10.57647/j.ijnd.2025.1602.16

Development and optimization of polymeric nanosponges for enhanced delivery of diflunisal in rheumatoid arthritis

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  • Kiran Balasaheb Aher*1,
  • Shubham Bhosale1,
  • Girija Balasaheb Bhavar2,
  • Mohammad Habeeb3,
  • Huay Woon You4,
  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
  3. Department of Pharmaceutics, Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
  4. Pusat PERMATA@Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Development and optimization of polymeric nanosponges for enhanced delivery of diflunisal in rheumatoid arthritis

Received: 2024-07-18

Revised: 2024-11-02

Accepted: 2024-11-09

Published 2025-04-01

Copyright (c) 2024 Kiran Balasaheb Aher, Shubham Bhosale, Girija Balasaheb Bhavar, Mohammad Habeeb, Huay Woon You (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Aher, K. B., Bhosale, S., Bhavar, G. B., Habeeb, M., & You, H. W. (2025). Development and optimization of polymeric nanosponges for enhanced delivery of diflunisal in rheumatoid arthritis. International Journal of Nano Dimension, 16(2 (April 2025). https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijnd.2025.1602.16
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Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis damages the synovial membrane, and diflunisal, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with poor solubility, faces delivery challenges. Nanosponges enhance diflunisals solubility improving its bioavailability; in addition it improved its stability and controls its release. Current research focuses on developing polymeric nanosponges (DIF-NS) through emulsion solvent evaporation, optimized by central composite design. The optimized DIF-NS were further loaded into a carbopol 940 gel (DIF-NS-gel) and evaluated. The optimized BNS showed spherical morphology, % CDR (Percentage cumulative drug release) of 84.9 ± 1.6 within 12 hours and % entrapment efficiency of 82.45 % ± 1.2, a % practical yield of 75 % ± 2.2 with a particle size of 120.1 ± 8.5   nm, zeta potential -29 ± 3.2 mv, and a PDI of 0.348± 0.015. The drug excipient compatibility study was carried out by using FTIR. The sharp peak obtained in the DSC and XRD proves the drug's crystalline nature. The DIF-NS-gel exhibited sustained release and enhanced ex-vivo permeation compared to plain diflunisal gel. In a CFA-induced rheumatoid arthritis rabbit model, it significantly reduced inflammation for a prolonged duration. These findings highlight its potential for effective long-term rheumatoid arthritis management.

Keywords

  • Diflunisal,
  • Drug delivery,
  • Nanosponges,
  • Rheumatoid arthritis,
  • Statistical optimization
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