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Volume 13, Issue 4, 132446 (1-11)
International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture (IJROWA)
https://dx.doi.org/10.57647/ijrowa-3e30-ks67
Ige Sunday Ayodele 1,∗
, Aboyeji Christopher1 
, Akodu Faith1 
, Stephen Abolusoro1
, Charity Aremu1
, Bashir Omolaran Bello2
, Adebiyi Ojo1 
, Adeniyi Victoria1 
, Chijioke Favour1 
1College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.
2Deptment of Crop protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University, Gashua, Nigeria.
∗Corresponding author: [email protected]
Received:
26 May 2023
Revised:
17 August 2023 Accepted:
02 March 2024 Published online: 25 May 2024
© The Author(s) 2024
Conclusion: Genotypes NGB00711 and NGB00696 were identified as good candidates for the development of high-yielding tomatoes under organic nutrient regimes. Moreover, the application of 6.5 g/plant of CP+PM and 6.4 g/plant KP+PM appeared to improve both the yield and quality of tomato fruit compared to NPK Fertilizer. The combination of CP+PM seemed to result in higher fruit yield compared to other manure types.
The Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) holds considerable importance as one of the most economically attractive crops in the country, owing to its high yield and short growing season. Tomato is considered one of the cheapest sources of vitamins A and C, as well as, minerals such as iron and phosphorus. Vitamin K components of tomatoes are essen- tial in performing minor repairs in the bones and tissues (Law-Ogbomo and Egharevba, 2008). Tomato reduces dam- age caused by smoking and provides essential antioxidants
The demand for organically produced crops is rising world- wide (Hai et al., 2010; White and Broadley, 2009). Or- ganically produced crops provide superior taste and higher levels of vitamins and minerals compared to those grown with inorganic manure (Fuertes-Mendizabal et al., 2010). Organic farming has gained increased attention over the past two decades due to its consistently high-quality output
(Farhad et al., 2018; Rodrigues et al., 2006). Inorganic fer- tilizers are costly and scarce, particularly in underdeveloped nations.Organically produced crops command more value than inorganic ones (Delate and Camberdella, 2004). Simi- lar to this, organic cropping systems are more effective at using nutrients than inorganic farming systems (Hildermann et al., 2010). Organic manures improve soil physiochem- ical properties, enhancing soil fertility, microbial activity, and moisture-holding capacity (Abbas et al., 2012; Meagy et al., 2016). Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in crop production results in pollution of surface water, ground- water, and the atmosphere through leaching, runoff, and volatilization (Galloway et al., 2008). Since organic ma- nures serve a variety of purposes in agroecosystems, they are essential for improving soil quality and crop output (Jones et al., 2007). Their contributions generally benefit the overall health of the agro-environment (Jedidi et al., 2004). However, combining organic manures with syn- thetic fertilizers gives crops vital nutrients, increasing crop yields and reducing environmental risks (Yadvinder-Singh et al., 2009). The management of wastes and the use of organic fertilizers improve the soil’s microbial composition (Naeem et al., 2009). Organic manure enhances soil wa- ter retention capacity, reduces porosity, and consequently mitigates leaching.Continuous use of synthetic fertilizer, besides being expensive and not readily available, leads to organic matter depletion and subsequent adverse effects on the chemical and physical properties of the soil.The residual effects of continuous application of inorganic plant nutrient is a threat to human and animal health (Berg et al., 2000). Quest for organic manure as an alternative plant nutrient is now worldwide. Moreover, organic manures or Agricultural waste are easily available to farmers at avoidable prices rel- ative to synthetic Fertilizers (Alam et al., 2007). In addition, organic fertilizers are richer in essential macro and micro nutrients which lead to higher growth, yield, and fruit qual- ities of tomatoes. Organic amendments remain one of the cost-effective options to support long-term improvements in agricultural productivity (Hartmann et al., 2014; Kumar et al., 2014; Coulibaly et al., 2019). Household waste, animal excreta, sewage sludge, and agricultural residues are valu- able under-utilized sources of plant nutrients (Mankoussou et al., 2017). Most of these agricultural residues are aban- doned on the spot in the production areas after harvesting and processing. A typical example is Cocoa shells, which are valuable but utilize organic residues that are available in large quantities in most of the cocoa-producing farm’s countries, e.g. Nigeria, and Coˆte d’Ivoire which happened to be the largest producer in the world. It would be more economical to add value to these agricultural products, uti- lize them for bio-fertilizer production, and offer them to local farmers at affordable prices.
Some authors argue that nutrients from organic fertilizers are released at a slower rate compared to inorganic fertil- izers.A combination of organic and synthetic fertilizers is therefore considered to be more adequate for crop fruit yield and related traits. Thus, this combined application increases the use of readily available organic waste materials/manure and reduces the usage of costly and non-readily available
inorganic plant nutrient sources. Many authors have con- cluded that the application of a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is recommended for improved crop per- formance in terms of fruit yield, quality, and enhancement of soil physiochemical properties.
Different plant genotypes may exhibit varied responses to both organic and inorganic fertilizer sources for yield and fruit nutrient composition.According to Bahrman et al. (2004) and Shivay et al. (2010), wheat grains cultivated using organic fertilizers had higher protein levels than wheat grains grown with chemical fertilizers. This study was there- fore conducted to investigate the comparative responses of some tomato genotypes to the application of Cocoa pod (CP) + poultry manure (PM), Kola pod (KP) + PM, and NPK fertilizers for fruit yields and nutrient quality in de- rived Savannah region.
Five tomato genotypes used for the study namely, NGB00696, NGB00711, NGB00713, NGB00694, and
NGB00725 were obtained from National Centre for Ge- netic Resource and Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Ibadan. The study was carried out at Landmark University’s Teach- ing and Research Farm in Omu-Aran, Nigeria, during the agricultural season of 2020–2021. The location is between
8.9◦ N latitude and 50◦61′ E longitude of the equator. Be-
tween April and October, there is an annual rainfall pat- tern that runs from 600 mm to 1200 mm, while October and March are dry. The Landmark University Omu-Aran Teaching and Research Farm’s nursery was used to raise the Tomato seedlings and transplanting was done three weeks after sowing. The experiment was laid out in a complete ran- domized design comprising 3 treatments, replicated 3 times. The treatments are; Cocoa pod (CP) + poultry manure (PM); Kola pod (KP) + poultry manure (PM); NPK 15:15:15. For- mulated agricultural wastes (cocoa pod/poultry and kola nut pod/poultry manure) obtained through microbial decompo- sition were applied each at 10 t/ha which is equivalent to
6.50 g/tomato stand of formulated cocoa pod/poultry ma- nure and 3.20, 6.40, and 9.60 gpot−1 of formulated kola nut pod/poultry manure (FKP). Mineral and microbial composi- tion of bio-fertilizer from kola pod + poultry dropping and Mineral and microbial composition of bio fertilizer from cocoa pod + poultry drooping are presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Application of the amendments was made 4 days after transplanting to allow for nutrient release, while the application of inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15) was made two weeks after transplanting. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves/plant 6,8,10,12 weeks after transplanting (WAT), stem girth, days to 50 % flowering, and yield traits. Representative fruits were taken per treat- ment and per variety to analyze fruit quality at the project research laboratory of Landmark University Omu-Aran, Kwara State.
Samples of the tomato were ground, and 2 grams for each sample were taken into the beaker and diluted with 50 dis- tilled water, after 50 minutes, the solution was filtered into
S/N | Mineral Composition | VALUE | ||
1. | pH | 7.95 ± 0.05 | ||
2. | Copper | 1.12 ± 0.02 (ppm) | ||
3. | Calcium | 15.88 ± 0.03 (%) | ||
4. | Iron | 0.28 ± 0.02 (ppm) | ||
5. | Magnesium | 9.40 ± 0.01 (%) | ||
6. | Manganese | 0.007 ± 0.01 (ppm) | ||
7. | Phosphate | 0.62 ± 0.02 (%) | ||
8. | Sulphate | 3.96 ± 0.03 (ppm) | ||
9. | Potassium | 1.62 ± 0.02 (%) | ||
10. | Nitrogen | 9.36 ± 0.01 (%) | ||
11. | Phosphorus | 1.28 ± 0.02 (%) | ||
12. | Zinc | 4.68 ± 0.02 (ppm) | ||
13. | Aluminium | 0.13 ± 0.01 (%) | ||
Bacillus sp.
6.0 × 106
Fusobacterium sp. Clostridium sp. Porphyromonas sp.
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus
2.0 × 102
TBPC = Total Bacteria Plate Count, TFC = Total Fungal Count.
S/N | Mineral Composition | VALUE | ||
1. | pH | 7.30 ± 0.01 | ||
2. | Copper | 0.65 ± 0.02 (ppm) | ||
3. | Calcium | 14.00 ± 0.02 (%) | ||
4. | Iron | 0.14 ± 0.01 (ppm) | ||
5. | Magnesium | 4.80 ± 0.02 (%) | ||
6. | Manganese | 0.003 ± 0.01 (ppm) | ||
7. | Phosphate | 0.30 ± 0.01 (%) | ||
8. | Sulphate | 1.94 ± 0.05 (ppm) | ||
9. | Potassium | 1.22 ± 0.02 (%) | ||
10. | Nitrogen | 9.18 ± 0.03 (%) | ||
11. | Phosphorus | 0.62 ± 0.01 (%) | ||
12. | Zinc | 3.46 ± 0.01 (ppm) | ||
13. | Aluminium | 0.08 ± 0.01 (%) | ||
Bacillus sp.
1.0 × 102
Fusobacterium sp. Clostridium sp. Porphyromonas sp.
Bacteroides sp.
5.0 × 106
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus
TBPC = Total Bacteria Plate Count, TFC = Total Fungal Count.
a 100 mL volumetric flask and filled with distilled water up to 100 mL. 10 mL of the filtrate was titrated against oxalic acid containing 10 mL ascorbic acid and indophenol dye was used as the indicator to determine the vitamin C content of the samples.
Vitamin C = 0.5 ×V 2 × 100 × 100
V 1 × 5 mL ×Weight of sample
V 1 = Blank
V 2 = Titer Value
Total N was determined by the Kjeldahl digestion and distil- lation method as described by Kjeldahl, 1 gram of the fruit sample was placed in a Kjeldahl flask with an addition of 1 gram of copper sulphate and 5 grams of K2SO4 + 10 mL of H2SO4. The solution was digested for 1 hour and allowed to cool down before being taken it to the distiller for distil- lation. 30 mL of the solution was placed at the other end in a conical flask. The distilled sample was taken for titration and the titer values were used for estimating the nitrogen content of the tomato fruits. Nitrogen content of the fruit sample was calculated as:
Percentage of nitrogeninthesample = 1.4V × N/W
where,
V = acid used in titration (mL), N = normality of standard acid, W = weight of sample (g).
EDTA titration was used for the determination of calcium and magnesium. 1 gram of tomato fruits was ashed in a muffle furnace, and the ash was afterward dissolved in 2 mL of 2NHCl and left for 15 minutes. The sample was filtered into a volumetric flask and filled with distilled water up to 100 mL. In calcium and magnesium determination, 20 mL of dissolved tomato ashed was taken into a conical flask containing 100 mL of distilled water with 15 mL of concen- trated ammonia solution and 10 drops of 2 % KCN plus 10 drops of 5 % hydroxyl ammonium chloride (NH2OH·HCl) were added. The solution was titrated with 0.001 M EDTA using Eriochrome as the indicator. To determine calcium content, 20 mL of the solution was taken into a conical flask containing 100 mL of distilled water with 15 mL of KOH, 10 drops of 2 % of KCN, 10 drops of 5 % hydroxyl am- monium chloride (NH2OH·HCl), and a pinch of calcine indicator. The solution was titrated with 0.001 M EDTA. The concentration of magnesium in the solution is shown by the difference between the first and second titers.
(Ca + Mg) −Ca = Mg × 0.5
Potassium in the ash solution as described for Ca + Mg above was determined using a flame photometer. The in- strument is an analytic device that uses the basic principle of atomic spectrometry for qualitative analysis.
Sodium in the ash solution as described for Ca + Mg above was determined using a flame photometer. The instrument
is an analytic device that uses the basic principle of atomic spectrometry for qualitative analysis. Data collected were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GenStat Discovery, 2014. The significant. treatment means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 0.05 level of probability.
The soil had an acidic pH, extremely low nitrogen con- centration (0.15 %), high phosphorus availability, and low exchangeable potassium content. However, the exchange- able sodium, calcium, and magnesium contents were all suitable. (Table 3). Sand content was high but soil organic matter was low, and silt and clay content were both com- paratively low, the texture can thus be classified as Sandy Loam.
Variation due to plant height was significantly different among the tomato genotypes at 4,6,8,10,12 WAT (Fig. 1). Highest and significant plant height were recorded by geno- type NGB00694 across the tested weeks except 12 WAT where genotype NGB00696 recorded the highest and sig- nificant plant height (81.44 cm). From 4–10 weeks WAT, a combination of kola nut pod and poultry manure had the highest plant height compared to other combinations (Fig. 2), indicating that this combination readily releases plant nutrients for plant use earlier than other combinations, probably because kola pod is more succulent than cocoa pods, additional application of this combination recorded no significant increase in plant height in later weeks. However, the highest and most significant plant height was recorded by a combination of poultry manure and CP (76.54 cm) at 12 WAT. This indicates that the CP in the latter combination may not readily release nutrients for plant use due to its hardiness that might have prolonged its mineralization, the study however revealed that it’s richer in essential nutri- ents for plant growth at a later growing stage. Except at week 6 WAT, the application of cocoa pods and chicken manure in combination had no appreciable influence on
Sand (%) | 69.2 |
Silt (%) | 14.5 |
Clay (%) | 16.3 |
Soil texture | Sandy loam |
PH (water) | 5.62 |
Organic matter (%) | 1.88 |
Total N (%) | 0.15 |
Available P (mgkg−1) | 9.71 |
Exchangeable K (cmolkg−1) | 0.14 |
Exchangeable Ca (cmolkg−1) | 2.45 |
Exchangeable Mg (cmolkg−1) | 0.34 |
V1: NGB00696, V2: NGB00711, V3: NGB00713, V4: NGB00694, V5: NGB00725,
V1–V5 = Tomato Genotypes, WAT = Weeks after transplanting,
Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.050)
F1: 6.5 g of CP+PM, F2: 6.4 g of KP+PM, F3: 5 g of NPK,
Con: Control, WAT = Weeks after transplanting,
Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.050).
plant height compared to the application of NPK fertilizer and the control. Except for week 10 WAT, there was no dis- cernible difference in plant height between applications of NPK fertilizer and the control group (Fig. 2). The study also revealed that organic waste or manure improved the growth of tomato plant better than inorganic Fertilizer application. Alam et al. (2007) hypothesized that organic fertilizers are richer in essential macro and micronutrients which lead to higher growth, yield, and fruit qualities of tomatoes.
ure above showed continuous variation among the tested genotypes in terms of leaf counts.
Fertilizer-type effects on leaf count were significant across the five tested weeks (Fig. 4). However, a combination of CP+PM recorded the highest leaf count per plant from 6–12 after, even though the same fertilizer combination recorded the least leaves count at 4 WAT. This further revealed that the combination of CP+PM is richer in plant nutrients, more importantly, nitrogen for vegetative growth than other types of fertilizer and combination (Table 2), though may not immediately release it for plant use.
V1: NGB00696, V2: NGB00711, V3: NGB00713, V4: NGB00694, V5: NGB00725,
WAT = Weeks after transplanting,
Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.050).
F1: 6.5 g of CP+PM, F2: 6.4 g of KP+PM, F3: 5 g of NPK,
Con = control,
Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.050).
Genotype effects on stem girth were significant across the weeks. Genotype NGB00694 had the highest stem girth across weeks 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 after planting. Stem girth variation in response to the tested amendments was sig- nificant across weeks (Fig. 5), indicating that genotypes respond differently to soil amendments for an increase in plant stem girth.
Fertilizer-type effects on stem girth were significant across the five different weeks (Fig. 6). Combination of Kola pod + PM recorded the highest stem girth continuously across the five tested weeks while combination CP+PM ranked next to the aforementioned combination. This further suggests that
the growth performance of tomatoes is strongly influenced by the sources of plant nutrients. Nevertheless, organic sources appear to promote tomato development more effec- tively than inorganic fertilizers.
Days to flowering and fruiting were delayed in genotype NGB00711 (Table 4). However, days to flowering and fruiting were earliest in genotype NGB00694. There were significant differences in days of flowering and fruiting among the five tested tomato genotypes. However, the highest number of fruits per plant was recorded by geno- type NGB00696, these same genotypes recorded the highest leaves count from weeks 6–12 after planting. It indicates the positive correlation between leaf number and fruit-bearing. It suggested that more leaves per plant favor the photosyn-
V1: NGB00696, V2: NGB00711, V3: NGB00713, V4: NGB00694, V5: NGB00725,
Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.050).
F1: 6.5 g of CP+PM, F2: 6.4 g of KP+PM, F3: 5 g of NPK,
Con = control,
Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.050).
Varieties | DTFL (days) | DTFR (days) | NOF (no) | WOF (g/plant) |
NGB00696 | 19.60ab | 35.05 | 12.50a | 2534a |
NGB00711 | 20.33a | 39.11a | 10,00a | 839c |
NGB00713 | 17.11c | 33.61c | 10.44a | 1911bc |
NGB00694 | 18.19bc | 30.44d | 10.50a | 1639b |
NGB00725 | 19.87ab | 34.13bc | 10.00a | 2425a |
Fertilizer | ||||
6.5 g/plant of CP+PM | 19.96a | 35.75b | 10.55a | 2982a |
6.4 g/plant of KP+PM | 19.27ab | 37.55a | 10.7a | 1567b |
0.5 g/plant of NPK | 19.56a | 35.00b | 11.9a | 1832ab |
Control | 17.82b | 30.68c | 9.98a | 1426b |
Variety (V) | * | * | Ns | * |
Fertilizer (F) | * | * | Ns | * |
V × F | * | * | Ns | * |
Means with the same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05.
WAT = weeks after planting, DTFL = days to flowering, DTFR = days to fruiting, NOF = number of fruits, WOF = weight of fruits.
thetic actions that resulted in more fruit formation. The fruit number per plant did not show significance among the genotypes. However, the fruit weight per plant exhib- ited significant differences among tomato genotypes, with genotype NGB00696 recording the highest fruit weight.It indicates variation in the sizes of with the application of nu- trients types and genotypes. It also revealed the presence of gene pools in the tomato genotypes that can be manipulated for the development of high-yielding tomatoes in the tested tomato genotypes.
It also revealed the presence of gene pools in the tomato genotypes that can be manipulated for the development of high-yielding tomatoes in the tested tomato genotypes. Effects of the application of combinations CP+PM and KP+PM on days to flowering and fruiting were significantly different, which indicates that sources of organic amend- ments can hasten or delay the day to flowering in tomato production. The highest days to flowering were recorded by a combination of CP+PM, while the lowest days to flower- ing were observed when KP+PM was applied. This study showed that the application of KP+PM favored early flow- ering, probably because this combination is less in nitrogen
(N) content compared with CP+PM with a higher level of
(N) (Table 2) that encouraged vegetative growth that may delay flowering time. The combination CP+PM resulted in the highest fruit number and weight per plant, highlighting its favorable effects on tomato growth and yield compared to other nutrient sources, both organic and inorganic.Least fruit number and weight were observed with the application of KP+PM compare to other nutrients applied. Genotype effects on days to flowering and fruiting were numerically
but non-significant different. Genotype x fertilization in- teraction effects were significant for days to flowering and fruiting, and the weight of fruit per plant. This indicates that genotypes exhibited distinct responses to fertilizer sources in terms of days to flowering, fruiting, and fruit weight per plant. Genotype x fertilization interaction effects were sig- nificant for fruit weight per plant, suggest the differential influence of nutrient sources on fruit weight per plant.
Variations were observed in the effects of genotype and types of fertilizer on the levels of Ca, Mg, K, and Vitamin C constituents in tomato fruits. (Table 5). Application of 6.5 g of KP+PM to genotype NGB00711 recorded the highest values of Ca and Mg (2.25, 2.4 respectively). However, the addition of 6.5 g of CP+PM recorded the highest value of vi- tamin C compared to other genotypes and types of fertilizer. Moreover, the application of 6.5 g of CP+PM to NGB00694 gave the highest value of K among other types of fertilizer and genotypes. In most cases, the addition of fertilizer to the five tested genotypes numerically increases the four nu- trients investigated in the study compared with the control. This study revealed that tomato nutrient composition varies with varieties and plant nutrient sources. It also indicated that levels of each nutrient component of tomato fruits are influenced by the types/sources of plant nutrients applied. Continuous variation in tomato stem girth values in response to different fertilizer types indicates that various fertilizers or manure sources affect plant growth differently. The min- eral and microbial analysis in this study revealed higher values.of N, P, and K in combination with KP+PM than CP+PM. Both types of manure combinations tested per- formed better than NPK fertilizer for vegetative growth.
Varieties | Fertilizers | Ca (cmol · kg−1) | Mg (cmol · kg−1) | K (cmol · kg−1) | Vit. C |
NGB00696 | 6.5 g/plant of CP+PM | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 1.84 |
NGB00696 | 6.5 g/plant of KP+PM | 0.9 | 0.75 | 0.09 | 2.07 |
NGB00696 | 0.5 g/plant of NPK | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.07 | 1.82 |
NGB00696 | Control | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.06 | 1.53 |
NGB00711 | 6.5 g/plant of CP+PM | 1.5 | 1.55 | 0.08 | 2.51 |
NGB00711 | 6.5 g/plant of KP+PM | 2.25 | 2.4 | 0.08 | 1.89 |
NGB00711 | 0.5 g/plant of NPK | 1.5 | 0.65 | 0.12 | 1.73 |
NGB00711 | Control | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.08 | 2.40 |
NGB00713 | 6.5 g/plant of CP+PM | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.90 |
NGB0713 | 6.5 g/plant of KP+PM | 0.75 | 1.2 | 0.09 | 2.23 |
NGB00713 | 0.5 g/plant of NPK | 0.75 | 1.25 | 0.07 | 2.28 |
NGB00713 | Control | 0.75 | 1.25 | 0.06 | 2.32 |
NGB00694 | 6.5 g/plant of CP+PM | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.27 | 1.70 |
NGB00694 | 6.5 g/plant of KP+PM | 1.0 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 1.93 |
NGB00694 | 0.5 g/plant of NPK | 1.15 | 1.15 | 0.1 | 2.10 |
NGB00694 | Control | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.07 | 2.27 |
NGB00725 | 6.5 g/plant of CP+PM | 1.5 | 0.65 | 0.17 | 1.95 |
NGB00725 | 6.5 g/plant of KP+PM | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.07 | 2.03 |
NGB00725 | 0.5 g/plant of NPK | 1.25 | 0.8 | 0.08 | 1.89 |
NGB00725 | Control | 1.55 | 0.6 | 0.14 | 1.89 |
These also support the findings of Oyedeji (2014), who found that the application of organic manure to plants gen- erally results in an increase in vegetative growth and that poultry manure ranks best among the manures due to its high concentration of N, P, and K as well as other micronu- trients, which when decomposed add nutrients to the soil and improve growth and yield. Effects of fertilizer types on genotypes were significant for flowering and fruiting.
Days to flowering and fruiting were influenced by both fer- tilizer types and genotypes. CP+PM was found to delay flowering, while KP+PM hastened the initiation of flow- ering. The interaction effect of genotype x fertilizer was highly significant for days to flowering and days to fruiting, but only showed numerical and non-significant effects for fruit number and weight per plant.Both genotypes and fertil- izer types highly influenced the values of nutrients or miner- als such as Ca, Mg, K, and Vit C in the tested tomato fruits. Application of KP+PM on genotype NGB00711 increased the values of Ca, Mg, and Vit C in tomato fruits, while appli- cation of CP+PM to NGB00694 gave the highest value of K compared to other genotypes and fertilizer types. A similar study reported that wheat grains planted with organic fer- tilizers have higher protein levels than wheat grains grown with chemical fertilizers (Bahrman et al., 2004; Shivay et al., 2010).
Activities of soil microbes were higher with the application KP+PM than CP+PM, however, both types of organic ma-
nure supported the activities of soil microbes compared to inorganic fertilizer. According to Abbas et al. (2012) and Meagy et al. (2016), organic manures increase the amount of organic matter in the soil, enhancing its fertility, microbial activity, water penetration, and moisture-holding ability. Tomato has been reported to perform relatively well under organic and inorganic manure. Ghosh et al. (2004) reported that mineral fertilizer alone resulted in the lowest fruit pro- duction of tomatoes, while higher fruit yield was obtained by the addition of chicken manure alone.
The experiment results demonstrated that supplementing cocoa pods with chicken dung significantly improved veg- etative and yield parameters. Additionally, NGB00696, NGB00711, and NGB00694 exhibited higher numbers of leaves, plant height, and stem girth, respectively.The study revealed that applying 6.5 g of cocoa pod + poultry ma- nure per plant resulted in the highest yield, and NGB00696 demonstrated the highest yield in terms of fruit weight. This suggests that cocoa pod + poultry manure contains higher nutrient amounts compared to other plant nutrient sources.Both genotypes and fertilizer types highly influ- enced the values of nutrients or minerals such as Ca, Mg, K, and Vit C in the tested tomato fruits. Application of KP+PM on genotype NGB00711 increased the values of Ca, Mg, and Vit C in tomato fruits, while application of CP+PM to
NGB00694 gave the highest value of K compared to other genotypes and fertilizer types.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the mem- bers of the research team who contributed to the successful completion of this study. Their dedication, expertise, and commitment were instrumental in the realization of our re- search objectives. I am thankful for their valuable insights, collaborative spirit, and unwavering support throughout the study.
S.I and C.A, conception and design: F.A, data collection: S.A, C.A, A.O, V.A, O.B, analysis and interpretation of results: S.A, C.A, A.S, A.C draft manuscript preparate. The results were evaluated by all authors, and the final version of the manuscript was approved.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
The authors declare that they have no known com- peting financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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