International Journal of Nano Dimension (Abbreviation: Int J Nano Dimens) is an international, double-blind peer-reviewed open access, online journal originally published four times a year by the Tonekabon branch of the IAU, Iran. The new publisher of this journal is OICC Press. IJND aims to provide an academic medium to present and disseminate scientific discoveries and technological advances related to the materials with at least one dimension sized in the range of 1 to 100 nano-meters. IJND is a forum for scientific exchange and communication of materials scientists and engineers as well as other researchers working in different fields that nanoscience can be applied to such as biology, chemistry, electronics, energy engineering, environmental science and medical sciences. IJND is fully open access and full texts of published articles are available to the public through the journal’s website for free. Moreover, manuscript submission and publication processing of accepted manuscripts are free of charge. Latest News: We would like to inform all authors and contributors that, effective 1st October 2025, an Article Processing Charge (APC) will apply to all manuscripts submitted on or after this date that are accepted for publication in the International Journal of Nano Dimension, ISSN: 2008-8868, E-ISSN: 2228-5059. Journal DOI: 10.57647/IJND Journal Abbreviation: Int. J. Nano Dimens. Journal Title Acronym: IJND Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK
Engineering PVA-Based Nanofibrous Mats Containing Pramipexole with Anti-Parkinsonian Effects: Fabrication, Characterization, and Pharmacological Study
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that requires long-term pharmacotherapy; however, conventional oral administration of pramipexole is associated with fluctuating plasma levels and systemic side effects. In this study, a novel electrospun PVA-based nanofibrous transdermal patch containing pramipexole was developed to enable controlled drug delivery and improved therapeutic efficacy. Pramipexole-loaded PVA and PVA/PVP nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning and subsequently cross-linked using glutaraldehyde vapor. The nanofibrous mats were characterized in terms of morphology, wettability, rheological behavior, drug release kinetics, and in vivo neuroprotective performance. Smooth and bead-free nanofibers were obtained, confirming suitable solution viscosity and electrospinnability. Water contact angle measurements demonstrated hydrophilic behavior, with contact angles of 33° for PVA, 71° for PVA/PVP, and 43° for cross-linked PVA/PVP/pramipexole nanofibers, indicating tunable surface wettability. In vitro release studies revealed an initial burst release of approximately 43% and 32% of pramipexole within 30 min for PVA and PVA/PVP nanofibers, respectively, followed by sustained release reaching ~52% and ~49% after 24 h. In contrast, cross-linked nanofibers exhibited significantly slower and more controlled drug release due to reduced polymer network permeability. Histopathological analysis of the substantia nigra region in a paraquat-induced Parkinson’s disease model demonstrated a marked reduction in neuronal degeneration in both systemic and transdermal pramipexole-treated groups compared to untreated animals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Ghaffarimoghadam, Mitra Baghali, Majid Motaghinejad, Hakimeh Ziyadi, Danial Sadri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced Electrostatic Control and Biosensing in a No Junction Gate all Around Hetero Dielectric Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (NJGAA-HTFET): A Nanoscale Study Through Analytical Modeling and TCAD Simulation
In the modern era of miniaturization, Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFET) is considered to be a dominant device for low-power applications due to its primary switching mechanism. The concept of TFETs is that quantum tunnelling across a barrier is regulated, whereas in conventional MOSFETs, the thermionic emission across a barrier is regulated. In this paper, the No Junction Gate All Around Hetero Dielectric Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (NJGAA-HTFET) is modelled at large drain voltage, even though the effect of drain voltages is less pronounced. Theoretical tests have proved that using the low-voltage TFETs in logic circuits instead of MOSFETs, will conserve significant amounts of electricity. Hence, this work presents the analytical modelling of the No Junction Gate All Around Hetero Dielectric Tunnel Field Effect Transistor, where surface potential profile, IDS VGS, and IDS VDS characteristics are analytically modelled using the Kane approach. A comparison of TCAD simulation and modeling under various device parameters, including gate oxide dielectric constant, channel lengths, and junction/junctionless structures, is conducted and further discussed to validate the model. The results of the Ion/Ioff ratio of the proposed device prove to be superior to those of conventional JLTFET devices. More specifically, the NJGAA-HDTFET is identified for use as a biosensor to detect various biomolecules.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vimala Palanichamy, Sharon Geege Augustine, Arun Samuel Thankamony Sarasam, Suveetha Dhanaselvam, Jayagowri Ramamoorthy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Label-free Sensing of Thiamine, Pantothenic Acid and Pyridoxine Hydrosoluble Vitamins Using a Symmetric Photonic Heterostructure Resonator
This study presents a label-free biosensor based on a symmetric one-dimensional photonic heterostructure resonator for the refractometric detection of three water-soluble B-complex vitamins. By filling the defect cavity with vitamin solutions, the sensor generated distinct resonance shifts proportional to refractive-index changes, enabling precise molecular discrimination. Optimal performance was achieved at a 60° incidence angle under transverse-electric polarization, yielding ultra-high sensitivity (nearly 280 nm/RIU), a sharp resonance quality factor exceeding 2000, and a detection limit as low as 1.21×10⁻³ RIU, accompanied by a figure of merit greater than 800 surpassing conventional 1D photonic crystal biosensors. A strong polarization-dependent response was observed, with transverse-magnetic (TM) mode performance degrading at high angles due to Brewster’s effect, confirming TE polarization as the superior sensing configuration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hadi Rahimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis of Copper and Sulfur Nanoparticles and Their Effect on Erwinia amylovora
Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, remains a persistent threat to apple and pear orchards worldwide, often leading to devastating crop losses. Conventional management strategies rely heavily on copper-based bactericides, which, despite their effectiveness, pose environmental risks and contribute to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. In response to these challenges, this study explores the antibacterial potential of copper and sulfur nanoparticles synthesized via green methods using citrus and pomegranate peel extracts. These plant-derived nanoparticles were characterized for size and morphology and evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Erwinia amylovora, with comparisons made to Bordeofix, a commercial copper-based pesticide. Results revealed that copper and sulfur nanoparticles achieved bacterial growth reductions of up to 90% and 85%, respectively, within 48 hours. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of these findings, highlighting the enhanced efficacy of nanoparticle treatments compared to conventional Bordeofix approaches. This work underscores the promise of green-synthesized nanoparticles as sustainable tools in plant disease management. By leveraging agricultural waste materials and minimizing chemical inputs, the approach aligns with broader goals of ecological stewardship and integrated pest management. The findings pave the way for future field applications and policy shifts toward environmentally responsible solutions in horticultural disease control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paniz Abdollahi Saeed, Reza Khakvar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Silver Oxide and Silver Iodide Nanomaterials Through the Green Synthesis from Acacia Senegal Plant and Biocompatibility Their Use as Anti-liver Cancer Agents
Silver iodide (AgI) can be obtained from Acacia Senegal and has the potential to inhibit cancer growth. The present investigation using relevant techniques, can be used for the liver cancer (HePG2) in the cell line treatment with silver oxide (AgO) nano-crystallites. This was achieved by exposing Liver cancer cell (HePG2) and healthy cells (WRL68) to 25,50,100,200, and 400 μg/mL concentrations of AgO. The novelty of the present study is comparison of the two types of cells: the (HePG2) and (WRL68) to the (AgI) from A. Senegal plant, which to our knowledge has not been reported. We also used the IC50 assay, which is a measurement used to describe the effectiveness of a substance in inhibiting or suppressing a specific enzyme or cell activity. The IC50 value represents the concentration of the substance required to inhibit the target biological activity by 50%.the graph in Figure shows an IC50 value of 70 in liver cancer cells, which is a positive result. However, the IC50 value in healthy cells was somewhat low at 193.These are good results because the lower the IC50 value in cancer cells, the better the outcome, and the opposite should be true for healthy cells.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saad I. Esmail, Ali Bahari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal-centered B12N12 Nanocages: A Theoretical Study on the Possibility of Their Application for the Removal of Mefenamic Acid from Aqueous Media
Pharmaceutical pollutants in water resources are considered as a significant threat to environmental safety and human health. This work addresses this challenge by studying the adsorption of mefenamic acid (MFA) onto the pristine, and alkali and alkaline earth metal ions-centered B12N12 nanocage. The most favorable adsorption of MFA on the B12N12 nanocage takes place between the boron atom and the oxygen atom of the carboxyl group in MFA. For the nanocage centered with alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, the best results were obtained when the Be²⁺ and K+ ions are located at the center of the nanocage, in charged and neutralized forms, respectively. Among all nanocages studied in this work, K+@B12N12Cl⁻nanocage showed best performance in the aqueous media. The IGMH and NCI analyses confirmed strong interactions between the adsorbent and MFA in all cases. Moreover, ELF analysis revealed that a single bond forms between the drug and the nanocage, supporting the chemical nature of the adsorption. In fact, while pristine boron nitride nanocages (B12N12) can be potentially applied for drug delivery, their adsorption capacity is moderate. This study demonstrates a unique success: the encapsulation of B12N12 with Be²⁺ and specially K⁺ ions significantly enhances its adsorption capacity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mousa Soleymani, Mahdieh Rashnooyani, Mahdieh Goudarzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RSM-CCD Optimized EDTA-functionalized Magnetic Activated Carbon Derived from Sunflower Stem for Adsorptive Removal of Ni2+ and Malachite Green from Containment Water
The structure of malachite green (MG) molecules makes them highly resistant to environmental degradation, posing significant challenges for removal. Similarly, heavy metals such as Ni2+ present substantial risks due to their toxicity and persistence. The presence of MG and Ni2+ in water and wastewater is frequently reported at levels exceeding standard limits, highlighting the urgent need for effective removal and degradation strategies. Herein, EDTA-functionalized magnetic activated carbon (EDTA-FMAC) derived from sunflower stems was developed and successfully applied for the removal of MG and Ni2+ from contaminated water. The adsorbent (MAC) was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, Raman, VSM, and BET techniques. Key factors, including sorbent weight, contact time, initial pollutant concentration, and pH, were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The study achieved maximum adsorption efficiencies of 97.68% for MG and 94.63% for Ni2+ at initial concentrations of 15 and 20 mg/L, adsorbent weights of 9 and 20 g, contact times of 25 and 20 minutes, and pH levels of 6 and 4, respectively. The experimental data aligned closely with the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that MG and Ni2+ adsorption onto magnetic activated carbon is endothermic and spontaneous. This study demonstrates that EDTA-functionalized magnetic activated carbon derived from sunflower stems is an efficient, effective, and reusable adsorbent for the removal of MG and Ni2+ from tap water.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elham Fraid Aghazadeh, Mortaza Mirzaei, Akbar Hassanpour, Ali Khani, Nader Jafarzadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Time-Controlled Photoassisted Deposition of Silver on Tio2 Nanotube Arrays: Tuning Plasmonic for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance
This study demonstrates that time-controlled photoassisted deposition of silver (Ag) nanoparticles can effectively tune the plasmonic and photoelectrochemical behavior of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTs/Ti foil). Structural analyses confirmed the preservation of phase-pure anatase TiO2 and revealed progressive Ag loading with deposition time. FESEM observations showed that early deposition (5–15 min) primarily thickened tube walls, increasing the outer diameter from ~210 to ~250 nm, while distinct Ag nanoparticles were not yet resolved. At longer deposition times (20–25 min), well-defined Ag particles appeared, growing from ~450 to ~750 nm, indicating coalescence and aggregation. These morphological changes corresponded with optical responses, where a pronounced LSPR band emerged at ~620 nm and the apparent band gap decreased from 3.20 eV for pristine TNTs to 2.7 eV at 10 min Ag coverage. Photoelectrochemical measurements highlighted the importance of deposition time: photocurrent density increased from 0.11 mA cm-2 for pristine TNTs to a maximum of 0.39 mA cm⁻² at 10 min, over 3.5-fold enhancement, before declining due to aggregation-induced recombination. Overall, these results show that precise control of Ag deposition time governs nanoparticle nucleation, growth, plasmonic behavior, and interfacial charge transfer, providing a scalable strategy for designing high-performance plasmonic photoelectrodes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qasim Chfat Abdulridha, Araa Mebdir Holi, Azhar Y.M. Al-Murshedi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity of Nisin Incorporated into Chitosan/Alginate Nanoparticles as a Biopreservator Agent in Sausage
This study investigates the antimicrobial effects of nisin extracted from Lactococcus lactis and the enhancement of its antimicrobial effect by incorporation into chitosan/alginate nanoparticles. Native strains of Lactococcus lactis were isolated from milk samples and the presence of the nisin gene was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nisin concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that out of ten isolated strains, four strains (L1, L3, L8 and L9) showed genetic similarity to Lactococcus lactis with percentages of 82.45%, 79.87%, 93.33% and 79.87%, respectively. The optimal growth conditions for the most effective strain were determined at 30°C and pH 7 with an optical density of 5.51 at 600 nm. Nisin extract showed a significant inhibitory zone of 19 mm against Bacillus cereus, while nisin-containing nanoparticles showed an enhanced inhibitory effect of 20 mm. Furthermore, the results showed that the combination of nisin-containing nanoparticles significantly improved the antimicrobial activity compared to nisin alone. This study showed that nisin incorporated into nanoparticles effectively retained its antimicrobial properties, indicating its potential as a valuable model for biopreservation of food. These findings emphasize the importance of using natural antimicrobials in food preservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Homa Khorasani, Seyed Mansour Meybodi, Nadia Kazemipour, Sayed Mohammad Reza Khoshroo, Mohammad Mehdi Motaghi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exciting Future of Nanotechnology in Renewable Energy Sector
Fossil fuels have historically been the foundation of our energy system, driving both industries and households. Nevertheless, we are becoming more aware of the constraints of these resources, which are not only limited but also significant contributors to the troubling increase in greenhouse gas emissions. This realization marks a crucial moment in our timeline, a unique opportunity to begin a transformative shift towards renewable energy options. These alternatives hold the promise of satisfying the rising energy needs of the planet in a manner that is both effective and environmentally friendly. Within the multitude of innovative technologies emerging during this transition, nanotechnology stands out as particularly remarkable. By precisely manipulating materials at the atomic and molecular levels, it uncovers immense potential to improve renewable energy sources while also tackling the pressing issues brought about by climate change. Utilizing this advanced method, we can unlock new efficiencies, enhance energy storage capabilities, and tap into natural forces in ways we have only just started to envision. Together, we can create a pathway to a brighter, cleaner future that can fulfil human needs while respecting and maintaining the delicate balance of our valuable ecosystems. This is our opportunity to welcome change and innovation for a sustainable future. This analysis investigates the various ways nanotechnology can promote advancements in renewable energy. It looks into different applications, such as solar cells and biofuels, underlining the crucial role that nanotechnology plays in enabling the shift to sustainable energy sources. The paper highlights the importance of continued research and development in this area, demonstrating how these nanoscale innovations can lead us toward a future dependent on clean, renewable energy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rama Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Band Gap Enhancement and Violet Luminescence from Chemically Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanospindles and Its Antimicrobial Activity Against S. Aureus and K. Pneumoniae
A simple wet-chemical method has been deployed to synthesize copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures. FESEM images revealed the formation of uniform-sized, spindle-like nanostructures. The TEM image revealed that the nanospindles are composed of several small crystallites. The distinct diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern confirm well-crystalline nanostructures and the average crystallite size was ~10 nm. FTIR spectra revealed the formation of Cu-O bonds. The band gap of the nanocrystals was calculated from the absorption spectra and was estimated to be 3.28 eV. Quantum confinement effect is therefore found to be very significant in these nanocrystals, manifested by the band gap enhancement. The synthesized CuO nanospindles exhibit strong photoluminescence peaked at ~ 407 nm owing to band-to-band transition. This emission peak is due to the transition associated with low energy peaks at ~ 461 nm due to shallow levels created below the bottom of the conduction band. The nanostructure showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. Aureus (Gram-positive) and K. Pneumoniae (Gram-negative) bacteria as studied by agar well diffusion technique. The zone of inhibition depends on the concentration of nanoparticles as revealed from the study. Therefore, the synthesized CuO is of immense potential for optoelectronics and biomedical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suvayan Mandal, Pinaki Chakraborty, Pijus Kanti Samanta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane scaffolds as valuable biological materials catalyzed by Fe3O4/SiO2/PPA as a magnetic nanocatalyst
This study applied Fe3O4/SiO2/PPA magnetic nanocatalyst as a solid acid catalyst to produce bis(indolyl)methane derivatives (BIMs) under solvent-free conditions and at 50Oc. FTIR, XRD, EDX, FESEM, HRTEM, and BET were used for structure confirmation. The catalyst was environmentally friendly, heterogeneous, and recyclable without loss of catalytic activity. Also, this catalyst had high efficiency for the synthesis of bis(indolyl) methanes and the reaction products were obtained quickly. The synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes from the reaction between indole derivatives and aldehydes has been carried out in short reaction times (5-30 min) with good to excellent yields (65-96%) using 50 mg of magnetic nanocatalyst at solvent-free conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatemeh Chaltash, Seyed Mohammad Vahdat, Roberto Acevedo , Soheila Ghanbari , Mohammad Qandalee, Carlos J. Durán-Valle , Ignacio M. Lopez-Coca (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide Content on the Expression of Bax and Bcl-2 Genes and Induction of Apoptosis in the PC3 Cell Line
Research into anti-cancer compounds from natural sources, such as Ganoderma lucidum and chitosan, and the development of their delivery systems, is a highly promising field. This study focused on developing nanocarriers of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides-chitosan and evaluating their effects on the expression of the Bax and Bcl-2 genes in the PC3 cell line. The extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum involved heating the material in water at 70 °C, followed by treatment with 96% ethanol and subsequent protein removal to purify the polysaccharides. These polysaccharides were successfully incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles via ion-exchange copolymerization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to examine the morphology and chemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. The effects of the chitosan-polysaccharide nanoparticles and free polysaccharides on gene expression were assessed using real-time PCR after treating PC3 cells with various concentrations. The results showed that the nanoparticles and polysaccharides increased Bax gene expression by 4.6-fold and 5.56-fold, respectively, while decreasing Bcl-2 expression by 0.64-fold and 0.81-fold, respectively. These observed changes indicate that apoptosis was induced in PC3 cells. Nanoparticles composed of polysaccharides and chitosan show promise for future prostate cancer therapies; however, additional in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohaddeseh Larypoor, Mahnaz Joodi Ghareh Shiran, Hoora Dadgostar, Maryam Bikhof Torbati, Shahrzad Sadeghi Amjad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Potassium-Silica Nanofluid Fertilizer from Banana Peel and Rice Husk Waste for the Growth of Sweet Corn Plants
The increasing market demand for sweet corn has made it a widely cultivated crop among local farmers. One method of enhancing sweet corn productivity is combining potassium sulfate nanofertilizers from banana peel waste and nanosilica from rice husk waste. Nanosilica was synthesized using the sol–gel method; nanopotassium sulfate was synthesized by precipitating potassium using ammonium sulfate. Characterization results from FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FESEM-EDX (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) showed that the potassium–silica nanofluid fertilizer had a particle size of 8.6 nm. A single application of nanosilica enhanced the vegetative growth of sweet corn. Applying nanopotassium sulfate significantly increased plant height, especially in the S3W1 treatment 28 DAS (days after sowing). The combination of application time and concentration of potassium–silica nanofluid fertilizer had a significant effect on plant height. Best results were obtained with a concentration of 5 mL applied 35 DAS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aulia Dewi Rosanti, Nur Fitriyah, Widyana Rahmatika, Fahmi Hidayat, Nunuk Helilusiatiningsih, Yuly Kusumawati , Yatim Lailun Ni’mah, Dina Oktavia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oriented External Electric Field Effect on the Adsorption of Vanadocene Dichloride (VDC) Anticancer Drug on C@Al12 Cluster
This work examined the oriented external electric field (OEEF) along x, y, and z-axes in the interaction between vanadocene dichloride (VDC) anticancer drug and C@Al12 cluster. OEEF effect on the electronic energy and interaction energy values was studied. These results indicated weaker adsorption in VDC…C@Al12 complex in the presence of OEEF along the z-axis than x, and y-axes. Variations of polarity and frontier orbital energy values of the molecule with strength of OEEF were reported. Greater polarity was found with higher OEEF strength. The most contribution in the SOMO and LUMO of the VDC…C@Al12 complex were belonged to C@Al12 and VDC moieties, respectively. Also, dependencies of reactivity parameters on OEEF strength were provided. Cl×××Al interactions were illustrated with electron localization function (ELF) and charge displacement curves (CDC) results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Reza Ghiasi, Alireza Valizadeh, Aram Afkhami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Tannic Acid pH on the Crystallographic Structure and Electrical Properties of ZnO Nanostructured Thin Films
This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the structural, chemical, and electronic properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) and tannic acid-functionalized ZnO (ZnO–TA) nanostructures, synthesized via a green hydrothermal route under controlled pH conditions. FESEM revealed that pristine ZnO crystallized into well-defined nanorods, whereas incorporation of TA at acidic pH values induced a morphological transition towards interconnected networks, concomitant with elevated carbon incorporation. FTIR confirmed the presence of Zn–O vibrational modes alongside characteristic peaks corresponding to carbonyl, ester, and hydroxyl functionalities, evidencing successful surface modification by TA. The four-point probe I–V measurements demonstrated linear ohmic behaviour and a significant enhancement in lateral conductivity, reaching up to 10⁻⁸ S·cm⁻¹, surpassing previously reported benchmarks for similar systems. Hall effect measurements consistently indicated n-type conductivity across all samples. Notably, carrier mobility peaked at pH 5, attributed to effective passivation of surface trap states by TA’s functional groups. In contrast, excessive TA loading at pH 3 resulted in increased carrier concentrations but diminished mobility, likely due to nanoparticle aggregation and enhanced grain boundary scattering. These findings demonstrate the pivotal influence of pH and TA concentration in tailoring the morphology, surface chemistry and charge transport characteristics of ZnO nanostructures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aqilah Kamaruzaman, Nurul Akmal Che Lah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Health Risk Management Framework in Workplaces Handling Nanomaterials Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods
This study developed a comprehensive framework for assessing and managing health risks of manufactured nanomaterials (MNM) in workplaces. The approach combined control banding with multi-criteria decision-making, informed by expert input and a literature review on MNM hazards. A three-layered risk assessment was applied: hazard banding using the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for five toxic endpoints, exposure banding based on MNM physical state, manufacturing processes, and working conditions (yielding four bands), and integration via control banding to classify risk into five levels. These layers complement each other to enhance accuracy. Control measures were identified and evaluated using a General Technique for Evaluating Control Measures (GTECM), scoring effectiveness, cost, and feasibility, with acceptable inter-rater reliability. The framework was implemented as an online tool to support practical application in Iranian nanotechnology workplaces. Field testing in selected facilities demonstrated its usability and consistency. By systematically integrating hazard, exposure, and control data, the framework supports informed decision-making for occupational health and safety managers. It aims to strengthen risk management practices and promote safer handling of MNMs, contributing to improved workplace health in Iran’s growing nanotechnology sector.
Copyright (c) -1 Seyed Husein Naziri, Mostafa Pouyakian, Sedigheh Sadegh Hassani, Pegah Safdari, Somayeh Farhang Dehghan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluent Using TiO2 and N-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Under Natural Sunlight: A Comparative Study
Despite the rapid growth of pharmaceutical industries to meet rising demand, untreated or poorly treated wastewater continues to contaminate water bodies, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health. Conventional treatment methods often fall short in effectively addressing these complex and persistent pollutants. In this context, nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for advanced water purification. This study presents a novel approach by employing TiO2 and nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) nanoparticles, synthesized via a simple and scalable sol-gel method, for the treatment of actual pharmaceutical industrial effluent under natural sunlight, a cost-effective and sustainable condition rarely explored in previous works. The synthesized photocatalysts were thoroughly characterized using UV, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and EDX analyses. Unlike most previous studies focused on model pollutants, this work directly addresses the degradation of real pharmaceutical wastewater by combining adsorption and photocatalysis. Higher adsorption efficiencies were observed for N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (43.77%) compared to TiO2 (21.34%) after 2 hours. Photocatalytic treatment further enhanced the degradation to 57% (N-TiO2) and 22% (TiO2) after 3 hours under natural sunlight. The study demonstrates the potential of N-TiO2 as an efficient, sunlight-driven photocatalyst for practical wastewater treatment applications, highlighting its novelty and real-world applicability.
Copyright (c) -1 Neha Mallika Gurramkonda, Bala Narsaiah Tumma, Lakshmana Naik Ramavathu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Capability of Pure and Metal-Encapsulated All Boron Fullerenes (B40) as Nanocarriers for β-Lapachone Anticancer Drug Delivery: DFT Study
This work employs density functional theory (DFT) to explore the interactions between the anticancer agent β‑Lapachone (β‑Lap) and pristine B40 fullerenes as well as their potassium- and magnesium-encapsulated counterparts (K@B40 and Mg@B40). The results reveal significant interactions affecting the electronic structures of these molecules, with stable complexes formed and a notable reduction in energy gaps, indicating effective β-Lap adsorption. The β-Lap drug exhibits stronger binding to metal-encapsulated fullerenes than to pristine B40 in both aqueous and gas environments, with binding energies in water of approximately -5.2 kcal/mol for B40, -82.9 KCal/mol for Mg@B40, and -55.7 KCal/mol for K@B40. In aqueous media, the dipole moments of encapsulated complexes rise to nearly twice their gas-phase values. To complement the electronic structure insights, we employ Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) to study the electron densities and their Laplacians, and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis to evaluate donor–acceptor interactions and charge redistribution within these complexes. Despite the strong adsorption energies, the interaction weakens in acidic conditions, facilitating drug release. These findings suggest that B40 and its metal-encapsulated derivatives are promising nanocarriers for β-Lap delivery, combining strong binding with controlled release potential in biological environments.
Copyright (c) -1 Mercedeh Hemmatian, Sharieh Hosseini, Hakimeh Ziyadi, Ehsan Shakerzadeh, Marjan Jebeli Javan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Novel Hazelnut Shell/Magnetite Bio-Nano adsorbents for Enhanced Oil Removal From Oil-Contaminated Waters
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using hazelnut shells as a biosorbent for the cleanup of oil and petroleum product spills in water bodies. The effects bioadsorbent, nanoparticle concentrations, oil concentration, temperature (10-4000C), and pH on oil adsorption were investigated to determine the optimal conditions for maximum purification efficiency. The highest oil removal efficiency achieved with the biosorbent was 61.25% at a pH of 7.5. To enhance the sorption capacity of the biosorbents were synthesized by incorporating Fe₃O₄ superparamagnetic nanoparticles at concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%. Characterization of both the biosorbents was conducted using SEM, TGA, and FTIR analyses to assess the interaction between Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and the plant-derived surface of the biosorbent. For an adsorbent such as hazelnut shell+Fe₃O₄ bio-nanoadsorbent, the pHzpc indicates the point at which the surface of the bio-nanoadsorbent changes from negatively charged to positively charged as the pH of the solution increases or decreases. The zero-charge pH point of the bio-nanoasorbent was determined to be pH=8 by Boehm titration. The optimal adsorption conditions for the bio-nanosorbent, composed of hazelnut shell and 10% Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, were found to be 92.5% oil removal within 12 minutes at a pH of 7.5.
Copyright (c) -1 Ulkar Nuru Naghiyeva, Sevinc Rafik Hajiyeva, Flora Vidadi Hajiyeva, Luca di Palma, Irene Bavasso, Maria Paola Bracciale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leveraging the Therapeutic Role of Nanotechnology in Osteoporosis Management: Current Progress and Perspectives
Osteoporosis (OP) is a bone degenerative disease, wherein progressive deterioration of microarchitecture of bones make them porous, fragile and brittle leading to bone hollowing. OP is characterized by decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) wherein spine, shoulder, hip, wrist bones are more prone to fracture risks that causes high morbidity and socio-economic burden. This necessitates early diagnosis of OP and prediction of fragility fracture risk. Conventional diagnostic methods, include Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), do not give accurate predictions of risk of fractures as minor changes in bone structure are often overlooked. The fact that most fractures occur at non-osteoporotic BMD values, despite the operative diagnosis being based on BMD, is an obstacle in management of OP. With the advent of artificial intelligence, a series of reports suggest deep learning applications in screening and diagnosis of OP. Deep learning methods can emerge as a promising method for detection and diagnosis of osteoporotic fractures via machine learning (ML). The ever-expanding field of nanotechnology has witnessed rapid development of its potential application for OP treatment. While traditional therapies for OP are effective, their use are severely limited due to reduced bioavailability, non-specific distribution coupled with adverse effects. Nanotherapeutics have emerged as a promising approach for managing OP. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles include tunable surface characteristics, ultra-small size, high surface-to-volume ratio that empower them to overcome the confines of traditional therapies. Nanotechnology applications in OP therapeutics are still in the early phases, with more research needed to fully uncover its potential.
Copyright (c) -1 Mansi Malik, Pooja Yadav, Kapil Dangi, Anita Kamra Verma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DFT Study of HCl The Clusters Under Nano Confinement of Carbon Fullerenes
This report reveals the geometry, vibrational properties, and molecular orbitals with HOMO-LUMO energies of HCl clusters (HCl)n=1-2 under the confinement of carbon fullerenes CN=42-52 at B3LYP level with basis set 6-311++g(d,p). Due to the effect of the H-bond network, the variation in bond length is observed relative to the variation of diameter of carbon fullerenes from C42 to C52. Unexpectedly, the high intermolecular stretching mode (3403.96 cm-1) is observed for a shorter bond length (H-Cl =1.234 A0) under C46. The confined HCl under C52 results in high intensity (57.75 units) for stretching mode 2859.36 cm-1 with high polarity prediction but on the other hand confined HCl dimer under C44 shows the highest stretching mode in the frequency range 3000 cm-1 with compressed bond length (H-Cl=1.254 A0) which acts as an unsaturated system. For HCl, under the confinement of C52, the bond length increases up to 1.292 A0 which is quite greater than the experimental value of free HCl (1.275 A0). Exclusively the band gap energies of both the clusters (HCl)n=1-2 are also considered to study H-bond connectivity with carbon atoms by using their (HOMO-LUMO).
Copyright (c) -1 Aruna Thaker, Arwa Makki, Dina Hajar, Pradip Sarawade (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Endophytic Nanoparticles: Promising Growth Promoter, Modulate Biochemical Constitutes in Vigna radiata Seedlings, and Antifungal Activity
Over the years, nanotechnology has been utilized in the agricultural sector for sustainable production. The application of endophytes-mediated silver nanoparticles is gaining momentum in various sectors including agriculture. This current study aims to evaluate the impact of endophytic bacteria-mediated silver nanoparticles in promoting plant growth and improving biochemical constituents in Vigna radiata by using the nanopriming method. Bacillus cereus isolated from the flower of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis was identified and utilized for silver nanoparticles synthesis, this is called Bacillus cereus silver nanoparticles (BC-AgNPs). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by colour change and characterization by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FESEM, FTIR, DLS, and EDAX. Seeds of Vigna radiata were treated with different concentrations (1ppm, 2.5ppm, 5ppm and 10ppm) of BC-AgNPs. Plant growth was enhanced at a concentration of 5 ppm of BC-AgNPs. In addition, an increase in photosynthetic pigments, protein, and carbohydrate was observed in the nanoprimed seedlings when compared to that of the control. Also, the ability of the synthesized particles to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Penicillium janthinellum was examined. The results suggest that silver nanoparticles synthesized via endophytic bacteria can be utilized as dual-function agent in sustainable agriculture – both as a plant growth enhancer and as a biocontrol agent.
Copyright (c) -1 Love Edet Mendie, Hemalatha Srinivasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recent Advances in Employing Nanoemulsions in Food Science: An Update
Recent advancements in nanoemulsion technology have profoundly influenced the food industry, providing innovative approaches to enhance food product quality, stability, and functionality. Nanoemulsions (20–200 nm) exhibit distinct physicochemical characteristics, such as a large surface area, controlled release of bioactive compounds, high loading capacity, improved bioavailability, and biphasic behavior. This review explores the latest developments in nanoemulsion types, their components, and their applications across various food sectors, focusing on the properties they confer to food products and packaging systems. Particular attention is given to their ability to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble nutrients, stabilize food formulations, and integrate natural preservatives to extend shelf life. The article also examines emerging trends, including the use of eco-friendly surfactants, encapsulation of plant-based bioactives, antioxidants, vitamins, and fatty acids, and their potential to enhance functional and fortified food products. Our review demonstrates that nanoemulsions significantly improve nutrient delivery, extending the shelf life of food products, and enhancing sensory characteristics. Furthermore, they offer promising avenues for sustainable packaging solutions. However, challenges related to long-term stability, regulatory approval, and consumer perception remain critical areas for future research. Furthermore, challenges like scalability, regulatory hurdles, and consumer acceptance are addressed. Based on this review, a comprehensive update on the current state of nanoemulsions in food science is essential, with a focus on establishing and refining specific standards to align with industry needs for healthier, safer, and more sustainable food systems.
Copyright (c) -1 Tugba Ozdal, Hamed Ahari, Kianoush Khosravi-Darani, Sima Moradi, Zahra Goudarzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Author Correction: Utilize polypropylene-titanium dioxide nano-composite, graphene oxide-chitosan-bentonite nano-absorbent, and straw to remove petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic environments aggressively.
Correction to: Utilize polypropylene-titanium dioxide nano-composite, graphene oxide-chitosan-bentonite nano-absorbent, and straw to remove petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic environments aggressively. Azad Zarabadi, S., Rahnavard*, A., Fahimi, F.G., Saeb, K. Published in International Nano Dimension, Volume 14, Issue 2, Article 14, 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijnd.2025.1602.14 In the originally published version of this article, the affiliation for the following authors were incorrect: Shahram Azad Zarabadi Aptin Rahnavard Farid Gholamreza Fahimi Keyvan Saeb Affiliation was originally listed as: Department of Medicinal Plants, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran The correct affiliation for all four authors is: Correct Affiliation – Department of Environment, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic AzadUniversity, Tonekabon, Iran This has now been corrected in both the online article webpage and the PDF version of the article. The authors regret the oversight.
Copyright (c) -1 Shahram Azad Zarabadi, Aptin Rahnavard, Farid Gholamreza Fahimi, Keyvan Saeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DFT assessments on a Chitosan-modified nanocone scaffold for the adsorption of ciclopirox antifungal drug to provide insights into the engineering a potential nano-based drug delivery platform
This work was done by the benefit of employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations for assessing a chitosan-modified nanocone scaffold (S) for the adsorption of ciclopirox antifungal drug (D) to provide insights into the engineering a potential nano-based drug delivery platform by the formation of DS complexes. Two scaffolds were prepared; S1 and S2, and three complexes were obtained for each scaffold by the adsorption of D substance yielding DS11, DS12, and DS13 for S1 and DS21, DS22, and DS23 for S2. The strength of DS2 complexes were found higher than DS1 complexes, in which DS11 and DS21 were the strongest ones in each category. Regarding the evaluation of electronic features, small changes were found for the frontier molecular orbital levels of models and their related features. As a result, formations of DS complexes were found suitable for approaching the main goal of this work by obtaining suitable strengths for the complex systems. Hence, the existence of non-covalent interactions between the adsorbate and adsorbent counterparts and obtaining remarkable electronic features actually approved the applicability of employing S1 and S2 for adsorbing the specific D substance for investigating further developments of nano-based delivery of ciclopirox antifungal drug.
Copyright (c) -1 Chou-Yi Hsu, Radhwan Abdul Kareem, Oybek Ruziyev, Afet Mastan Jafarova, Mahmoud Mirzaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A novel approach for oral delivery of ZINC using Zinc Sulfate solid lipid nanoparticles
One potential tool to improve the absorption of zinc (Zn) is the use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). In this study, Zn-containing SLNs were prepared to explore a novel oral formulation and investigate its physicochemical properties, toxicity, and accelerated stability study. SLNs were fabricated using stearic acid as lipid and chitosan as coating for LNPs via double emulsion solvent evaporation followed by lyophilization. In vitro evaluations were performed before and after lyophilization. Zinc loading was optimized at 30% zinc (w/w) versus lipid, with drug loading efficiency (DL) of up to 90%. The physicochemical properties of Zn-SLNs, including particle size (from 83.7 ± 1.8 to 183.8 ± 5.0 nm), dispersion index (PDI), zeta potential (about 8.2 mV), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were investigated. Morphological characteristics were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Drug release studies showed that 75%, 83%, and 90% of zinc were released from the SLN-Zn-Chitosan formulation within 24 hours, respectively. A cytotoxicity assay (MTT) performed at 24, 48, and 72 hours showed no cytotoxic potential with cell viability at 100% of control cells. The accelerated stability study to evaluate particle size, zeta potential, and drug loading (%EE) at 6 months showed no significant changes, which could indicate the suitability of Zn-SLNs for oral applications.
Copyright (c) -1 Zahra Inanloo, Mohammad Yousefi, Sahar Baniyaghoob (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing thermal efficiency: A Study on parabolic trough solar collector performance with nanofluids and fin designs
This study comprehensively explores the application of thermal nanofluids in enhancing the performance of solar parabolic trough collectors through advanced computational modeling techniques. Specifically, the research employs the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model to investigate heat transfer dynamics, focusing on the interplay between fluid flow characteristics and thermal energy distribution. The analysis examines the influence of varying porous fin heights on the flow structure and heat transfer behavior under a wide range of Reynolds numbers (40,000–450,000) and a fixed Prandtl number of 0.7. Key results indicate that increasing the height of the porous fins significantly improves the overall heat transfer efficiency, as evidenced by an enhancement in the Nusselt number. Additionally, the findings reveal a corresponding increase in the tube friction coefficient, which is essential for understanding the trade-offs between thermal performance and flow resistance. These insights underscore the potential of optimized fin geometries and nanofluid applications in advancing the efficiency of solar thermal power systems.
Copyright (c) -1 Mostafa Jamali, Najmeh Hajialigol (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the catalytic and in-vitro anticancer potential of Gold nanoparticles synthesized using clammy cherry (Cordia Obliqua Willd)
The synthesis of metal nanoparticles using environmentally friendly materials like fruit extracts offers the benefits of eco-friendliness and compatibility for pharmaceutical and other biomedical applications. The phytogenic synthesis can be conducted at convenient ease under microwave exposure. Here, through a microwave-assisted, fast, and cost-effective approach, monodispersed, spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with outstanding catalytic efficiency and anticancer activity were successfully synthesized using the extract of clammy cherry (Cordia Obliqua Willd) fruit. UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis, SEM, and HRTEM analysis have been used to characterize the prepared AuNPs. The electronic spectrum investigations have revealed that the MW power, length of exposure, gold ion concentration, and content of the cherry extract had a substantial impact on the rate of production, size, and surface plasmon absorption of AuNPs. According to TEM examinations, AuNPs are crystalline and spherical in shape, with a mean size of 11.7 nm. Anticancer activity of the stabilized AuNPs studied against Dalton's lymphoma Ascites cells confirmed that the stabilized AuNPs were highly effective for the apoptosis of cancer cells selectively. Furthermore, the AuNPs' catalytic efficiency in reducing hazardous organic pollutants viz. methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), and methyl red (MR), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), with borohydride-aided reduction proved appealing for environmental pollution remediation applications.
Copyright (c) -1 Anjaly Mathew, Aswathy Jayaprakash, Aneetha Mundakassery Ratnamma, Sandhya Paleri Veetil, Zeena Pallimittath Hamza, Amrutha Sivarajan, Rejimon Pooppanathara Kochappan, Ramla Kudukkil Thahathuveettil, Jasmin Jose, Kavitha Jacob, Femina Kanjirathamthadathil Saidu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, characterization of Graphene Oxide/ZnO/Al2O3 nanocomposite Aerogel and its electrochemical application
In this study, nanocomposite GO/ZnO/Al2O3 aerogels with different GO ratios (10, 30, and 50 %) were effectively prepared using a hydrothermal method and a modified Hummers method to prepare GOES. ZnO and Al2O3 NPs were synthesized from curcumin extract using a green synthesis method. Raman, XRD, EDX, FESEM and UV-Vis. Spectra were used to characterize the synthesized nanomaterials. The bandgap energies of GO, ZnO, Al2O3, and their nanocomposites were calculated from their UV spectra. The interaction between the components of the nanocomposite graphene oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide give the nanocomposite photochemical importance owing to the large surface area of ​​the components, especially graphene oxide and zinc oxide, and the high electrical and thermal conductivities of the molecule. Improved electrochemical properties were achieved by fabricating dye-sensitized solar cells, composed of nano curcumin and methylene blue as sensitizers, GO/ZnO/Al2O3 nanocomposite aerogel as a photoanode to obtain a highly efficient cell at the lowest cost and copper as the counter electrode. The DSSC achieves the best performance at 0.36% and 50% GO content when methylene blue is used as a sensitizer to accelerate the excitation of electrons and generate current and voltage. The primary objective of this study is to develop dye-sensitized solar cells with maximum efficiency at minimum cost.
Electrochemical Application and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
Copyright (c) -1 Barakat Abdul-Fattah Kamil, Dhia Hadi Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0