also analyzed. Results: In biometric data, mineral and organomineral fertilizers showed responses that were equivalent to or superior to those of the control, even when using reduced OMF doses. For leaf N, P, and K content and soil P and K contents, the organomineral fertilizers performed better than conventional mineral fertilizers, especially in the second crop season. There were no significant differences among the fertilizers and doses for coffee bean productivity. Conclusion: The organomineral fertilizers, regardless of the dose, showed comparable or improved resultscompared to the conventional mineral fertilizer for the plant growth variables, potentially replacing traditional mineral fertilizers in the nutritional management of coffee crops. These results are the first report on coffee production using special fertilizers on two consecutive harvests. Highlights: · Organomineral fertilizers are under development, and consistent studies are needed in coffee crops. · Organomineral fertilizers on coffee development present superior growth responses at reduced doses. · Coffee leaf N, P, K and soil P, K responded more to organomineral fertilizers in the second season. · No significant differences were detected among fertilizers and doses for coffee bean productivity. · Organominerals can replace mineral fertilizers in the nutritional management of coffee crops.
Copyright (c) -1 Raquel Pinheiro da Mota, Reginaldo de Camargo, Miguel Henrique Rosa Franco, Gleice Aparecida de Assis, Risely Ferraz-Almeida, Ernane Miranda Lemes (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Release of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium from Filter Cake, Filter Cake Biochar, and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in a Laboratory Study
Purpose: This study characterized the chemical components and nutrient release patterns of filter cake, filter cake biochar, and sugarcane bagasse ash—by-products of the sugarcane industry, a globally significant crop. Method: The chemical composition of each material was analyzed, nutrient release kinetics were examined using water extraction during 336 h, and kinetic models were applied. Results: The studied materials were rich in various elements and exhibited alkaline properties. Carbon and Si were the primary components, followed by Ca, Al, P, and K. All materials released substantial amounts of K and P, with minimal N release. Filter cake had the highest cumulative release of water-soluble P (7,701±87.4 mg/kg), followed by filter cake biochar (2,982±27.3 mg/kg) and sugarcane bagasse ash (1,194±3.66 mg/kg), representing 32.2%, 7.8%, and 21.7%, respectively, of total P. Conversely, the cumulative release of water-soluble K was highest in sugarcane bagasse ash (7,295±418 mg/kg), followed by filter cake (3,999±124 mg/kg) and filter cake biochar (2,312±107 mg/kg), accounting for 23.3%, 30.3%, and 11.0%, respectively, of total K. The nutrient release kinetics showed that the magnitude of release was controlled by the inherent elemental concentrations of each material and exhibited good fits with the Elovich and power function models (R² = 0.836–0.990 and 0.810–0.996). Nutrient release depended mainly on diffusion through heterogeneous and homogeneous surfaces. Conclusion: These sugarcane by-products have the potential to improve soil fertility through nutrient releases. Transforming filter cake into biochar slows the initial release of nutrients while ensuring a more sustained and steady long-term release. Highlight · Filter cake, its biochar and sugarcane bagasse ash are alkaline and rich in C and Si. · Filter cake releases the most water-soluble P among the three materials. · Sugarcane bagasse ash shows the highest cumulative release of water-soluble K. · Each material shows distinct nutrient release influencing agricultural use. Biochar transformation of filter cake slows nutrient release for long-term use.
Copyright (c) -1 Daojarus Ketrot, Sawarin Saribut, Anuthida Sombatcharoennon, Weerawan Peungyam, Karuna Poomsong, Rathanont Jaroenchasri, Worachart Wisawapipat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of mineral liquid organic fertilizer on soil and morphological/physiological parameters in ICA Cerinza bean cultivation until flowering stage
Purpose: The production of beans and food in general at the global level has been threatened by the high costs of industrially synthesized fertilizers. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of a mineral organic liquid fertilizer (MOLF) on the chemical properties of the soil and the morphological and physiological parameters in ICA Cerinza bean cultivation up to the flowering stage. Methods: The crop was established in open fields in bags and randomly distributed. Aerobic fermented MOLF and commercial liquid fertilizer were evaluated up to the flowering stage. The behavior of micro and macronutrients in the soil was determined using Mehlich-3 and Bray II extractants. In addition, physiological parameters were evaluated in the plants. Results: The incorporation of MOLF in ICA Cerinza bean cultivation increased the content of available P, with results very similar to those of commercial fertilizer. Higher values were observed in chlorophyll content compared to commercial fertilizer. Fluorescence data showed heterogeneous behavior in treatments and which was associated with nutrient content in the soil. Oxalic, citric, formic, acetic, lactic, and succinic acids were identified, with their concentration being higher in the early stages of growth and their production was closely related to the P content and the addition of MOLF. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of using MOLF in bean crops, improving the availability of nutrients in the soil and promoting the secretion of organic substances that can contribute to nutrient mobilization, contributing to fundamental stages such as flowering. Highlights · Leachates from composting stabilized through aerobic fermentation can be used as organic amendments to enhance soil properties. · The use mineral organic liquid fertilizer can be improving nutrient availability in the soil and enhancing the secretion of organic substances that can contribute to nutrient mobilization. · The application of mineral organic liquid fertilizer has effects on the physiological response of Ica Cerinza beans. · Six organic acids (oxalic, citric, formic, acetic, lactic, and succinic) were identified, with higher concentrations in the early growth stages, and their production was closely related to P content and the addition of LOMF. · Elevated values were observed in chlorophyll and fluorescence data, which exhibited heterogeneous behavior. These variations are linked to nutrient content in the soil and the presence of Deroceras reticulatum.
Copyright (c) -1 Angelica Maria Vargas-Cuy, José Francisco García-Molano, Lizeth Andrea Moreno-Amaya, Luis Alexander Pàez-Guevara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytotechnical performance of leafy vegetables under organic management with fermented agro-industrial composts in Brazil
Purpose: This study evaluated how fermented agro-industrial bran composts, with or without T. asperellum inoculation, affect soil enzymatic activity and crop performance in successively grown American lettuce and bertalha under organic management at Fazendinha Agroecológica, Brazil. Method: The treatments consisted of six fermented compost formulations containing mixtures of high C/N ratio raw materials (wheat bran - WHB, rice bran - RIB, passion fruit peel - PFPB) combined with low C/N ratio raw materials (castor bean bran - CAB, cottonseed bran - COB), plus a control without fertilization. Compost formulations were applied before transplanting American lettuce (cv. Angelina) at a dose equivalent to 240 kg N ha-1, with residual effects assessed at bertalha (local variety) harvest. Soil microbial activity was estimated using Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolysis (FDA). Phytotechnical variables related to production performance were determined for both vegetables. Results: T. asperellum application did not affect microbial activity, whereas compost application altered FDA, with the lowest value observed without fertilization. Compost application increased American lettuce production by up to 83%. Residual effects on bertalha performance varied, with formulations 40% COB + 60% RIB and 40% COB + 60% PFPB resulting in 55% and 67% higher yields than the control, respectively. However, CAB + WHB did not differ from the control. Conclusion: Utilizing regionally available agro-industrial waste, such as passion fruit peel and rice bran, in compost formulations presents an agronomically efficient strategy for enhancing sustainability and reducing monetary costs in organic farming units. Highlights · Fermented composts increased iceberg lettuce yield by up to 83%. · Residual effects on bertalha yield reached up to 67% higher than the control. · T. asperellum did not influence soil microbial activity in this study. · Compost with passion fruit peel and rice bran proved agronomically efficient. · Using agro-industrial waste reduces costs and boosts organic farming sustainability.
Copyright (c) -1 Ana Amélia dos Santos Cordeiro, Ricardo Luiz Louro Berbara, José Guilherme Marinho Guerra, Luiz Fernando de Sousa Antunes, Giulia da Costa Rodrigues dos Santos, Ednaldo da Silva Araújo, José Antonio Azevedo Espindola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing yield properties of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) plant by integrative application of poultry manure
Purpose: Poultry manure has promising effects on bitter melon fruit yield and can be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizers. This study was conducted to determine the effect of chicken (CM) and turkey manure (TM) with a control on the bitter melon morphology and yield at the Agriculture Faculty research and application area of Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Türkiye in 2021 year. Method: The treatments were: CM with 10 t/ha (CM1), 12.5 t/ha (CM2), 15 t/ha (CM3), 17.5 t/ha (CM4), TM with 10 t/ha (TM1), 12.5 t/ha (TM2), 15 t/ha (TM3), 17.5 t/ha (TM4). Results: The results showed that TM1 application increased plant height (119.67 cm), and CM3 application increased fruit length (10.20 cm) and diameter (4.20 cm). Also, CM3 application decreased 50% flowering (70.33 days) and first fruit setting days (79.33 days), and increased fresh (142.33 kg/ha) and dry fruit (5.87 kg/ha) yield values. Correlation analysis revealed the highly significant positive correlations (between the r=0.801**-r=1**) in the most of the examined properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the examined properties showed a total of 81.4% of the total variation, and reveal to distinguish significant groupings among the examined properties and poultry manure applications. Conclusion: As a conclusion, both CM and TM applications showed positive effect on the bitter melon. Especially, CM3 and CM4 applications had the highest effect on the fruit yield. CM3-4 and TM4 applications can serve as a viable and effective nutrient source for promoting growth and maximizing bitter melon yield. Highlights · Poultry manure enhances the yield value of bitter melon · The chicken manure applications showed positive effect on bitter melon fruit yield · The examined properties showed high total variation according to PCA analysis result · The highest correlation was found between the fresh and dry weight values · The multivariate analyses produced important results
Copyright (c) -1 Gulsum Yaldiz, Mahmut Camlica, Deniz Dasdemir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioconversion of food waste into compost using rotary drum composter for agricultural utilization
Purpose: The goal of this research was to create a higher-quality compost produced by mixing sawdust with food waste and dry leaves in four different trials in a rotary drum composting unit. Method: A customized PVC composter, designed to prevent corrosion and overheating, including aeration holes spaced 15 cm apart. 500 kg of waste, sourced from Sharda University and local areas, was mixed for optimal moisture levels and divided into four trials: food waste (FW), FW with leaf powder (FW + LP), FW with sawdust (FW + SD), and food waste with leaf powder and sawdust (FW + LP + SD). Over 45 days, trials underwent rigorous monitoring and comprehensive lab analyses for parameters like moisture, volatile solids, pH, conductivity, and total organic carbon and C/N ratio. Results: The present study shows that composting across all trials, with trial 2 displaying accelerated organic degradation. Temperature profiles surpassed 50°C for T2, T3, and T4 after 15 days. The pH levels ranged from 7.6 to 8.5. Treatment T3 (FW+SD) achieved the highest organic matter reduction at 13.42%. Sawdust (FW+SD) showed superior treatment efficiency, with a finer fraction of 39.37%. Successful composting with food waste showcased the composter's effectiveness, particularly in trial three (FW+SD), which was further validated in a coriander seed pot experiment. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that all the produced composts were classified as stable and fully matured. This study underscores the efficiency of recycling sawdust through the composting process, particularly when integrated with nitrogen-rich food waste, to generate valuable end products. Highlight Customized PVC composter used to restrict corrosion and overheating. Adding a bulking agent is crucial for speeding up the breakdown of food waste Combining sawdust and leaf powder helps to control excessive leachate production. Sawdust is particularly effective in converting food waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer. The study's methods are simple enough to be replicated within communities, offering a practical solution to food waste management issues.
Copyright (c) -1 Hrishikesh Shivam, Mulbah Rufus Flomo, Dayanand Sharma, Tushar Bansal, Pooja Jha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recycling and screening of agricultural wastes to reuse in biofloculated aquaria inhabiting Ctenopharyngodon idella
Purpose: This study was conducted in the context to recycle the agricultural wastes among fruits and vegetable peels in a biofloc system inhabiting grass carp fingerlings (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish has attained a vital place in the food industry, but the major problem is costly fish feed along with water management. Method: Banana, potato and orange peels were incorporated as cost effective agricultural wastes for the biofloc development and its effect on fish growth was analyzed. Three experiments in triplicates were conducted for the three agricultural wastes to raise biofloc in 90 L glass aquaria and run parallel with control. Fingerlings were fed on the developed biofloc for 60 days. Results: Higher fish growth (p<0.05) that is gain in weight (4.08 ± 0.41) and gain in length (3.14 ± 0.37) was obtained in aquaria fed on banana peels than other agricultural wastes and control containing 39% protein, while the microbial screening showed six different types of bacterial isolates with 1.65 × 105 CFU m L-1. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and percentage specific growth rate (%SGR) also improved in fingerlings reared on banana peels biofloc-based aquaria. Conclusion: Consequently, banana peels can be recycled as the cheapest agricultural waste in the biofloc system. Research Highlights · Commencement of recycling and utilization of agricultural wastes that can serve as sole carbon source in animal nutrition and hence improves the environment quality. · Introduction of cheapest fish feed by using agricultural wastes that replaces fully commercial feed to make it cost effective. · Initiation of a system that recycled agricultural wastes incorporating in fish feed to get better growth at cheapest prices. · Waste water treatment by adopting biofloc technology that minimized the water exchange in fish aquaria because ammonia produces as fish wastes has been recycled and converted into useful form by bacteria. · It is a novel work to choose as a start up of biofloc business that is cheap and requires minimum area. It is also helpful in making the environment clean by utilizing agricultural wastes. · This research work better meet the journal scope “recycling and reusing of organic wastes” because it provides novel information regarding recycling of agricultural wastes, its utilization in animal nutrition and environmental issues.
Copyright (c) -1 Komal Tayyab, Sumaira Aslam, Faiza Jabeen, Tamseela Mumtaz, Zill-i- Huma, Meerab Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0