International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture
Journal DOI: 10.57647/IJROWA Journal Abbreviation: Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. Journal Title Acronym: IJROWA Owner organisation: Islamic Azad University-Isfahan Branch Publisher: Islamic Azad University-Isfahan Branch, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Editor-in-Chief: Hossein Pourmoghadas, PhD Director-in-Charge: Payam Najafi, PhD Managing Director: Farida Iraji, PhD The IJROWA Journal has been indexed in the well-known world databases, mainly Scopus (CiteScore (2025) = 2.3), Scimago Journal Rank (Q3), and Web of Science Journal Impact Factor (JCR): 2025, IF = 0.9. All submitted manuscripts are checked for similarity through trustworthy software such as iThenticate to be assured about its originality and then rigorously peer-reviewed by international independent reviewers. The journal publishes high-quality review articles in all areas of recycling of organic waste including: Solid waste reuse in agriculture Waste water reuse in agriculture Utilization of organic wastes: composting Ways to reduce, reuse and recycle organic waste Social and economic impact of reduction, reuse and recycling of organic waste in agriculture Methods to raise the public awareness of recycling and reuse of organic waste in agriculture Organic waste utilization in animal and poultry nutrition Urban food waste composting Agricultural crop residues for wastewater treatment The IJROWA highlights research that supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From boosting soil fertility with organic waste (SDG 2: Zero Hunger) to cutting waste in agriculture (SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production), we demonstrate innovations that drive sustainability in food systems and the environment. Website: https://oiccpress.com/ijrowa Publisher: OICC Press Latest News: We would like to inform all authors and contributors that, effective 1st November 2025, an Article Processing Charge (APC) will apply to all new submissions, manuscripts submitted on or after this date that are accepted for publication in the International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture (IJROWA).
Effect of Vermicompost on Growth Performance of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Purpose: Vermicompost is one of the alternative nutrient sources for crop plants as an organic amendment. This study evaluated the effect of vermicompost on the growth and performance of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Method: A Randomized Complete Block Design with eleven treatments were applied to 5 kg of processed soil. Treatments consisted of three levels of vermicompost (50 g, 100 g, and 150 g) alone and combined with two levels of urea (2 g, 4 g), including positive (8 g urea only) and negative (soil only) controls. Treatment codes were: T1-T3: VC alone, T4-T6: 4 g urea + VC, T7-T9: 2 g urea + VC, T10: 8 g urea (positive), and T11: 5 kg soil (negative control). Each treatment had five replicates and was applied during transplanting, three, and five weeks after transplanting. Growth and yield parameters were recorded from 10 to 70 Days after planting and analyzed using Minitab 15. Results: The combination of 2 g urea with 150 g VC (T9) showed significantly higher performance in most of the growth and yield parameters (mean values of plant height: 54.8±4.76 cm, stem circumference: 2.84±0.09 cm, number and length of pods: 7±2.0 and 17.8±1.4 cm, and fresh and dry weight:128.4±8.3 g and 22.72±1.23 g). Plants treated with 100 g VC alone (T2) took a minimum day for flowering (43 days). Conclusion: Vermicompost supplemented with a lesser amount of urea (T9: 2 g urea with 150 g VC) enhanced the growth and yield of okra, promoting environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krishanthiny Ravivarman, Sagarika Kannangara, Thavanayagam Mathiventhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rabbit Manure and Burnt Rice Husk Boosts Shallot Growth, Yield, and Soil Chemical Properties Over NPK Fertilizers
Purpose: Dependency on chemical fertilizers in shallot production has increased farmers’ production expenses and resulted in several environmental issues. Using organic fertilizers and soil amendments can help reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers. Method: The three shallot cultivars utilized in this study were Bawang BAW1 (MARDI) (BM), Bawang India (BI), and Bawang Siam (BS). The experiment was arranged in three different randomized complete block designs according to the other cultivars with four replications and treated with five fertilizer treatments which were (a) control, (b) NPK fertilizer (NPK) of 15:15:15 at 450 kg/ha (CF), (c) Rabbit manure (RM) + burnt rice husk (BRH) (organic fertilizer (OF)), (d) 225 kg/ha NPK + OF (OCF1), and (e) 112.5 kg/ha NPK + OF (OCF2). Growth performance, yield and soil properties after harvest were recorded. Results: OF treatment resulted in the best outcomes in terms of total weight, bulb diameter, bulb weight, marketable yield, and macronutrient content across the three shallot cultivars, compared to the other treatments. The combination of OF with NPK fertilizer (OCF1 and OCF2) consistently ranked second in growth, yield and macronutrient content while also leading to notable improvements in various soil chemical properties, particularly the availability of essential nutrients and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Conclusion: The application of OF showed great promise as an organic alternative for shallot production, as it gave the highest yield and macronutrient content across the three cultivars.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wan Asfa Farwizah Wan Muhamad, Nur Shahirah Mohd Sarwan, Muhammad Aqil Azham, Elisa Azura Azman, Munirah Mohamad, Muhammad Rahman Djuwansah, Ania Citraresmini, Sarah Baharudin, Nor Elliza Tajidin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Organic Feedstock Type on Nutrient Transformation and Chemical Characteristics of Vermicompost Produced by Eudrilus eugeniae
Purpose: This study evaluated how four agricultural residues coconut coir (CC), leaf litter (LL), water hyacinth (WH), and corn cob (CCOB) mixed with dairy manure influence nutrient transformation and maturity of vermicompost produced by Eudrilus eugeniae. The practical aim was to identify which feedstock yields the most stable and nutrient-rich vermicompost for tropical agricultural use. Method: A completely randomized design (CRD) with four feedstock treatments and three replicates was used. Each mixture was precomposted for 21 days before vermicomposting for 44 days. Key parameters (pH, EC, OM, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻) were analyzed, and nutrient-transformation ratios (NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻, NO₃⁻/PO₄³⁻) were calculated. One-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, and repeated-measures ANOVA assessed treatment effects, while PCA identified dominant nutrient-association patterns. Results: Precompost properties varied significantly across feedstocks, particularly for nitrogen fractions. Although most values satisfied the Thai organic fertilizer standard (pH 5.5 - 8.5; EC < 10 dS/m; OM ≥ 20%), elevated NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ ratios indicated incomplete stabilization prior to vermicomposting. After 44 days, EC and NH₄⁺ declined markedly, whereas NO₃⁻ and PO₄³⁻ increased, reflecting enhanced mineralization and nitrification processes as inferred from observed chemical transformation patterns during vermicomposting. ANCOVA demonstrated that feedstock chemistry exerted a stronger influence on nutrient dynamics than initial precompost values, especially for EC and NH₄⁺. PCA revealed contrasting nutrient pathways: WH and CCOB exhibited stronger mineralization intensity, whereas LL and CC maintained greater organic stability. All vermicomposts reached NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ < 1, indicating chemical maturity suitable for agricultural application. CC produced the most stable nitrate-rich vermicompost, suggesting its suitability as an optimal feedstock. Conclusion: Vermicomposting dairy manure with locally available residues generated nutrient-enriched composts that met national quality standards. Feedstock type strongly governed nitrogen and phosphorus transformation pathways, offering a practical basis for selecting substrates in tropical vermicompost production. Highlights • Organic feedstock type significantly influenced nutrient transformation during vermicomposting. • Vermicomposting improved nitrogen availability and reduced the C/N ratio of organic materials. • Eudrilus eugeniae effectively converted agricultural organic wastes into nutrient-rich vermicompost. • Different feedstocks produced distinct chemical characteristics in the final vermicompost. • Vermicomposting enhanced the fertilizer potential of organic waste materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suttayot Yimpoolsap (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological Aspects, Growth, and Leaf Nutrient Contents of Sweet Potato under Organic Management
Purpose: The use of mulch and organic fertilizer in semi-arid regions are ecological practices capable of promoting production and reducing pressure on agricultural production systems. The objective was to evaluate the biomass production and physiological and nutritional aspects of sweet potatoes under mulch and organic fertilization in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Method: The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in an incomplete factorial arrangement 5 × 5 + 2 corresponding to the levels of cattle manure (CM) (0.0, 8.72, 30, 51.28, and 60 t ha-1) and mulching (M) (0.0, 287.73, 989.50, 1691.27, and 1979.0 g m-2), and two additional treatments (I- control; II- fertilization with NPK 40-70-90 kg ha-1), with treatments obtained by the Box-Wilson Central Composite Design. Results: Based on the results obtained, it is possible to affirm that the adoption of organic management in the sweet potato production system, with techniques such as cattle manure incorporation and mulching, is feasible from the perspective sustainable for producers in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Conclusion: Fertilization with cattle manure and mulch increased the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, the number of leaves, the length and diameter of the main stem, the leaf area, the fresh and dry biomass of the aerial part and the N content in potato leaves sweet. The best plant performance was provided by the interaction between CM (28.4 to 60.0 t ha-1) and M (1979.0 g m-2). The joint application of CM and M was more efficient than mineral fertilizer with NPK. Highlights · Organic fertilization with cattle manure and mulch increases biomass production. · Organic management increases chlorophyll synthesis in sweet potato crops. · Mulch and cattle manure promote main stem growth. · Organic sweet potato management outperforms mineral fertilization with NPK. · Sustainable technologies for sweet potato cultivation in the semiarid region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Micaela Benigna Pereira, Reynaldo Teodoro De Fatima, Jean Télvio Andrade Ferreira, Jackson Silva Nobrega, Walter Esfrain Pereira, Manoel Bandeira Albuquerque (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Composting Process for The Degradation of Ivermectin Residues and Elimination of Parasite Eggs in Equine Manure
Purpose: this study aimed to evaluate the fate of veterinary pharmaceutical residues, such as ivermectin (IVM), and their impact on parasitic forms during and after composting of equine feces mixed with straw. Method: in this study, composting trials were conducted using equine fecal matter added with IVM under controlled conditions. Physicochemical parameters of the composting process, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and extractable phosphorus, were monitored over a 120-day period. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to quantify IVM residues in compost samples. Additionally, parasitological assessments were performed to evaluate the elimination of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) eggs during composting. Results: IVM residues persisted throughout the composting period, albeit with decreasing concentrations over time. The composting process influenced physicochemical parameters, such as pH and electrical conductivity, with variations observed in response to straw additions and microbial activity. Parasitological analysis revealed the presence of GIN eggs, predominantly belonging to the Strongylus genus, up to day 60 of composting. However, larval development from these eggs was not observed beyond day 30, suggesting limited viability under composting conditions. Conclusion: overall, composting reduced IVM concentrations and compromised GIN eggs viability. However, complete elimination of the compound was not achieved within the time of the study. These findings highlight the importance of further research to optimize composting strategies for pharmaceutical residue degradation and parasite control thereby enhancing the safety and efficacy of composted manure in agricultural applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comments on “The Effectiveness of Biochar as a Mulch for Weed Control and Soil Moisture Retention in Strawberry Cultivation”
(Editorial Summary) This correspondence presents a discussion on the article “The effectiveness of biochar as a mulch for weed control and soil moisture retention in strawberry cultivation.” The Letter to the Editor raises two main points related to the study. First, it highlights the need for more detailed physicochemical characterization of the biochar used, including key properties such as surface area, pore structure, and elemental composition, as well as clearer reporting of the application rate to improve comparability and reproducibility across studies. Second, it emphasizes the importance of improved statistical transparency in the presentation of results, particularly through the inclusion of measures of variability such as error bars in graphical figures. In their response, the authors clarify that the biochar was produced from pine nut shells under defined pyrolysis conditions consistent with their previously published methodologies, which include comprehensive material characterization. They also provide an estimated application rate expressed in mass per unit area while clarifying that the biochar was applied as a surface mulch rather than incorporated into the soil, and therefore the value is intended for comparative interpretation rather than direct equivalence with soil amendment studies. In addition, the authors address the issue of data presentation by providing updated figures including standard error bars and confirming the statistical methods used for analysis. The editorial assessment concludes that the comments raised in the Letter are valid and contribute to improving the clarity, transparency, and reproducibility of the original study. The exchange between the Letter, Authors’ Response, and Editorial Note highlights the importance of detailed methodological reporting and clear data presentation in biochar-based agronomic research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chang Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Bacterial Inoculation on Enzyme Activity in Vermicompost Derived from Various Vermi-beds
Purpose: Vermicomposting can be enhanced by inoculating vermibeds with beneficial microbes, thereby improving its biofertilizer properties. This study examined how phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas putida Tabriz) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter sp.) influence enzyme activity in vermicompost produced from different organic substrates (litter, wheat straw, wood dust, and compost). Method: A mixture of cow manure and organic materials (1:8 w/w) was vermicomposted in 3-kg pots with Eisenia fetida earthworms. After four months, bacterial inoculants were introduced, and samples were analyzed at 0, 4, 7, and 10 months for acid phosphatase, urease, and cellulase activities. Results: Bacterial inoculation significantly increased enzyme activity, with peaks observed at 4–7 months. Overall, bacterial inoculation significantly increased enzymatic activity, with the highest values observed at 4 and 7 months after inoculation. Specifically, P. putida Tabriz enhanced cellulase and urease activities, while Azotobacter sp. improved phosphatase activity in the vermibeds. The highest enzyme activities were recorded in: compost (acid phosphatase, 1864 μg pNP/g.h), leaf litter (urease, 460 μg NH₄⁺-N/2h), and wood dust (cellulase, 1568 μg GE/g.24h). Enzyme activity gradually increased during the experiment but declined toward the end of the study period. Conclusion: Vermicompost effectively serves as a carrier for beneficial microbes, enhancing enzyme activity and soil health. This approach offers a sustainable way to improve agricultural productivity through biofertilization. Highlights Inoculation with P. putida and Azotobacter sp. significantly increases vermicompost enzyme activities. Peak enzyme activities are substrate-dependent: acid phosphatase in compost, urease in leaf litter, cellulase in wood dust. Enzyme activity peaks at 4 and 7 months post-inoculation, revealing optimal harvest times. A strategy integrating specific microbial inoculation with substrates enhances vermicompost quality for soil health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mitra Ebrahimi, Farshad Shakuri, Mohammad Reza Sarikhani, Zahra Delfruz, Nasser Aliasgharzad, Nosratollah Najafi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Water Hyacinth Compost on Growth of Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. and Rhodomyrtone Yield
Purpose: Water hyacinth (WH) is an aquatic weed that has negatively impacted aquatic ecosystems. WH can be easily composted and used as a soil ameliorant to improve plant growth. In this study, the effects of WH compost on the growth of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa were evaluated. Methods: Native R. tomentosa seedlings were cultivated with WH compost in two different systems: a pot cultivation with soil: WH compost mixed in ratios ranging from 10:0 to 7:3 and an open field cultivation with 1 to 3 parts of WH added to the topsoil. Plant growth characteristics and rhodomyrtone yield were also investigated. Results: Plant height and numbers of stems were not significantly different between the two cultivation methods (p>0.05). Plants treated with WH compost had more leaves than those not treated with WH compost (p<0.05). Growing the plants with WH compost resulted in significant increases in leaf biomass, especially, rhodomyrtone content in both cultivation systems. In the pot cultivation system, the highest rhodomyrtone yield (0.99 mg/mL) was obtained from R. tomentosa leaf from plants growing in a soil and coconut coir medium enriched with 1 part of WH compost by volume. In the field cultivation system, the highest rhodomyrtone yield (0.86 mg/mL) was obtained from R. tomentosa leaf sampling from plants growing in soil with 1 part of WH added to the soil at the planting period and once every month. Conclusion: WH compost demonstrated its potential for sustainable cultivation of R. tomentosa that can be fruitfully propagated for commercial purposes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sara Bumrungsri, Unitsa Sangket, Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai, Aunkamol Kumngen, Noodchanath Kongchouy, Jutarut Iewkittayakorn (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Vermicompost and Cobalt Application for Enhancing Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield in Inceptisol
Purpose: Rice is an essential diet for more than half of the world’s inhabitants and subjected to growth in heavy metal-contaminated soil. Rice accumulates heavy metals in the above and below ground parts; the magnitude of accumulation depends upon the plant's available form of heavy metals in the soil. One such heavy metal is cobalt, which its concentration has been manifolded in post-industrial activities, leading to a high soil Co concentration. Cobalt is a component of Vitamin B12 and many enzymes. Humans can’t synthesize these enzymes, and consumption of Co-enriched grain can lead to Co toxicity in humans. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of vermicompost conjugated with an optimum dose of Co for rice plants grown in an Inceptisol. Method: The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) comprising nine treatments. The treatment received vermicompost, Co in the form of cobalt chloride, and the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). Results: The results indicated that the application of Co at lower concentration was beneficial for rice growth without any hyperaccumulation, resulting in a significant increase of 46% and 22% in grain and straw yield, respectively. A comparable trend was also observed for Nitrogen uptake, which increased by 2 and 1.5 times over RDF in grain and straw, respectively. In contrast, higher Co application rates, either alone or in combination with vermicompost, resulted in a 10–15% reduction in cobalt uptake in grains. These findings suggest that vermicompost plays a critical role in regulating and optimizing cobalt uptake under higher Co application levels. Conclusion: Overall, vermicompost and the lower doses of Co provide a better yield in rice without any phytotoxicity. Highlights: · Vermicompost and low-dose Co boosted rice yield by up to 46% over recommended dose of fertilizer · Improved N, Fe, Mn and Zn uptake without Co hyperaccumulation in grain. · Vermicompost raised soil OC and reduced Co uptake, enhancing food safety. · Higher Co (>10 mg kg⁻¹) induced phytotoxicity, lowering growth and yield. · Integrated vermicompost and Co management supports soil and crop health.
Copyright (c) -1 Pramod Kumar Sharma, Dibyajyoti Panda, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, Himanshu Pandey, Abhik Patra, Shashank Kumar Singh, Munesh Kumar Shukla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Different Fertilizer Regimes and Irrigation Water Qualities on Soil Fertility under Lettuce Production
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic compost as a substitute for synthetic nitrogen (N) and the use of wastewater irrigation on lettuce cultivation by assessing changes in key soil fertility parameters. Methods: A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Department of the School of Agricultural Sciences in Botucatu, Brazil (22°50′S, 48°22′W), on a medium-textured Rhodic Hapludox. The experimental design was completely randomized in a split-plot arrangement, with six N fertilization treatments (organic and synthetic) combined with either wastewater or freshwater irrigation, and five replicates. The N treatments were as follows: T1 – no N; T2 – 0.54 g N applied as urea, split at 7, 14, and 28 days after transplanting; T3 – 0.27 g N from organic compost and 0.27 g N from urea, split at 7, 14, and 28 days after transplanting; T4 – 0.54 g N from organic compost; T5 – 0.81 g N from organic compost; T6 – 1.08 g N from organic compost. Results: The highest compost rate (1.08 g N, T6) significantly improved soil fertility by increasing pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and the availability of macro- and micronutrients, under both freshwater and wastewater irrigation. These treatments also enhanced soil organic matter and dissolved organic carbon contents, which were positively correlated with nutrient availability. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; letter-spacing: .15pt; background: white; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion: The T6 treatment also produced the highest green biomass yield of lettuce compared to the exclusive use of urea, highlighting organic compost as a sustainable alternative for N fertilization. Highlights · Organic compost improved soil fertility, nutrient availability, and lettuce yield. · Wastewater irrigation enhanced nutrient recycling and crop productivity. · Combined organic and chemical fertilization reduced soil acidity and Al³⁺ toxicity. · Long-term compost uses increased soil organic carbon and nutrient correlations. · Organic compost offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
Copyright (c) -1 Thomaz Figueiredo Lobo, Helio Grassi Filho, João de Andrade Bonetti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recycling Animal and Plant Residues Through Vermicomposting: Nutrient Release, Organic Carbon Fractions, and Humate Quality Under Semi-Arid Conditions
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the availability of nutrients through different extraction methods, their potential mineralization, total carbon content, and carbon distribution in various organic carbon fractions. Additionally, it examined the characteristics of humates derived from distinct vermicompost formulations. Methods: The experiment followed a 6×4 factorial design, incorporating six treatments (combinations of cattle manure, goat manure, cashew leaves, and catanduva leaves) and four evaluation intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120 days of vermicomposting). The experimental units were arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates, using polyethylene containers under uniform environmental conditions. Results: The findings revealed that vermicomposts produced with cattle manure consistently displayed higher levels of total organic carbon and carbon in both labile and humified fractions of the organic material, regardless of the plant mixtures used. Nutrients showed greater availability in both the short and medium term, except for phosphorus and potassium, which were more readily available in vermicomposts based on goat manure in the short term. Conclusion: Cattle manure vermicomposts, regardless of the plant mixture, had higher levels of nutrients available in the short and medium term, except for P and K. Humates obtained from cattle manure-based vermicomposts exhibited elevated levels of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carboxylic acidity, demonstrating a notable increase in aliphatic carbon groups and a higher degree of humification, coupled with lower aromaticity and minimal structural condensation. Highlights • Producers in the semiarid region have been producing vermicompost with animal and plant waste • The valorization of vermicomposted biowaste must have agronomic qualities within a given time. • The characteristics analyzed were: organic matter and fractions, nutrient and humate contents. • Vermicompost from cattle manure presented higher nutrient contents and total organic C and organic fractions. • Humates from cattle vermicomposts present higher composition of C, H, N and O, acidity and higher E4/E6 ratios.
Copyright (c) 2026 Larissa Fernandes da Silva, Luiz Fernando de Sousa Antunes, Jeane Cruz Portela, Diana Ferreira de Freitas, Daniel Valadão Silva, Francimar Maik da Silva Morais, Francisco Éder Rodrigues de Oliveira, João Luiz Lima, Ramona Rodrigues Amaro de Oliveira, Erlen Kaline Ávila do Nascimento, Alessandra Nunes da Silva, Paulo Ricardo Chagas Oliveira, Pedro Victor Tavares Firmino da Silva, Eulene Francisco da Silva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Role of Stirring in Composting of Goat Manure with Application of Corncob Biochar
Purpose: The abundance of corncob waste has not been optimally utilized and tends to be thrown away and left to decompose. The utilization of corncobs processed into biochar in the composting process is a topic that needs to be explored. In addition, dependence on external bio-activators in the composting process can be reduced with the application of biochar as an indigenous material. In this context, the objective of this study was to know the effect of corncob biochar application and stirring on the quality of goat manure organic fertilizer. Method: A randomized Complete Block Design with the first factor of no application and application of 10% biochar based on weight of goat manure and the second factor of being without stirring or with weekly stirring was tested, and each treatment was repeated five times. The observed variables were pH, temperature, humidity, water content, and chemical characteristics viz. C-organic, N, P2O5, and K2O. Results: The addition of corncob biochar with or without stirring to the manure of goats produced better-quality organic fertilizer with the low relative humidity, and high contents in C-organic, N, and K. Conclusion: composting using corncob biochar with or without stirring resulted in better-quality composting by using corncob biochar with or without stirring resulted in a better-quality organic fertilizer compared to composting without biochar application based on regional and national standards supported by WHO such as those in Canada, USA and Europe. Highlight · Converting corncob to biochar is a promising strategy in agricultural waste management. · Biochar could apply as an indigenous material in the composting process. · The addition of corncob biochar can minimize the nutrient loss during the process of composting of goat manure. · Stirring the pile during composting process apparently does not affect the nutrient content of the compost especially for goat manure. The better quality of goat manure compost has been resulted by application of biochar.
Copyright (c) -1 Yugi R. Ahadiyat, Ervina Mela, Ahmad Fauzi, Nazzala Shafa Laksana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Quality of Organic Fertilizer from Chicken Manure Fortified with Agricultural Waste Using a Rotary Drum System
Purpose: Organic fertilizer from chicken manure has the ability to improve soil structure, enhance the soil's capacity to retain water and air, and stimulate beneficial microbial activity within the soil. The objective of this research is to improve the quality of organic fertilizer derived from chicken manure by adding organic waste through composting using a rotary drum system. Method: follows an experimental approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments applied were as follows: P0=100% layer chicken manure; P1= 50%-layer chicken manure: 50% coffee husk waste. P2= 50%-layer chicken manure: 50% banana peel waste. P3 = 50%-layer chicken manure: 50% rice husk ash. The compost quality parameters measured included nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic carbon (C-organic), moisture content, and the C/N ratio, Result: The research findings indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in nitrogen content, potassium content, carbon content, C/N ratio, and moisture content of the organic fertilizer with different types of agricultural waste. However, phosphorus content did not show significant differences with the addition of any agricultural waste. Conclusion The addition of 50% coffee husk to chicken manure (P1) produced the best compost quality, with the highest nitrogen (2.47%) and organic carbon (32.19%), a C/N ratio of 13.03 within the SNI standard, and a stable pH of 7.0. While phosphorus remained stable, all treatments met the SNI requirements, confirming P1 as the most effective formulation for high-quality organic fertilizer. Highlights · The study evaluated the effect of fortifying chicken manure with agricultural wastes (coffee husk, banana peel, and rice husk ash) on compost quality using a rotary drum composter. · The rotary drum system enhanced aeration and uniform mixing, accelerating composting and improving nutrient stability. · The combination of 50% chicken manure and 50% coffee husk (P1) produced the best results with N = 2.47%, C-organic = 32.19%, and C/N ratio = 13.03, meeting SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. · Coffee husk addition improved nitrogen, potassium, and carbon content while reducing moisture content to 26.30%. · All formulations met SNI quality requirements, but only P1 achieved optimal compost maturity, neutral pH (7.0), and blackish-brown color indicating stable humus formation. · The findings confirm that fortification with coffee husk in rotary drum composting is an effective method for producing high-quality organic fertilizer from poultry waste.
Copyright (c) -1 Wehandaka Pancapalaga, Khusnul Khotimah, Malikah Umar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Influence of Three Organic Substrates on Eudrilus eugeniae Cultivation
Purpose: To contribute to the management of organic waste and the improvement of agricultural production, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of three organic wastes on Eudrilus eugeniae cultivation. Method: The experiment was carried out from October 2022 to May 2023 at the University of Yaounde I. The method consisted of collecting and pre-composting organic wastes (kitchen waste: KW, horse dung: HD, and chicken droppings: CD). Epigeic worms, Eudrilus eugeniae were collected and a batch-feeding system was set up in boxes. The experimental design consisting of six treatments replicated three times established with T1=KW+120 worms.kg-1; T2=CD+120 worms.kg-1; T3=HD+120 worms.kg-1; T4=KW+150 worms.kg-1; T5=CD+150 worms.kg-1 and T6=HD+150 worms.kg-1. The physicochemical characteristics of the substrates (pH, Conductivity, Salinity, Total organic matter (TOM), Total organic carbon (TOC), Nitrogen, NH4+, C:N ratio) were measured every 15 days. During the 10 weeks of the experiment, the effect of the substrates on earthworms’ growth and reproduction were determined by physicochemical analyses and correlation test. Results: The results showed that the physicochemical quality of the substrate significantly affected worm’s growth and their reproduction performances. An increase of salinity negatively affected the worm’s weight, the growth rate and the cocoon production. The decrease of C: N, TOM and TOC negatively affected the growth rate This study revealed that the best performances in terms of growth rate, fitness, weight, worm number, and cocoon production were obtained in Kitchen waste (T1: Kitchen waste + 120 worms·kg⁻¹ ). Conclusion: Kitchen organic waste is a suitable substrate for Eudrilus eugeniae cultivation. Highlights · The physicochemical quality of the substrate significantly affected the growth and the reproduction performances of Eudrilus eugeniae · The increase of salinity and conductivity negatively affected the worm’s weight, growth rate and cocoon production · The decrease of C:N, TOM and TOC negatively affected the growth rate of Eudrilus eugeniae · Kitchen organic waste with a stock density of 120 worms.kg-1 showed a higher growth rate, earthworm biomass, and number of cocoons · Too much wood shavings in chicken droppings and horse dung affects the substrate quality and the earthworms’ palatability.
Copyright (c) -1 Ginette Sandrine Liégui, Carine Nono Temegne, Guy Valerie wafo Djumyom, Sylvie Mireille Mendomo Eyenga, Detrithus Borel Koumko Sandeu, Atabong Paul Agendia, Narcisse Steve Keundo Mbadia, Emmanuel Youmbi, Serge Hubert Togouet Zébazé (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutrient Release Pattern of Different Organic Sources under Controlled Conditions
Purpose: It is essential to have up-to-date knowledge about the mineralization of organic sources and the release patterns of nutrients to ensure that crops receive sufficient nutrients throughout their growth cycle. Organic sources like compost, animal manure, and green manure are valuable nutrient sources for crop production. However, the nutrient content of these sources can vary based on factors such as the source, composition, and processing method. This study aimed to determine the release patterns of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) from various organic sources to optimize their utilization. Method: Seven types of compost, EPMC, CPM, GMI, Kitchen Organic Waste Compost (KOWC), Biochar-Enriched Compost (BEC), CWS, and Value-Added Compost (VAC), were collected from organic sources and evaluated for nutrient release patterns under controlled conditions over a 60-day period. Results: The variations in SOM, C dynamics, nutrient mineralization rate were associated with chemical composition of the manures. EPMC was found as the most suitable P organic amendment for integration with chemical N fertilizers while KOWC demonstrated superior potential as an P organic source and BEC as a K-rich organic amendment. Additionally, VAC exhibited the most balanced and consistent nutrient release characteristics, making it a strong candidate for use as a general-purpose organic nutrient source. Conclusion: No single manure type can be universally recommended for integrated management of N, P and K. Instead, nutrient specific calibration and detailed characterization of each manure source are essential for optimize the combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient inputs. Highlights: · The efficiency of compost mineralization was determined by the ratios of C:P and C:K, not C:N. · Enriched poultry-based compost was a top source of organic nitrogen (N) · Composted kitchen organic waste was ideal for phosphorus (P) nutrition. · Biochar-enriched compost was the best organic fertilizer for potassium (K). · Value-added compost emerged as a comprehensive single source of organic N, P and K
Copyright (c) -1 Rashid Mukhtar, Wazir Ahmed, Tanveer Ul Haq, Shafqat Saeed, Ashfaq Ahmad Rahi, Abdul Ghaffar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Yield and Profit Improvement of Maize Utilizing Optimal Planting Density and Rice-Husk Waste as Effective Silicon Fertilizer
Purpose: Using silicon fertilizer from rice husk waste and double-narrow row (DNR) plant spacing can increase maize yield. Therefore, the study aimed to improve farmers' productivity and profitability by applying biosilica fertilizer with DNR plant spacing and closing the maize yield gap. Method: The field experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replications in a 2 × 6 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two plant spatial arrangements: DNR and conventional row (CR) plant spacing; six maize cultivars: Pioneer-27, Bisi-18, NK-22, JH-37, RK-457, and RK-57; and two levels of biosilica fertilizer application in the form of Si-nanoparticles: with and without biosilica fertilizer. We observed the correlation among yield and yield components, yield increase, profitability, and yield gap analysis. Results: The number of seeds per row and the number of leaves per plant both showed the highest estimates of positive correlation and positive direct effect as the dominant characteristic that directly affected the variation of maize grain yield. Application of biosilica fertilizer with DNR plant spacing indicated a significant increase in maize productivity of 0.96 t ha–1 or 9.90% and additional net return gains of USD 183.49 ha–1 compared to CR plant spacing without application of silicon fertilizer. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 21.35% Conclusion: The DNR planting system and the application of biosilica fertilizer from rice husks were consistently more effective than CR spacing without biosilica fertilizer, demonstrating their reliability and potential for increasing maize yields, improving net income, and narrowing the yield gap. Highlights · Double-narrow-row (DNR) was compared to conventional row (CR) plant spacing · Maize yield was 10% higher with DNR plus biosilica fertilizer · Farmers get additional net return gains of USD 183 ha–1 per cycle · There is room for increasing maize productivity by closing exploitable yield gaps · DNR with biosilica fertilizer as an innovative approach to sustainable agriculture
Copyright (c) -1 Slameto Slameto, Erythrina Erythrina, Endriani Endriani, Valeriana Darwis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Co-Composting MSW and Sewage Sludge: Comparing Vertical vs. Horizontal Methods with Different Aeration Rates in Lab-Scale
Purpose: This study investigated the co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) in lab-scale vertical and horizontal reactors to compare their performance and identify optimal operational parameters for enhanced bio-safety. Method: The study compared the reactor configurations using two distinct aeration flow rates (22 and 66 L·min⁻¹) and two sizes of wood chip bulking agents (10 mm and 20 mm), resulting in eight experimental runs. Results: All eight treatments achieved the required thermophilic temperature (>55 ºC for at least 2 days). However, the Horizontal reactor method resulted in a shorter overall composting period. Notably, the treatment with the lowest aeration rate and largest bulking agent size (AVCCP2: Vertical, 22 L·min⁻¹, 20 mm) achieved the longest sustained thermophilic phase of 7 days. This optimal thermal condition confirmed the complete removal of pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella spp., enteric viruses, and viable helminth eggs) and led to the fastest rate of C/N ratio reduction. Conclusion: The pilots AVCCP2 and AHCCP2 (Horizontal, 22 L·min⁻¹, 20 mm) demonstrated the maximum efficiency, primarily due to their long sustained thermophilic duration. AVCCP2 showed the best performance in terms of sanitization and pathogen control, achieving Class A compost standards and confirming the potential of vertical reactors for real-scale application with enhanced bio-safety. Highlights ● Vertical and horizontal in-vessel co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) were comparatively investigated. ● Optimization of aeration rate and bulking agent size was essential for efficient process progression. ● Aerating at a lower rate significantly prolonged the thermophilic phase, ensuring effective pathogen removal. ● A higher reduction rate of the C/N ratio was observed in treatments utilizing the smaller particle size of the bulking agent. ● The increase in pH value was notably greater in the vertical reactors compared to the horizontal reactors.
Copyright (c) -1 Tahere Taghizade Firozjaee, Hasan Aminirad, Hossein Jalalianei, Farshad Golbabaei Kootenaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of Biochar Production from Temple floral Waste and Coriander Stems
Purpose: This study investigates and compares the efficiency and physicochemical properties of biochar produced from two distinct biomass feedstocks: temple floral waste and coriander stems—and assesses their potential applicability in agricultural systems. Method; Biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 550 °C under oxygen-limited conditions. The samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Germination tests were conducted using Cicer arietinum to assess the effectiveness of the biochars. Results: EDX analysis confirmed the presence of essential macronutrients—carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)—indicating potential as soil enhancers. The maximum biochar yield (57%) was obtained from temple floral waste, whereas coriander stems yielded )49%(. Germination tests revealed that coriander stem biochar promoted seed growth more effectively than floral waste. Conclusion: Both biomass sources are viable for sustainable biochar production; however, coriander stem biochar showed greater potential for enhancing seed germination. The findings highlight the role of unconventional biomass in sustainable waste management and agricultural improvement. Highlights · Comparison of biochar efficiency from temple floral waste and coriander stems. · Both biomasses underwent pyrolysis at 550°C, a process without oxygen. · Physicochemical analysis of biochar from floral & coriander waste revealed macro-nutrients. · Highest biochar yield was achieved using floral waste. · Sustainable waste management & biochar production from temple waste, coriander stems.
Copyright (c) -1 Kalyani A. Motghare, Vivek P. Bhange, Jagdish W. Gabhane, Manju A. Soni, Vivek M. Nanoti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Sustainable Biomaterials Composites from Waste Materials (Spent Mushroom Compost, Garlic Shell, and Water Hyacinth) with Edible Mushroom Mycelium-Based
Purpose: To evaluate performance and add value of bio-based degradable waste materials of spent mushroom compost cooperate with garlic shell, and water hyacinth with mushroom mycelium-based methods. Method: The Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus polychrous, L. squarrosulus, and Pleurotus sajor-caju were used to study bio-based composites from various formula of waste materials (spent mushroom compost (Agrocybe cylindracea or P. ostreatus), garlic shell, and water hyacinth). Then we selected the best species and the formula of biomaterial composites to prepare pot prototypes. Finally, the biomaterial composite pots were measured physical and mechanical properties. Results: L. squarrosulus exhibited the fastest mycelial growth and highly effective to composed materials. Then, selected further pot prototypes with variation formulation and physical and mechanical properties were presented; density ranged from 0.18−0.22 g cm-3 and water absorption reaching between 172−250% in 24 hr., the absorption increases more gradually, reaching 302%−368% after 168 hr. Variations between formulation, the composites AC-F1 and PO-F1 exhibited superior water absorption. Whereas composites AC-F2 and PO-F2 demonstrated the lowest water absorption. For the compressive strength significant differences between samples prepared with spent mushroom compost from A. cylindracea and P. ostreatus. The spent mushroom compost from P. ostreatus is higher compressive strength, ranging from 385.4−451.5 kPa. In contrast the spent mushroom compost derived from A. cylindracea ranged between 174.9−197.3 kPa. Conclusion: The mycelium-based biodegradable composite produced demonstrates excellent performance and suitability for various applications. As such, they contribute to efficient upcycling and support zero-waste practices. Highlights · Utilization waste materials of garlic shell, water hyacinth and spent mushroom compost · Evaluate performance and add value of edible mushrooms mycelium-based biodegradable composites waste materials · Ganoderma lucidum slowest growth, less dense, and less tough on biomaterials composites · Lentinus squarrosulus is highly effective of mycelium-based biodegradable composites · These mycelium-based composites have an effective choice and are able apply in many applications
Copyright (c) -1 Mettaya Kitiwan, Narumon Tangthirasunun, Phacharaphon Tunthawiroon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilizing Swine Wastewater for Sustainable Fertilization of Tree
Purpose: This study evaluated the influence of swine wastewater (SW) application on soil chemical attributes and the morphometric development of tree seedlings. Method: The experiment was conducted in the environmental area of the Federal University of Paraná, using a completely randomized design with five SW doses: T1: control, T2: 25 m³ ha⁻¹, T3: 50 m³ ha⁻¹, T4: 75 m³ ha⁻¹, and T5: 100 m³ ha⁻¹, with four replicates. The species Luehea divaricata Mart. (Malvaceae) and Cordia americana (L.) Gottschling & J.S.Mill. (Cordiaceae) were evaluated. Soil chemical characteristics and seedling dimensions were evaluated before planting and after 36 months. Results: SW application promoted changes in soil chemical attributes, such as increased acidification, reducing the pH from 4.7 in the control to 4.2 in T5. For Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺, the increase relative to the control was 2.03 cmolc dm⁻³, 1.20 cmolc dm⁻³, and 0.38 cmolc dm⁻³, respectively. For organic carbon (C-org), a reduction was recorded in all treatments. The height growth of Luehea divaricata was equal between T4 and T3; however, these were statistically different from the other treatments. The same occurred with Cordia americana, however, this difference occurred between treatments T3 and T5. Conclusion: The application of SW promoted changes in the soil chemical characteristics and contributed to the growth of both forest species, especially for plants that received doses between 50 and 100 m³/ha⁻¹. HIGHLIGHTS · Swine wastewater application enhances native tree seedling growth. · Swine wastewater improves soil fertility and increases exchangeable cations. · Soil acidification is a potential side effect of swine wastewater application. · The optimal dose of swine wastewater for tree fertilization varies between species. Swine wastewater can be a sustainable fertilizer for forest restoration.
Copyright (c) -1 Juliano Cordeiro, Gustavo Ferreira Coelho, Robson Fernando Missio, Lucas Rafael Sanches, William dos Santos Piva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Neem, Mahua and Sesame Seed Cakes, and Tamarind Husk Powder on Improving Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Rice
Purpose: Plant-based by-products are known to improve nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) while minimizing environmental pollution. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to examine the potential for improving the NUE of the rice variety Bg300 grown in reddish brown earth (RBE) soil (Chromic Luvisols) by incorporating urea with plant-based by-products. Method: A field experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with six treatments: the control plot without urea application (C), urea alone (U), urea + neem (UN), urea + mahua (UM), urea + sesame (US), and urea + tamarind (UT). Soil and plant samples were collected at three, five, seven, and nine weeks after broadcasting, that is, at the end of the vegetative growth stage. Results: Rice plants receiving UN had a higher shoot dry weight, shoot N concentration, and shoot N content compared to other treatments (P<0.05). After nine weeks of growth, the NUE of UN and UM was 0.093 and 0.091 g mg⁻¹, respectively, while that of U was 0.078 g mg⁻¹ (P<0.05). Soil N concentration was similar among treatments (P>0.05), except for lower soil N in the control (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of soil amendments, particularly neem seed cake, shows strong potential for improving the growth and NUE of rice cultivated in RBE soil. Highlights · Seedcakes are by-products of agriculture industry · Those may use to improve fertilizer-use efficiency · Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and growth of rice were improved with seedcakes · NUE decreased in the order of neem>mahua>seseme>tamarind
Copyright (c) -1 Chanthirakumar Thananseyan, Suwini Kumari, Mojith Ariyaratne, Lalith Suriyagoda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Slow-Release Fertilizer (SRF) and Biofertilizer Application on Rice Growth and Yield in a Paddy Field
Purpose: Paddy fields in Indonesia have experienced a stagnation in productivity, where increasing fertilizer applications no longer result in higher yields. To address this, various strategies, including ameliorants, have been employed to enhance rice production. This study investigates the potential of biofertilizers to improve the efficiency of inorganic fertilizers, specifically slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The aim is to evaluate the impact of biofertilizer application on rice production when combined with inorganic fertilizers. Method: The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications on 5m x 5m plots. The treatments included different combinations of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) and biofertilizers: P1 [SRF NPK 20-10-15 + Zn 0.2]; P2 [SRF NPK 20-10-15 + Cu 0.4 + Fe 0.4]; P3 [SRF NPK 15-15-10 + Cu 0.4 + Fe 0.4]; P4 [SRF NPK 15-15-10]; P5 [SRF NPK 15-15-10 + S 0.4 + Zn 0.2]; and P6-P10, which corresponded to P1-P5 combined with biofertilizer. In the biofertilizer treatments, the inorganic fertilizer dose was reduced to one-third of the original amount. Growth parameters and rice yield were measured. Results: The results showed that applying SRF at 60% of the standard fertilizer rate achieved comparable yields to full-dose conventional applications. Additionally, the integration of biofertilizers allowed for a 70% reduction in SRF usage without compromising rice production. Conclusion: The study shows that combining biofertilizers with SRF allows for a 70% reduction in SRF usage while supporting rice yields, offering an effective and sustainable solution to enhance rice production. Highlights · Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) and biofertilizers effectively maintain rice yield with reduced fertilizer applications. · Biofertilizers contribute to increased nutrient availability through microbial action, promoting sustainable soil health. · Rice yield was sustained with a 70% reduction in SRF when biofertilizer was applied, showcasing environmental and economic benefits. · Combining SRF and biofertilizer presents a viable alternative to conventional high-dose NPK applications in rice cultivation.
Copyright (c) -1 Abdul Ghofar, Sih Parmiyatni, Bedah Rupaedah, Mochamad Rosjidi, Anwar Mustafa, Akhmad Jufri, Bonny Agung Wahyuono, Umiati Umiati, Murbantan Tandirerung, Dadang Rosadi, Hens Saputra, Rudy Surya Sitorus, Suwardi Suwardi, Apong Sandrawati, Dyah T. Suryaningtyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Biochar as a Mulch for Weed Control and Soil Moisture Retention in Strawberry Cultivation
Purpose: Weed control and soil moisture retention are critical challenges in plant cultivation requiring effective solutions. This study aims to assess the impact of biochar produced from pine nut shells as a mulch for weed composition, biomass, and soil moisture retention compared to widely used spunbond covering material in strawberry cultivation. Method: The experiment with six weed species was conducted using a growth chamber over two months with sixteen replicates for each of the three treatments: control (no mulch), soil with a 2 cm layer of biochar mulch, and soil with spunbond. Results: In the control treatment, six weed species germinated, whereas only five and three species were observed in the biochar and spunbond treatments, respectively. Both mulching treatments significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the height of grass weeds, stinging nettles, and shepherds’ purse, as well as the mass of dry above-ground and root biomass of shepherds’ purse, rapeseed, and stinging nettle by 52–100%. Spunbond mulch demonstrated superior soil moisture retention overall. However, during the initial three days of a simulated dry period, biochar retained 7% more water compared to spunbond (2%). The application of spunbond mulch completely suppressed the emergence of rapeseed and burdock, while both biochar and spunbond effectively controlled fennel. Both mulching treatments significantly reduced the height of grasses, stinging nettles, and shepherds’ purse by different mechanisms. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Biochar can be useful for reducing the weed count and increasing the water retention in the soil.
Copyright (c) -1 Konstantin Olegovich Ponomarev, Arina Nikolaevna Pervushina, Alina Aleksandrovna Dryagina, Darya Sergeevna Krasnova, Roman Borisovich Tabakaev, Ilya Aleksandrovich Zhovanik, Alexander Sergeevich Petuhov, Gulnoz Akhmedovna Khisamutdinova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response of corn to Potassic Organomineral Fertilizer in an Oxisol
Purpose: Corn (Zea mays L.) requires an adequate supply of potassium (K) to achieve high productivity. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the main fertilizer source used, but its excessive application can increase soil salinity and production costs. Organomineral fertilizers (OMF) have emerged as an alternative, as they improve soil attributes and supply nutrients. In this study, the effects of an OMF fertilizer were compared with KCl, based on the external critical level (CL) of K for corn in a sandy loam Typic Hapludox. Method: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications. The applied K rates ranged from 40% below to 20% above the CL. Biometric and plant tissue data were evaluated. Results: OMF showed equivalent or superior efficacy compared to KCl, especially at rates suitable for the crop. The use of OMF enhanced calcium and magnesium uptake and exhibited the highest agronomic efficiency of K use across all evaluated rates, with an average value 24% higher than that of KCl. Both fertilizers had similar K uptake efficiency, while apparent recovery efficiency ranged from 55 to 70% for OMF and 77 to 94% for KCl. Conclusion: Both fertilizers exhibited similar efficacy, and the choice should consider availability and cost. In addition to being a viable alternative, OMF offers environmental benefits and contributes to organic waste management, promoting more sustainable agricultural practices and aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Objectives. Highlights · Organomineral fertilizer (OMF) increased potassium agronomic efficiency. · OMF improved calcium and magnesium uptake in corn plants. · OMF showed equal or superior performance to KCl in corn growth. · Potassium rates above the critical level did not improve plant productivity. · OMF promotes sustainable waste management and reduces KCl dependence.
Copyright (c) -1 Caroline de Figueiredo Oliveira, Tiago Tezotto, Vinícius de Melo Benites, Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digestate: Scope and Application as Nitrogen Fertilizer for Rice
Purpose: Rice production in paddy soil is important for food security, and nitrogen fertilisation is important to achieve high yields. Digestate, the organic rest from biogas production can be a good fertilizer, but relatively little is known about its use in paddy soil, which is investigated here. Method: Nitrogen transformations and rice growth in soil waterlogged and at field capacity after application of digestate and digestate products were assessed in a pot experiment. Nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions with the same digestates were also assessed in an incubation. Results: One of the tested digestates had as good fertilizer effect as urea. Nitrogen transformations went mostly as expected under given water status, but digestates were more affected by waterlogging than urea. Some instability appeared about 10 days after fertilizer application. Then nitrite levels were high, responsive microbial populations peaked and N2O emissions started. Whilst emissions after mineral fertilizer application (urea) were not affected by waterlogging, emission after application of one of the examined digestate was high at field capacity but almost zero under waterlogging. N2O emissions from all other digestate and water treatments were also low. Conclusion: Digestates have great potential as organic fertilizers in rice production, but N2O emissions under aerobic soil conditions are of concern and warrants further investigation and mitigation strategy. Highlights: · Digestates are potentially good fertilisers for rice · Nitrogen uptake from one of the tested digestates was comparable with urea · Ammonium was released quickly from digestate, but more nitrate was formed with urea treatment · Some instability appeared about 10 days after fertiliser application, with high nitrite levels · Water-saving irrigation increases N2O emission more with digestate than with mineral fertilisers
Copyright (c) -1 Bente Foereid, Maria Dietrich, Lisa Paruch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vermicomposting for Sustainable Soil Health in SubSaharan Africa Focusing on Ethiopia: Opportunities, Adoption Barriers, and Policy Pathways
Purpose: Soil degradation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) threatens smallholder farming sustainability. Vermicomposting, using earthworms to convert agricultural waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer, has emerged as a promising solution. Method: This review synthesizes 86 studies to analyse vermicomposting's impacts on soil and plant health, and alignment with regenerative agriculture and circular economy principles. Results: The bio-conversion process through vermicomposting aligns with principles of regenerative agriculture and the circular economy by recycling agricultural waste into valuable soil improvers, thereby reducing landfill usage and mitigating environmental pollution. The review highlights the role of earthworms and microorganisms in stabilizing organic waste, improving nutrient profiles, and enhancing the biological activity of vermicompost. Additionally, it examines the mechanisms by which vermicompost amendments suppress plant diseases and pests, ultimately supporting sustainable farming practices. While vermicomposting offers substantial environmental and agricultural benefits, these outcomes depend on process optimization and local adaptation. Key knowledge gaps and barriers to adoption in SSA are identified, emphasizing the need for policy interventions. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">: Vermicomposting is a sustainable and practical approach to transforming agricultural waste into high-quality organic manure, with profound implications for improving soil health and fostering smallholder farming resilience in SSA particularly Ethiopia.<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Integrating vermicomposting into national soil health and waste management strategies, including subsidy programs, can scale its adoption. Highlights Transformation of available organic waste into soil improvers for healthier soils is needed Vermicomposting becomes a strategy to recycle agricultural waste into safe fertilizer in smallholders Vermicomposting's benefits rely on process optimization and local adaptation. Vermicomposting promotes a circular economy and regenerative agriculture Vermicomposting technology adoption is crucial in SSA smallholders through knowledge creation
Copyright (c) -1 Zerihun Getachew Gebrehana, Mesfin T. Gebremikael, Sheleme Beyene, Wim M.L. Wesemael, Stefaan De Neve (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Lignocellulosic Wastes and Industrial by-Products on Some Chemical Properties of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula Edodes)
Purpose: The edible and medicinal Shiitake mushroom is one of the most well-known mushrooms worldwide. Mushroom cultivation reduces the environmental impact of agricultural waste used as substrates and provides an economically viable alternative for producing food with high flavor and quality, as well as valuable metabolites. Method: The present study was conducted in 2023 at the Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, using a split-plot design arrangement. The main plots included sawdust from oak, poplar, mulberry, and corn wood, while the subplots included wheat bran (0 and 25%), oat seeds (0 and 30%), gypsum (CaSO₄•2H₂O) (0 and 30 mmol per kilogram), whey powder (0 and 1%), dairy factory wastewater (0 and 50%), and sugar factory wastewater (0 and 50%). Result: The highest average carbohydrate content in the Shiitake mushroom was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with wheat bran supplement (29.71%), while the lowest was found in the poplar sawdust treatment with dairy wastewater (25.54%). Additionally, the highest average protein content in the Shiitake mushroom was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with dairy wastewater supplement, while the lowest was found in the poplar and corn sawdust treatments without any supplements (15.34 and 15.37 g per kg dry weight, respectively). Conclusion: The highest average carbohydrate content in Shiitake mushrooms was observed in the oak sawdust treatment with wheat bran supplementation. The highest fiber content in Shiitake mushrooms was observed in the oat treatment, while the lowest content was found in treatments with whey, dairy wastewater, control, and gypsum. Highlights Oak sawdust + wheat bran yielded highest Shiitake carbs (29.71%). Dairy wastewater + oak sawdust boosted Shiitake protein (33.54 g/kg). Oat supplement increased Shiitake fiber content (86.93 g/kg). Substrate type did not significantly affect ash or soluble solids. Lignocellulosic wastes enhanced Shiitake nutritional quality sustainably. Gypsum reduced oxalate toxicity, improving Shiitake mycelial growth. Dairy wastewater enriched nitrogen, elevating Shiitake protein levels. Whey and control treatments showed lowest fiber content in Shiitake.
Copyright (c) -1 Abbas Lotfi, Mehrdad Jafarpour, Fariba Khalili (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vegetative Indices for Evaluation of the Agronomic Performance of Black oats Irrigated with Slaughterhouse Effluent
Purpose: The expansion of the global population has resulted in an increased demand for food production. This, coupled with the scarcity of natural resources aggravated by the climate crisis, makes technology a necessary tool to ensure productivity for crops. This research aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of black oat irrigated with varying doses of Treated Slaughterhouse Effluent (TSE), through the determination and analysis of vegetation indices. Method: The experiment was conducted in the field using a five-treatment, four-replication randomized block design with repeated measures over time. Fresh mass (FMAP) and aerial dry mass (DMAP) of the aerial part, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nutritional status were used as indicators of agronomic performance, as well as the relative chlorophyll index (CRF), which were correlated with indices (NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, IRVI: Inverse Ratio Vegetation Index, and RVI: Ratio Vegetation Index). Results: There were strong correlations between the indices studied with the biometric parameters of the crop, mainly, the NDVI x DMAP (R² = 0.92) and the RVI x FMAP (R² = 0.89). The indices were also able to differentiate the stages of crop development and could be used as a management tool for agricultural practices. Conclusion: There were no changes in the biometric parameters, nutritional status and indices of the irrigated crop with different concentrations of TSE; therefore, the dose of 25% is recommended, for having presented a saving of 100% of the synthetic nitrogen, replacing 25% of a fresh water source, without an excess of N, thus avoiding the leaching risks. Highlihgts · There are strong correlations between vegetation indices and biometric parameters · The indices were able to differentiate the phenological stages of the crop · Treated slaughterhouse effluent showed potential for use in crop irrigation
Copyright (c) -1 Felipe Oliva de Godoy, Ana Paula Pereira Carvalho, Lucas Renato Trevisan, Lisiane Brichi, Fabrício Rossi, Tamara Maria Gomes (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parthenium Hysterophorus: An Invasive Weed for Nutritional Enrichment of Vermicompost
Purpose: Parthenium hysterophorus is a problematic weed that is difficult to manage or recycle. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative uses, such as vermicomposting with cow dung, for large-scale weed disposal. This study investigates the utilization of Parthenium mixed with cow dung in varying ratios through vermicomposting and assesses the final product. Method: Nine treatments replicated three times consisted of various ratios of Parthenium and cow dung: 0:1, 1:0, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 2:3, 1:5* (*Sun-dried) were used for vermicomposting. A 90-day experiment evaluated the growth and breeding of Eisenia fetida and the nutritional contents of the prepared vermicompost. Result:The body weight and population of Eisenia fetida increased significantly within 90 days of its inoculation in cow dung. Parthenium showed a deleterious effect on the biomass growth of Eisenia fetida. On the 90th day in the heap of Parthenium, the body weight of Eisenia fetida decreased significantly. However, the decrease was non-significant when Parthenium and cow dung were 2:3, i.e. 40% Parthenium in the substrates. This ratio was found to be the most suitable for vermicomposting. Besides the harmful effect of Parthenium on the growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida, it showed various advantageous properties during vermicomposting. Substituting 40% cow dung with Parthenium in the vermicompost increased the macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper and manganese) concentration of the vermicompost. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #0e101a; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion: Overall, Parthenium can serve as an enrichment material for vermicomposting and an appropriate method for large-scale utilization and eradication of this weed. Highlights Parthenium hysterophorus are abundant in macro- and micronutrients. Parthenium- An enrichment material for vermicomposting. Parthenium-based vermicompost supports worm activity and casting Parthenium and cow dung (2:3) is an optimal substrate for vermicomposting. Parthenium harms growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida
Copyright (c) -1 Arun Kumar Jha, Rajeev Padbhushan, Achin Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Biochar and Impacts on Corn (Zea Mays L.) Agronomic Development and Nutrient Availability in Soil Under Tropical Climate
Purpose: Soil amendments such as biochar, a by-product of renewable energy production from organic waste, have the potential to improve crop yields by increasing water-holding capacity and soil nutrient content. However, data on the impact of biochar on corn and tropical environments are rare. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of biochar produced from coffee residues on maize (Zea mays L.) in acid soils exposed to a tropical climate. Method: A field experiment quantifying maize growth was conducted in a randomised complete block design with four replications. Acid soils were amended with four biochar rates (0%, 1%, 2% and 10% by volume). After maize harvest, soil was collected and soil properties, phenological and performance variables were measured. Results: The physico-chemical effects of the biochar applied to the soil showed that acidic soils changed to neutral or moderately acidic soils. Water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, phosphorus and potassium contents increased significantly. Conclusion: Our results show that biochar has positive effects on soil properties and plant growth, suggesting that biochar as a soil amendment has the potential to improve the quality of poor soils and nutrient availability. These results could theoretically support the idea of applying biochar to soils to increase nutrient stocks, reduce nutrient leaching and improve crop yields. Highlights · Coffee residue biochar enhances corn growth and phenology. · Biochar increased soil water holding, cation exchange, organic C, P, and K. · Biochar increased maize yield and partial nutrient productivity. · Biochar is effective for corn seedling growth without irrigation or N fertilizer. · Equatorial acidic soils benefit from biochar amendment.
Copyright (c) -1 Juan Manuel Trujillo-González, Juan David Mahecha-Pulido, Andrea Maritza Astroz-Cano, Marco Aurelio Torres-Mora, Amanda Silva-Parra, Marlon Serrano-Gómez, Edgar Fernando Castillo-Monroy, Francisco J. García-Navarro, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0