Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences
type: channel
description: Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences (IJES) is a multi-disciplinary journal aimed at bringing together top-quality research across the entire spectrum of the Earth Sciences along with relevant work in related areas. IJES Journal opens a new era for the publication of geoscientific research articles in English, covering geology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, environmental geology, geophysics, geochemistry, paleontology, structural geology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, petroleum geology, hydrogeology, remote sensingand planetary geology. Journal DOI: 10.57647/ijes Journal Abbreviation: Iran J Earth Sci Journal Title Acronym: IJES Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK IJES is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online at https://oiccpress.com/ijes ISSN (Print): 2008-8779 ISSN (Online): 2228-785X Thank you for your continued support, and we look forward to your contribution to our journal.
publisher: OICC Press
language: en
publication name: Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences
issn: 2008-8779
items: Airborne Dust Particles Originated from Sand and Gravel Quarries: Mineralogical, Geochemical and Size Distribution Constraints on Their Potential Health Impacts
items: The Impact of the Hendijan Fault on Formations Located at the Border of the Aghajari and Pazanan Oil Fields (Paleo-highland Setting, Eastern Tethys)
items: Geochemical Evidence from Olivine for Mantle Metasomatism and Magma Evolution in Eocene Basalts, North Ardabil, NW Iran
items: Cost-Effective Mapping of MVT Pb-Zn Mineralization Using ASTER Data: A Hybrid Classification and Fuzzy Logic Approach in Semnan, Iran
items: Assessment of Potential Heavy Metals in Sediments of Arzhan Lake, Iran, using Kriging Technique
items: Ore-forming Fluid Evolution in the Shourab Gold Prospect, Isfahan: Insights from Quartz Chemistry and Fluid Inclusions
items: Larger Benthic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of Upper Triassic Sequence (Nayband Formation) from Central Iran (Posht Badam Block): Northwest Kerman
items: Geotechnical and Geochemical Characterization of Lockhart Limestone as Construction Aggregate, Galiyat, District Abbottabad
items: Seismic Gap Analysis on Fault Rupture Zones Using MMI and PGA Data (M≥5, Tehran & Central Alborz)
items: Organic Matter Assessment of the Jurassic Bazeh-Howz Formation of the Binalud Basin, Iran: Insights from Organic Petrography and Geochemistry
items: Thermobarometric studies of the Upper Triassic basic volcanic rocks of Pol-e Sefid (Central Alborz-Iran): Extensional regime and petrogenesis
items: Evolution of ore-forming fluids at the Hesar gold deposit, NW Iran: Constraints from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes (O,S)
items: Enhancement of P-Wave Detection for Earthquake Early Warning in Western Java Region
items: Fusion of K-Means, Fuzzy C-Means, SAM, and SVM for hydrothermal alteration mapping using ASTER data: A case study from the Zafarghand porphyry copper region, Central Iran
items: Integrating Geotechnical and Environmental Strategies for Sustainable Mining Operations: A Case study of Makerwal Coal Mine, Pakistan
items: Geology, Ore-forming Fluid Chemistry, Sr-Nd Isotopes, and Petrogenesis in the Nasim Copper Deposit, NW Bardaskan area, NE Iran
items: Geological Characteristics and Geoheritage Significance of Mud Diapiric Provinces in Iran
items: Comprehensive analysis of gastropod species in the loess-paleosol sequence of Sa’dabad-3, Gorgan, Iran
items: Advanced Permeability Estimation in Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoirs: Integrating Machine Learning and Petrophysics in the Kangan Formation, Iran
items: Experimental study of Di-CaEs solid solution at pressures from 1 atm to 3.0 GPa
items: Facies analysis and depositional environment of the Upper Miocene-Pliocene deposits (Aghajari Formation) in the Afrineh syncline, southwest of Lorestan
items: Geochemistry and tectonomagmatic setting of the volcanic and Sub-volcanic rocks of the south Gilan, Iranian Alborz mountains: Evidence for Adakite-like and normal arc magmatism
items: The effect of lithology and tectonic on the landslide occurrence and hazard zonation in the Dalanpar mountains, Zagros orogenic belt
items: Mineralogical Characteristics and Surface Texture of Quartz Grains in Coastal Sabkha Deposits on the Southern Red Sea
items: Provenance, palaeoclimate, and tectonic setting of the Shishtu-1 Formation (Late Devonian) in East-Central Iran: Based on geochemical evidence
items: Petrophysical Analysis and Reservoir Characterization of Lade Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria
items: Uncertainty Modeling for Estimating the Construction Scheduling of Mechanized Tunneling
items: Provenance and Depositional Environments of the Paleocene Kerman Formation in Central Iran
items: Analytical Evaluating Induced Stresses in reservoir rock: Insights into the Role of Biot’s Coefficient and Flow Regime

Airborne Dust Particles Originated from Sand and Gravel Quarries: Mineralogical, Geochemical and Size Distribution Constraints on Their Potential Health Impacts
type: item
description: Dust particles derived from sand and gravel mining have been considered one of the possible sources of airborne particles in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. In this research, the size, morphological, and geochemical characteristics of airborne particles originating from open mines were investigated. Twenty-two samples from different heights (3 to 21 m) were collected from a sand and gravel quarry in Shahriar, as a representative of the numerous quarries in western Tehran. The selected samples were further analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The mineralogy of airborne dust was dominated by quartz, followed by albite and calcite. The size distribution of deposited particles at different heights ranged from 0.05 μm to 100 μm, and about 80% of them were respirable (<10 μm) and available for transport through the atmosphere. Si/Al ratios mainly ranged between 4 and 10. Most nanoparticles were deposited in agglomerated forms.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Airborne dust particles
  topic: keywords
subject: Sand and gravel mining
  topic: keywords
subject: Crystalline quartz
  topic: keywords
subject: Dust mineralogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Dust morphology
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabeah Menhaje-Bena
creator: Soroush Modabberi
creator: Shahnaz Bakand
creator: Hossein Kazemian
creator: Mahmoud Ghazi Khansari
creator: Mohammad Kazem Koohi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rabeah Menhaje-Bena, Soroush Modabberi, Shahnaz Bakand, Hossein Kazemian, Mahmoud Ghazi Khansari, Mohammad Kazem Koohi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2027.24881

The Impact of the Hendijan Fault on Formations Located at the Border of the Aghajari and Pazanan Oil Fields (Paleo-highland Setting, Eastern Tethys)
type: item
description: In this study, the Gurpi Formation was studied in one of the wells of the Aghajari oil field. The thickness of the Gurpi Formation in this well is 130 meters, and 65 thin sections of its drilling cores were examined. The main lithology of this formation in the aforementioned well includes argillaceous limestone, marly limestone, shale, and marl. In this research, thirty-three species belonging to thirteen genera of foraminifera and four biozones were identified. To determine the boundaries of biozones, classification was performed by studying thin sections, in which the criteria of first appearance and last occurrence of indicator species were used. The designated biozones are: Dicarinella asymetrica Zone, Globotruncanita elevata Zone, Radotruncana calcarata Zone, Gansserina gansseri Zone. In this study, the Contusotruncana plummerae Zone is absent and can therefore only be explained by a sedimentary hiatus or faulting. Based on the identified biozones, the age of the Gurpi Formation in the studied well is suggested to be from the Late Santonian to Middle Maastrichtian. The Gurpi Formation is covered in its upper part by shales of the Pabdeh Formation. In the lower part of this formation, the Sarvak Formation is located, and the Ilam Formation is absent. By determining the status of the lower part of the Gurpi Formation using biostratigraphic data, we were able to justify the absence of the Ilam Formation based on the activity of the Hendijan Fault. Therefore, in paleo-highland setting, such as the boundary of the Aghajari and Pazanan oil fields, the decrease and increase in sediment thickness on both sides of the fault can have a significant impact on the distribution of different rocks, especially source and reservoir rocks.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Biostratigraphy
  topic: keywords
subject: Foraminifera
  topic: keywords
subject: Fault
  topic: keywords
subject: Paleo-highland setting
  topic: keywords
subject: Tethys
  topic: keywords
creator: Saeedeh Senemari
creator: Behzad Saeedi Razavi
creator: Maryam Al-Sadat Mirkamali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saeedeh Senemari, Behzad Saeedi Razavi, Maryam Al-Sadat Mirkamali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2027.14881

Geochemical Evidence from Olivine for Mantle Metasomatism and Magma Evolution in Eocene Basalts, North Ardabil, NW Iran
type: item
description: The Eocene volcanic rocks of north Ardabil, NW Iran, provide valuable insight into the dynamic history of mantle processes and subduction-related magmatism along the Alborz-Azarbaijan magmatic belt. This study combines new petrographic observations, whole-rock geochemistry, and high-precision mineral chemistry, focusing on olivine phenocrysts from pyroxene-phyric basalt, basalt, and trachybasalt. These basalts exhibit porphyritic textures, characterized by a dominant presence of clinopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase within a fine-grained groundmass. Four distinct olivine types were identified based on size, zoning patterns, and chemical composition, with forsterite (Fo) contents ranging from Fo59 to Fo92. Whole-rock geochemical analyses classify the host rocks as High-K subalkaline, characterized by LILEs and LREEs, along with depletion of HFSEs and HREEs, consistent with formation in a subduction-related arc setting. Elevated concentrations of Ni, Ca, and Mn in olivine phenocrysts and whole-rock compositions suggest a mantle source dominated by re-fertilized peridotite, with contributions from pyroxenite. Moreover, geochemical signatures indicate complex mantle metasomatism involving carbonate- and silicate-rich sediment melts, reflecting heterogeneous metasomatic processes beneath this volcanic field during the Eocene.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Volcanic rocks
  topic: keywords
subject: Olivine
  topic: keywords
subject: Eocene
  topic: keywords
subject: Metasomatism
  topic: keywords
subject: North Ardebil
  topic: keywords
subject: NW Iran
  topic: keywords
creator: Solmaz Mohammadrezai
creator: Ahmad Jahangiri
creator: Luca Caricchi
creator: Mohsen Moayyed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Solmaz Mohammadrezai, Ahmad Jahangiri, Luca Caricchi, Mohsen Moayyed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2027.04881

Cost-Effective Mapping of MVT Pb-Zn Mineralization Using ASTER Data: A Hybrid Classification and Fuzzy Logic Approach in Semnan, Iran
type: item
description: This study presents a cost-effective and practical framework for mapping the mineralization potential of Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits using ASTER satellite imagery in western Semnan, Iran. The workflow integrates multiple spectral processing techniques—including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), band ratios, band math, and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM)—followed by Minimum Distance Classification (MDC) and fuzzy logic modeling. The resulting mineral prospectivity map was evaluated using a Prediction–Area (P–A) plot, yielding a normalized density index (Nd) of 3.76, which demonstrates a strong spatial correspondence between the predicted prospective zones and known mineral occurrences. The proposed approach is suitable for early-stage exploration in arid and inaccessible regions and can be readily adapted for application in other metallogenic provinces, making it a valuable tool for regional-scale mineral exploration.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: ASTER satellite imagery
  topic: keywords
subject: Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn mineralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Remote sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: Spectral processing
  topic: keywords
subject: Supervised classification
  topic: keywords
subject: Fuzzy logic
  topic: keywords
subject: Mineral prospectivity mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: Semnan
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Iran Zone (CIZ)
  topic: keywords
creator: Soran Qaderi
creator: Abbas Maghsoudi
creator: Amin Beiranvand Pour
creator: Mahyar Yousefi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Soran Qaderi, Abbas Maghsoudi, Amin Beiranvand Pour, Mahyar Yousefi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2027.93881

Assessment of Potential Heavy Metals in Sediments of Arzhan Lake, Iran, using Kriging Technique
type: item
description: This study investigates the concentrations, spatial distribution, and environmental impacts of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, S, and Zn—in the surface sediments of Arzhan Lake, Iran. Forty sediment samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Pollution indices, including the Contamination Factor (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation Index (I_geo), Ecological Risk Index (ER), Toxicity Response Factor (TR), Integrated Pollution Index (IPI), and Nemerow Pollution Index (PI_Nemerow), were employed to assess contamination levels. Statistical analyses such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) facilitated geochemical interpretation, while Kriging interpolation was applied to map spatial distributions. Results indicated that the mean concentrations of all analyzed elements exceeded background values, based on local baselines, global averages, and Upper Continental Crust (UCC) levels to ensure contextual relevance. Cadmium (Cd) emerged as the most critical pollutant (CF = 3.35, EF = 10.89, I_geo = 1.16) and posed the greatest ecological risk (Er = 100.50). Arsenic (As), and S also showed elevated contamination levels. Spatial mapping of Arzhan Lake sediments using the Kriging method revealed hotspots of Cr and Ni in the northern part of the Lake, near agricultural areas, sulfur (S) and As in the central basin; and Cd in the southern part. These patterns highlight the roles of agricultural runoff, vehicular emissions, and natural depositional processes in controlling sediment contamination. The study’s limitations include the use of seasonal sampling, which may not fully capture temporal variability, and the presence of potential unmeasured pollutants. Additionally, the Kriging method assumes spatial stationarity, which may overlook micro-scale heterogeneity. Overall, sediments in Arzhan Lake exhibit moderate to considerable pollution and…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: Potentially toxic elements
  topic: keywords
subject: Arzhan Lake
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecological risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Geostatistics
  topic: keywords
creator: Atefeh Nimroozi
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Atefeh Nimroozi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2025.18497

Ore-forming Fluid Evolution in the Shourab Gold Prospect, Isfahan: Insights from Quartz Chemistry and Fluid Inclusions
type: item
description: This study investigates the ore-forming fluid evolution in the Shourab gold prospect, Central Iran, through integrated quartz chemistry and fluid inclusion analysis. The Shourab gold prospect occurs within the early Eocene diorite to granodiorite, intruding the Cretaceous carbonate and volcanic rocks. The prospect displays alteration zone of sodic-calcic, biotite-magnetite, carbonatization, and silicification associated with gold mineralization. Early-stage quartz from biotite-magnetite alteration zone contains elevated Ti (BDL-410 ppm), formed from high-temperature (Th of fluid inclusions= 343–495 °C, mode= 390 °C) and saline (11–29 wt% NaCl eq., avr. 17 wt% NaCl eq.). Late-stage quartz in silicified zones shows significant Al (704–2307 ppm) and alkali enrichment (BDL–349 ppm Na and 96–247 ppm K), associated with cooler (198–338 °C, mode= 324 °C), less saline fluids (7–11 wt% NaCl eq., avr. 8 wt% NaCl eq.). Gold mineralization is associated with late-stage fluids, where cooling of hydrothermal fluids promoted metal deposition. Veins formed by low-temperature, less saline fluids with high Al and alkali elements in quartz serve as a potential for Au mineralization and can guide future exploration in the region.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Central Iran
  topic: keywords
subject: Shourab
  topic: keywords
subject: Quartz chemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluid inclusions
  topic: keywords
subject: Gold mineralization
  topic: keywords
creator: Alireza Rezaei Alishahdani
creator: Alireza Jafarirad
creator: Zahra Alaminia
creator: Mehran Arian
creator: Hemayat Jamali
creator: Manuel Nopeia
creator: Renaldi Suhendra
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Alireza Rezaei Alishahdani, Alireza Jafarirad, Zahra Alaminia, Mehran Arian, Hemayat Jamali, Manuel Nopeia, Renaldi Suhendra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2025.18286

Larger Benthic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of Upper Triassic Sequence (Nayband Formation) from Central Iran (Posht Badam Block): Northwest Kerman
type: item
description: Upper Triassic sediments was investigated in the Posht Badam Block in northwestern Kerman area (Central Iran Zone). The studied section is extended approximately 112 meters which is alternately comprised clastic and carbonate sediments. In addition, 60 samples are collected and thin sections are provided. According to the stratigraphic distribution of identified foraminifera, eight biozones as interval and Concurrence rang zones are identified, including: Rectoglandulina tenuis Interval Zone, Triasina hantkeni Interval Zone, Ophtalmidium exiguum Interval Zone, Angulodiscus communis Interval Zone, Planiinvoluta regularis Interval Zone and three Concurrence rang zones are identified which are Turrispirillina minima Concurrence Range Zone, Involutina liassica Concurrence Range Zone, Duostomina alta Concurrence Range Zone. According to established foraminiferal zones, the age of the selected section is assigned to late Norian-late Rhaetian. The studied stratigraphic section is attributed to the members of Howz-e Khan and Qhadir.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Benthic Foraminifera
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Iran
  topic: keywords
subject: Kerman
  topic: keywords
subject: Upper Triassic
  topic: keywords
subject: Nayband Formation
  topic: keywords
subject: Posht Badam Block
  topic: keywords
creator: Nooshin Haddadi
creator: Massih Afghah
creator: Ali Faryabi
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Nooshin Haddadi, Massih Afghah, Ali Faryabi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2026.18285

Geotechnical and Geochemical Characterization of Lockhart Limestone as Construction Aggregate, Galiyat, District Abbottabad
type: item
description: The building industry, adding more than Rs. 1000 billion to the economy of the country each year depends extensively on Limestone, a worldwide choice material valued for its strength, durability and wide range of applications, including structural concrete, cement production and architectural cladding. The present research assesses the Lockhart Limestone of Paleocene age from the Galiyat area (Abbottabad District) of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, to determine its compatibility as a building material. A total of 15 representative samples were collected from three outcrops and analyzed through physio-mechanical testing. Six samples were taken for Petrographic analyses, indicate calcite-rich lithology (>75% composition), and geochemical composition of the Lockhart limestone was analyzed using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique XRF depicting high purity (CaCO₃>90%). Physio-mechanical testing specified outstanding engineering properties: bulk specific gravity water absorption (ASTM C97) (>2.60), uniaxial compressive strength (ASTM C170) (60.6–103.3 MPa), and resistance to impact (BS 812-112) (12.1–18.2%), in addition to water absorption (ASTM C97) (<2%), sulphate soundness (ASTM C88) (<1%), and Los Angeles abrasion (ASTM C131) (22–34%). These findings confirm the Lockhart Limestone as a quality construction material, fulfilling stringent global standards for infrastructure development and emphasizing Pakistan's potential geological resources that remain untapped.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
creator: Syed Amjad Ali Bukhari
creator: Umair Bin Nisar
creator: Furqan Mahmud Butt
creator: Adeela Mazhar
creator: Aqeel Goher
creator: Faizan-ur-Rehman Qaisar
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Syed Amjad Ali Bukhari, Umair Bin Nisar, Furqan Mahmud Butt, Adeela Mazhar, Aqeel Goher, Faizan-ur-Rehman Qaisar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2026.18284

Seismic Gap Analysis on Fault Rupture Zones Using MMI and PGA Data (M≥5, Tehran & Central Alborz)
type: item
description: The historical and instrumental seismic activity in Tehran and the southern Central Alborz indicates that this region is susceptible to a potential future earthquake. Based on this premise, the present study identifies seismic hazard zones associated with seismic gaps and outlines vulnerable areas that could be impacted by a future event. These areas are characterized by soft soils, deteriorating urban infrastructure, and high population density—conditions conducive to strain accumulation and release. Zones exhibiting seismic locking are considered potential sites for significant earthquakes. Although these areas have high seismic potential, major events may not occur for extended periods. However, by considering the length of the rupture zone and the seismic history of the fault, it is possible to estimate the magnitude, probable location, and recurrence interval of the next earthquake. To this end, spectral mapping within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework was employed to classify the ruptured fault zone using seismic intensity data derived from the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, based on strong ground motion (PGA) records. This dataset served as a layer of information for identifying seismic gaps likely associated with future events. Considering the distribution of related earthquake events, the Modified Mercalli Intensity zones near the causative fault can be identified as the rupture zones potentially triggering a future earthquake, thereby determining seismic gaps in the Tehran region.Based on thisanalysis, three zones, labeled "A,B and C" were identified. With The occurrence of an earthquake in southern Tehran validating zone "B".
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: S-wave velocity (30 m)
  topic: keywords
subject: Seismic gap
  topic: keywords
subject: Rupture zone
  topic: keywords
subject: Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Strong ground motion (PGA)
  topic: keywords
subject: Isoseismal zones
  topic: keywords
creator: Abolfazl BaliLashak
creator: Arezou Dorostian
creator: Mehdi Zare
creator: Elham Bostan
creator: Aref BaliLashak
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Abolfazl BaliLashak, Arezou Dorostian, Mehdi Zare, Elham Bostan, Aref BaliLashak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2026.18283

Organic Matter Assessment of the Jurassic Bazeh-Howz Formation of the Binalud Basin, Iran: Insights from Organic Petrography and Geochemistry
type: item
description: The Bazeh-Howz Formation represents Jurassic siliciclastic strata in the Binalud Basin, northeastern Iran, composed of fluvio-deltaic deposits, that consist of three major types of facies, conglomerate (monomict and polymict orthoconglomerates), sandstone (quartzarenites, sublitharenites, feldspathic litharenites or phyllarenites), and shale. The formation has an underlying fault contact and is overlain by Cretaceous carbonates. Fine-grained deposits (shale) with organic material represent more than 65% of the strata (>1000 m), and commonly alternate rhythmically with siltstone and very fine-grained sandstone. Pyrolysis of 17 samples indicates 0.18 to 26.3 wt. % of total organic carbon (TOC), with an average of 3.09 wt. %. The amount of free hydrocarbon and the residual potential are generally low, which indicates a poor potential to generate hydrocarbon. The organic matter is residual carbon, with no indication of pyrolysis carbon (PC). Based on oxygen and hydrogen (OI, HI) indices, the organic matter is reworked and migratory, and the samples do not contain primary and free organic matter (kerogen). Petrological studies show that the organic material is solid bitumen and pyrobitumen, filling intergranular pores and fractures and following lamination in places. Reflectance of organic fragments varies from 1.12 to 1.77, indicative of the varied genesis and formation time of solid bitumen.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Binalud Basin
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic geochemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Bazeh-Howz Formation
  topic: keywords
subject: Jurassic
  topic: keywords
subject: Bitumen
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehdi Reza Poursoltani
creator: Sara Hydari
creator: Franz T. Fürsich
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Mehdi Reza Poursoltani, Sara Hydari, Franz T. Fürsich (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2026.1828

Thermobarometric studies of the Upper Triassic basic volcanic rocks of Pol-e Sefid (Central Alborz-Iran): Extensional regime and petrogenesis
type: item
description: A new study of the volcanic rocks of the Upper Triassic of Central Albarz, northern Iran, has been conducted. This area is about 200 km from Tehran, near Pol-e-Sefid (Khatirkouh). Researchers chose this location due to the lack of detailed studies on these rocks and the area's tectonic regime. One reason for this gap is the severe alteration of the volcanic rocks. Given its central location, this research can greatly enhance our understanding of the techno-magmatic environment, especially in central Alborz. Thus, field studies, petrography, and thermobarometry were done on these rocks. The most common formations in the region, ranging in age from Lower Carboniferous to Middle Jurassic, include the Mobarak, Dorood, Ruteh, Elika, and Shemshak formation. The primary minerals in the region’s volcanic rocks (which include basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, and dolerite) are clinopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase. These volcanic rocks exhibit textures ranging from porphyritic to mega-porphyritic, with matrices that are microlitic, glomeroporphyritic. Chemical analyses of the minerals reveal that the clinopyroxenes are predominantly diopside and augite. Additionally, the plagioclases are classified as oligoclase, labradorite, and bytownite. Based on thermobarometric diagrams and calculations, the formation temperatures are determined to be between 850 and 1100 °C, and pressures range from 6.10 to 8.5 kbar. Finally, the investigation of the tectonic setting of these rock masses based on the chemistry of clinopyroxene and plagioclase minerals indicates the formation of the region's rocks in an extensional environment.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Basalt
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermobarometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Upper Triassic
  topic: keywords
subject: Pol-e Sefid
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
creator: Saeid Samarbakhsh
creator: Mohammad Hashem Emami
creator: Seyed Mojtaba Mortazavi
creator: Mansour Vosoughi Abedini
creator: Abdollah Yazdi
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Saeid Samarbakhsh, Mohammad Hashem Emami, Seyed Mojtaba Mortazavi, Mansour Vosoughi Abedini, Abdollah Yazdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/ijes.2026.18033

Evolution of ore-forming fluids at the Hesar gold deposit, NW Iran: Constraints from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes (O,S)
type: item
description: The Hesar gold mining area is located in the Alborz-Azerbaijan zone. The dominant lithology in the Hesar mineral range includes andesite-trachyandesite, basalt, dacitic tuff, and rhyodacite in the form of stocks and dikes. Mineralization in the Hesar gold mineral range has occurred between marbles formed by the metamorphism of limestone and dolomite. Ore formation in the Hesar gold mineral range has taken place in fractures, cracks, and voids of the Eocene-aged host rock. The gold mineralization is associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, iron hydroxide, and quartz gangue minerals, forming a mineral paragenesis. The dominant textures and structures in this deposit include cavity-filling, veinlet, replacement, and disseminated textures. Based on petrographic studies of fluid inclusions in quartz minerals, five types of fluid inclusions were identified based on their phase type and number, including: 1. Type 1: Single-phase liquid (L), 2. Type 2: Single-phase vapor (V), 3. Type 3: Two-phase liquid-rich (L+V), 4. Type 4: Two-phase vapor-rich (V+L), 5. Type 5: Three-phase with a solid phase (L+V+S). Microthermometric studies of the fluid inclusions revealed a homogenization temperature ranging from 66 to 266°C, and a salinity of 0.8 to 14 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Additionally, the mineralization process occurred at a depth of less than 600 meters below the Earth’s surface and under a pressure of less than 10 bar. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy on several fluid inclusion samples demonstrated correlating results with those of microthermometric measurements. The δ³⁴S values in pyrite, ranging from 7.6‰ to -2.8‰, indicate a magmatic origin for sulfur. This confirms that the pyrite, arsenopyrite, and gold mineralization in this mineral district are genetically linked to magmatic processes. The fluid in equilibrium with quartz at 144°C exhibits δ18O values between +1.9‰ and +5.2‰. This δ18O range places the fluid predominantly within the compositional fields of meteoric waters and su…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Fluid inclusions
  topic: keywords
subject: Raman spectroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: Hesar
  topic: keywords
subject: Epithermal
  topic: keywords
subject: Isotopes
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Yousefi
creator: Nima Nezafati
creator: Nematollah Rashidnejad-Omran
creator: Mohammad Lotfi
creator: Peyman Afzal
creator: Majid Ghaderi
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Mohammad Yousefi, Nima Nezafati, Nematollah Rashidnejad-Omran, Mohammad Lotfi, Peyman Afzal, Majid Ghaderi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17568

Enhancement of P-Wave Detection for Earthquake Early Warning in Western Java Region
type: item
description: In recent decades, earthquake early warning (EEW) has become an option in many countries to reduce the vulnerability to earthquake hazards. For onsite-type EEW systems, P-wave detection or P-wave picking is key in successfully providing warnings for destructive earthquakes. Furthermore, the accuracy of P-wave picking will affect the accuracy of ground shaking in the warnings issued by the EEW system. P-wave picking under noisy circumstances is a challenge and requires a suitable method. We employed the initial power of P-wave (IPP) method and compared it with other techniques. Compared to several other methods, Short Time/Long Time Average (STA/LTA), Integrated Skewness-Kurtosis (InTeg), and EQTransformer model, the IPP gives a more accurate P-wave arrival time. From the investigation of 485 earthquake events in western Java that occurred during 2009-2023, Indonesia, with various magnitudes and various Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), showed the mean deviation of IPP was 0.066 seconds, EQTranformer was 0.266 seconds, STA/LTA was 0.310 seconds, and InTeg was 0.316 seconds. The IPP method was shown to have better accuracy than other methods because of the ability to reduce the background noise without misjudgment and missing rates. The accuracy of P-wave picking makes the IPP method potentially applicable to the EEW systems.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Earthquake Early Warning
  topic: keywords
subject: P-wave
  topic: keywords
subject: Arrival Time
  topic: keywords
subject: Mean Deviation
  topic: keywords
creator: Kadnan Kadnan
creator: Sigit Pramono
creator: Nelly Florida Riama
creator: Djati Handoko
creator: Dede Djuhana
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Kadnan Kadnan, Sigit Pramono, Nelly Florida Riama, Djati Handoko, Dede Djuhana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17567

Fusion of K-Means, Fuzzy C-Means, SAM, and SVM for hydrothermal alteration mapping using ASTER data: A case study from the Zafarghand porphyry copper region, Central Iran
type: item
description: Machine learning (ML) algorithms can be applied to remote sensing satellite imagery to improve the accuracy of mineral and lithology mapping in the initial stages of a mineral exploration program. In this study, both unsupervised and supervised ML algorithms, namely K-Means clustering, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering, and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), are evaluated and fused for the accurate mapping of alteration zones in the Zafarghand porphyry Cu region in central Ir an using ASTER satellite imagery. The alteration zones of potassic, phyllic, argillic, propylitic, and silicification were documented in the Zafarghand porphyry deposit, which could be identified and mapped with ASTER satellite images and ML algorithms. The ML algorithms analysed the digital pixel numbers (DNs) of the satellite images from the ASTER sensor to determine hydrothermal alteration zones. K-Means clustering was used for grouping the data, while SVM was used for categorization and prediction. K-Means clustering achieved an accuracy of 78.83%, while the SVM method achieved an accuracy of 98.25% in identifying hydrothermal alteration zones, especially propylitic and phyllic alteration zones. Moreover, stacking the bands and applying FCM clustering with SAM improved the precision of hydrothermal alteration detection, and the accuracy of K-Means-SVM after stacking reached 96.2%. Using the fusion of these ML algorithms, a thorough investigation of alteration zones was developed, improving the overall accuracy and effectiveness of the alteration mapping procedure. The developed ML-based approach was then used to create a map of hydrothermal alteration in the Zafarghand porphyry Cu region, which was verified in field investigations and petrographic analyses. The Xie-Beni index for FCM clustering was 0.25833, indicating high accuracy and reliability in the clustering process. The results show that the fusion of supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms, such as K-Means-SV…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Machine Learning algorithms
  topic: keywords
subject: ASTER
  topic: keywords
subject: Advanced image processing
  topic: keywords
subject: Fusion
  topic: keywords
subject: K-Means-SVM
  topic: keywords
subject: FCM clustering
  topic: keywords
subject: SAM
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrothermal alteration zones
  topic: keywords
subject: Alteration mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: Porphyry Cu exploration
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
creator: Seyyed Saeed Ghannadpour
creator: Samane Esmaelzade Kalkhoran
creator: Amin Beiranvand Pour
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Seyyed Saeed Ghannadpour, Samane Esmaelzade Kalkhoran, Amin Beiranvand Pour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17565

Integrating Geotechnical and Environmental Strategies for Sustainable Mining Operations: A Case study of Makerwal Coal Mine, Pakistan
type: item
description: Coal mining poses significant risks and environmental concerns. Our main focus is particularly on the Makerwal coal mine located in the Surghar Ranges, Pakistan. This study focuses on geotechnical and environmental evaluations to improve the safety and sustainability of the Makerwal coal mine. Geotechnical assessments of sandstone, shale, and coal seams determined critical parameters to check the geotechnical metrics and environmental compliance for safe mining exploration and exploitation, including rock strength, cohesion, friction angle, and hydraulic conductivity. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) values varied from 110 MPa for sandstone to 11 MPa for coal, indicating structural deformation and reduced stability. Proximate and ultimate coal analysis revealed variations in physical and chemical properties, affecting combustion efficiency and emissions. Slope stability analysis using Geo5 software and Bishop’s method identified critical zones with a factor of safety (FoS) ranging from 1.1 to 2.8 under dry and saturated conditions and hydraulic conductivity (10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁶ m/s). Environmental evaluations highlighted elevated particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) levels exceeding WHO standards by 35% and 45%, while groundwater pH and noise levels were mostly within limits. Mitigation strategies include reinforced rock bolting, retaining structures, slope monitoring systems, eco-friendly backfilling, and groundwater recharge systems. These measures address subsidence, enhance slope stability, and reduce environmental impacts. This framework integrates advanced geotechnical methods and environmental management strategies to support safer, more sustainable coal mining in Makerwal.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: World Health Organization
  topic: keywords
subject: Makerwal Coal Mine
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation
  topic: keywords
subject: Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Management System
  topic: keywords
creator: Talal Ahmed
creator: Sidra Ahmad
creator: Noor ul Huda
creator: Hareem Akhtar
creator: Eman Zahid
creator: Itrat Fareeda
creator: Maria Faheem
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Talal Ahmed, Sidra Ahmad, Noor ul Huda, Hareem Akhtar, Eman Zahid, Itrat Fareeda, Maria Faheem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17564

Geology, Ore-forming Fluid Chemistry, Sr-Nd Isotopes, and Petrogenesis in the Nasim Copper Deposit, NW Bardaskan area, NE Iran
type: item
description: The Nasim copper deposit is situated in Bardaskan area, northeast of Iran. The geological units include basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, and sedimentary rocks. Conglomerate composed of volcanic fragments and nummulitic limestone has been deposited as a result of subsequent volcanic activity. The majority of trachyte to andesitic rocks that plot within the shoshonite series and exhibit high LREE/HREE and Th/Yb ratios suggest an active continental margin. Elevated Th and Nb values indicate a minor continental crustal assimilation event. Initial 87Sr/86Sr and εNd (i) of the volcanic rocks (t=40 Ma) are 0.7042 to 0.7046 and +4.96 to +5.10 in the Nasim copper deposit, which confirms that it occurred during the continental margin subduction zone. The volcanic rocks were formed in a non-marine environment, and mineralization occurred within the conglomerate bands. The Nasim copper deposit has considered as Manto-type deposit, and chalcocite mineralization occurred after the formation of the conglomerate. The absence of epidote associated with chalcocite suggests low iron content and reducing conditions in the ore-forming fluid of the Nasim deposit. Therefore, the source of mineralization is not magmatic, and further studies on the origin of this deposit should be conducted.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Manto type deposit
  topic: keywords
subject: Sr-Nd isotope ratios
  topic: keywords
subject: Copper mineralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Eocene magmatism
  topic: keywords
subject: Northeast Iran
  topic: keywords
creator: Touran Ramezani Abbakhsh
creator: Mohammad Hassan Karimpour
creator: Hossein Azizi
creator: Saeed Saadat
creator: Yoshihiro Asahara
creator: Behnam Rahimi
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Touran Ramezani Abbakhsh, Mohammad Hassan Karimpour, Hossein Azizi , Saeed Saadat, Yoshihiro Asahara, Behnam Rahimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-09-30
publication date: 2026-09-30
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17563

Geological Characteristics and Geoheritage Significance of Mud Diapiric Provinces in Iran
type: item
description: Mud volcanoes are unique diapiric features located in southeastern Iran's Mokran region and the South Caspian area. This study aims to determine the geological settings of mud diapiric regions in Iran. Using tectonic analysis and remote sensing techniques, we identified and delineated the mud diapiric provinces of Iran. The mud diapirism in southeastern Iran, including the Khash-Bazman and Coastal Mokran provinces, is predominantly tectonically driven, while in northern Iran, including the South Caspian and North Gorgan provinces, buoyant mechanisms play a significant role. Additionally, the specialized water cycle associated with the subduction zones at the margins of Iran is integral to the development of these features. These geological phenomena contribute significantly to the geoheritage of Iran, emphasizing their importance for scientific research, ecological conservation, and sustainable tourism. It is also possible to raise people’s awareness through promotion of scientific and cultural education and geoconservation, about the fact that lack of protection of natural resources leads to the depletion of geological resources and, on the other hand it is a serious threat to the geological heritage of the Earth. This is possible by providing information and training skills through which more forward-looking and correct decisions can be made.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Mud Volcanoes
  topic: keywords
subject: South Caspian
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
subject: Geoheritage
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehran Arian
creator: Abdollah Yazdi
creator: Mehrdad Sarhangi
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Mehran Arian, Abdollah Yazdi, Mehrdad Sarhangi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17561

Comprehensive analysis of gastropod species in the loess-paleosol sequence of Sa’dabad-3, Gorgan, Iran
type: item
description: Through the examination of land snail shells embedded in the loess-paleosol succession of Sa’dabad-3, this research provides a valuable perspective on past environmental changes and contributes to a better understanding of Quaternary climatic fluctuations in northern Iran. A total of 12,910 mollusk shell specimens were collected from 230 samples taken at 10 cm intervals along the 23-meter-thick Sa’dabad-3 loess–paleosol section, and identified to species level via morphological examination. Although no direct geochronology was performed, the undated Sa’dabad-3 sequence was correlated with dated loess-paleosol sections at Now Deh and Agh Band to establish an approximate chronological framework. In total, 37 land snail species were identified, 16 of which are newly recorded for Golestan Province. Seven malacological zones were distinguished based on stratigraphic variations in mollusk abundance and diversity, reflecting alternating glacial (loess deposition) and interglacial (paleosol formation) intervals. Paleosol layers generally yielded richer assemblages, with a higher proportion of hygrophilous (moisture-loving) species, indicative of relatively warm, humid climates, whereas loess layers mostly contained fewer shells and reflect colder, drier conditions. However, a few exceptions to this pattern were observed, likely due to local taphonomic or microenvironmental factors. By correlation with regional loess records, the Sa’dabad-3 succession is inferred to span from Marine Isotope Stage 7 (~250–300 ka). The Sa’dabad-3 land snail shell assemblages represent valuable proxies for Quaternary climate reconstruction in northern Iran. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of land snails as paleoenvironmental indicators and underscore the importance of integrating malacological data into multi-proxy climate studies.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Quaternary
  topic: keywords
subject: Land snails
  topic: keywords
subject: Loess
  topic: keywords
subject: Paleoclimate
  topic: keywords
subject: Paleoenvironment
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatemeh Fadavi
creator: Mehry Akbari
creator: Elham Ahmadi
creator: Farhad Khormali
creator: Sahar Maleki
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Fatemeh Fadavi, Mehry Akbari, Elham Ahmadi, Farhad Khormali, Sahar Maleki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17560

Advanced Permeability Estimation in Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoirs: Integrating Machine Learning and Petrophysics in the Kangan Formation, Iran
type: item
description: Permeability estimation in carbonate reservoirs remains challenging due to heterogeneity. This study aims to present the most comprehensive flowchart possible for permeability estimation using well-logging data. This study evaluates five permeability estimation methods Artificial Neural Network (ANN), FZI-Stoneley (FZI-ST), improved FZI-ST, Timur-Coates, and SDR for the Kangan carbonate reservoir in Iran. The improved FZI-ST method achieved superior accuracy (R² = 0.88) by addressing reservoir heterogeneity through multi-resolution graph-based clustering (MRGC), outperforming traditional methods (Timur-Coates: R² = 0.36; SDR: R² = 0.27). ANN also showed strong performance (R² = 0.86). NMR-based methods underperformed due to T₂ cutoff instability in carbonates. Our workflow offers a cost-effective, log-based solution for complex reservoirs, with global applicability. It can be applied to other heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, such as those in the Middle East or North America, where similar diagenetic processes (e.g., dolomitization, fracturing) are prevalent. This broad applicability makes the method a valuable tool for global reservoir characterization.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Kangan reservoir
  topic: keywords
subject: Permeability
  topic: keywords
subject: NMR and DSI
  topic: keywords
subject: FZI-ST method
  topic: keywords
subject: MRGC method
  topic: keywords
subject: ANN model
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Javanbakht
creator: Sedighe Badiri
creator: Saeed Saadat
creator: Fatemeh Moradian
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Mohammad Javanbakht, Sedighe Badiri, Saeed Saadat, Fatemeh Moradian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17559

Experimental study of Di-CaEs solid solution at pressures from 1 atm to 3.0 GPa
type: item
description: The possibility of ‘excess’ silica dissolution in clinopyroxene (Cpx) as the calcium molecule of Eskola (CaEs) end member has been known for a long time. Currently, attempts to determine the dependence of non-stoichiometric Cpx compositions on (P, T)-parameters are ongoing. This article presents data on the analysis of Cpx compositions and the structural and textural features of a phase association obtained from an experimental study of the Di-CaEs cross-section in a ‘dry’ CMAS system. At atmospheric pressure, the temperature range is 960-1240±10 oC. At pressures of 1.0-3.0 GPa, the temperature range is 1170-1550±10 oC. Experiments with synthetic compositions were carried out in a vertical shaft electric resistance furnace with silicon carbide heaters (at atmospheric pressure) and by the quenching method on a piston-cylinder apparatus (at high pressure). It is noted that in the investigated cross-section, two independent stable pyroxene phases are formed: an aluminum-bearing Cpx and a high-magnesian aluminum-free diopside (Di). The composition of clinopyroxene solid solution Cpx(ss) is represented by a quad series of diopside (Di), enstatite (En), calcium molecule of Tschermak (CaTs), calcium molecule of Eskola (CaEs) end members. The diopside phase belongs to the Di-En series. The influence of P-T parameters and bulk chemical composition on the content of CaEs in Cpx is considered. The trend of eutectic equilibria exists in the temperature range from 1137±10 оС (at 1 atm) to 1300±10 оС (at 3.0 GPa). The experimental data obtained can be used in the future to build a physicochemical model of the evolution of quartz-normative rocks.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: CMAS system
  topic: keywords
subject: Experimental petrology
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinopyroxene solid solution
  topic: keywords
subject: CaEs end member
  topic: keywords
subject: Geothermobarometry
  topic: keywords
creator: Sofja Viktorovna Banushkina
creator: Zoia Friedrichovna Golitsyna
creator: Alexey Anatolyevich Kirdyashkin
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Sofja Viktorovna Banushkina, Zoia Friedrichovna Golitsyna, Alexey Anatolyevich Kirdyashkin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17558

Facies analysis and depositional environment of the Upper Miocene-Pliocene deposits (Aghajari Formation) in the Afrineh syncline, southwest of Lorestan
type: item
description: The Aghajari Formation is found across the Zagros Folded Zone. The purpose of this research is to investigate the depositional environment of the Aghajari Formation (Upper Miocene-Pliocene) in southwest Lorestan. Seven stratigraphic sections were selected in the Afrineh syncline. The Aghajari Formation, more than 500 meters thick, consists of conglomerate (to a lesser extent), sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and shale. Field investigations resulted in recognition of eighteen lithofacies, which comprise three conglomerate lithofacies (Gm, Gp, Gt), nine sandstone lithofacies (Sp, St, Sm, Sh, Sr, Sfl, Sl, Slr, Sr (Fl)), four mudstone lithofacies (Fm, Fl, Fcf, Fl(Sr)), a gray shale lithofacies rich in planktonic fauna, and a bioclastic grainstone facies. The Skolithos facies was also identified. In the sandstones, two petrofacies, chertarenite and calclitharenite, were recognized. The lower part of the Aghajari Formation was deposited in a meandering river environment. Along with sea transgression, these deposits were overlain by the tidal flat deposits, and marine facies were deposited at the end of the sequence. The bioclastic grainstone and the gray shale are associated with shallow and deeper marine environments, respectively. The changes in the depositional environment in the lower part of the Aghajari Formation were caused by the sea-level change. Following the deposition of marine shale, due to sea-level fall and regional tectonics, the studied sequences underwent a marine regression, resulting in the formation of fluvial deposits. The depositional environment changes occurred during the Miocene and Pliocene.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Lithofacies analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Depositional environment
  topic: keywords
subject: Aghajari Formation
  topic: keywords
subject: Miocene-Pliocene
  topic: keywords
subject: Afrineh syncline
  topic: keywords
subject: Lorestan
  topic: keywords
creator: Mostafa Sedaghatnia
creator: Behrouz Rafiei
creator: Bizhan Yousefi Yegane
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Mostafa Sedaghatnia, Behrouz Rafiei, Bizhan Yousefi Yegane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17557

Geochemistry and tectonomagmatic setting of the volcanic and Sub-volcanic rocks of the south Gilan, Iranian Alborz mountains: Evidence for Adakite-like and normal arc magmatism
type: item
description: As part of the Alborz magmatic zone, Tertiary volcanic and subvolcanic rocks are exposed in southern Gilan province (Rudbar and Rostamabad) and have been evaluated for the first time in this study. Field and petrographic studies indicate a compositional spectrum from basalt, andesite to trachyandesite, dacite to trachy-dacite, rhyodacite. Geochemically, the rocks were divided into two distinct groups: adakitic rocks with high Sr, Sr/Y and La/Yb and low MgO, Y and Yb, and typical calc-alkaline rocks of arc nature. All rocks show a parallel enrichment trend from LREE to HREE. Both partial melting and crystal fractionation play important role in controlling the compositional diversity and composition of the main magma of the samples. Both rock groups formed in a subduction zone environment and were produced with different degrees of melting in a slab window environment. All data indicate that the rocks were formed during the subduction to the south of the Para-Tethys oceanic crust. A “ridge-trench” model for the tectonomagmatic scenario has been proposed, suggesting that these lavas were formed in a Para-Tethys supersubduction zone. According to this model, a slab window was formed after the subduction of the Para-Tethys oceanic crust. Partial melting of this crust at depth, with different degrees of partial melting in some areas, coinciding with the formation of a tectonic window in the subduction zone, led to the production of adakitic magma. Typical arc rocks with higher degrees of melting and at shallower depths formed further away from the subduction zone.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Adakite
  topic: keywords
subject: Slab window
  topic: keywords
subject: A arc magmatism
  topic: keywords
subject: Para-Tethys
  topic: keywords
subject: Gilan
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
creator: Esmail Ebrahimi Nasirmahaleh
creator: Mojgan Salavati
creator: Saeid Hakimi Asiabar
creator: Saeed Taki
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Esmail Ebrahimi Nasirmahaleh, Mojgan Salavati , Saeid Hakimi Asiabar, Saeed Taki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17556

The effect of lithology and tectonic on the landslide occurrence and hazard zonation in the Dalanpar mountains, Zagros orogenic belt
type: item
description: The Dalanpar Mountains, located in the northwestern part of the Zagros Mountains, are highly active in terms of orogeny and morphology. Various types of landslides, such as successive landslides, rock falls, earth flows, and debris flows occur in this region. To assess the occurrence of landslides in this area, a combination of field geology and satellite imagery was utilized to identify landslides and perform susceptibility analysis based on the density area and the Landslide Numerical Risk Factor (LNRF) methods. Landslide hazard zonation maps indicate that the majority of landslides in the Dalanpar Mountains are in the high and very high hazard classes, and that geology, slope, slope aspect, precipitation, and land use factors have played significant roles in landslide occurrence. The high percentage of area under the success rate curves (AUC) for density area (72%) and LNRF (68%) methods demonstrates that both methods have accurately predicted the landslide susceptibility zonation map of the study area. Field observations indicate that lithological and structural factors are significant contributors to slope instability. Both field observations and landslide susceptibility analysis show that serpentinization plays a crucial role in slope instability, with most landslides occurring on serpentinite units. Reverse and strike-slip faults have significantly impacted the occurrence of landslides and increased the serpentinization process. Field observations reveal that large landslides have resulted in planar surfaces and depressions, where water has accumulated in some cases, creating seasonal and permanent lakes. The high activity rate and persistence of activity in the Dalanpar landslides indicate that, in addition to the usual factors affecting landslides such as slope and precipitation, they are strongly influenced by the behavior of the serpentinite units and fault effects in the diapirism system with the positive flower structure in the dextral strike-slip fault…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Serpentinization
  topic: keywords
subject: Landslide
  topic: keywords
subject: Hazard zonation
  topic: keywords
subject: Active tectonics
  topic: keywords
subject: Dalanpar Mountains
  topic: keywords
subject: Zagros
  topic: keywords
creator: Bahman Rahimzadeh
creator: Somaiyeh Khaleghi
creator: Shahram Bahrami
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Bahman Rahimzadeh, Somaiyeh Khaleghi, Shahram Bahrami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17555

Mineralogical Characteristics and Surface Texture of Quartz Grains in Coastal Sabkha Deposits on the Southern Red Sea
type: item
description: Surface sediment samples from Yakhtul sabkha, located within a local depression east of the Red Sea in Yemen, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy to determine the mineralogical composition and microtextures of quartz grain surfaces of recent coastal sabkha sediments. Eleven surface sediment samples were collected from the sabkha for this study. The results revealed that X-ray diffraction analysis identified the mineral components in the sabkha sediments, including evaporate minerals such as gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. These minerals indicate the arid conditions prevalent in this coastal environment. Carbonate minerals such as calcite, aragonite, and dolomite were also identified. Conversely, non-evaporite minerals were also identified, including quartz, plagioclase, and orthoclase. The microtextural features of the quartz grains were characterized by a dominance of surface-chemical features generally developed by precipitation and dissolution of recent silica in the near-surface diagenetic environment. In Addition, surface features such as upturned plates, V-shaped pits, elongated depressions, conchoidal fractures, and straight-curved grooves indicate prevailing mechanical processes. Analyzing the surface features of quartz grains using a scanning electron microscope provides significant interpretations of the environmental conditions the grains encountered, allowing inferences about the sediment source.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Yakhtul sabkha
  topic: keywords
subject: Mineralogy
  topic: keywords
subject: SEM
  topic: keywords
subject: Red Sea Coast
  topic: keywords
subject: Yemen
  topic: keywords
creator: Saeed Omar Wasel
creator: Talha Ahmed Al-Dubai
creator: Aaid Al-Zubieri
creator: Aziz Al Thabiani
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Saeed Omar Wasel, Talha Ahmed Al-Dubai, Aaid Al-Zubieri, Aziz Al Thabiani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-09-30
publication date: 2026-09-30
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17008

Provenance, palaeoclimate, and tectonic setting of the Shishtu-1 Formation (Late Devonian) in East-Central Iran: Based on geochemical evidence
type: item
description: The Shishtu-1 Formation in the Central Iran region developed during the Late Devonian with a succession of carbonate and siliciclastic rocks. The current study focuses on siliciclastic intervals to detect provenance, tectonic settings, palaeoclimatic conditions, and palaeogeographic reconstruction. Sandstones and shales were investigated separately in this study. According to petrographic and geochemical studies, the sandstones are quartzarenite and sublitharnite. The geochemical analysis revealed that SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 are the most abundant oxides in the samples of the study area. Also, trace elements such as Ba, Cr, Sr, V & Zr have a high concentration. The changes in these elements in the geochemical log can indicate the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental conditions. According to the SEM analysis, the presence of zircon, ilmenite, and clay minerals, especially illite, have been confirmed in the clastic rocks of the Shishtu-1 Formation, which indicates the existence of a warm climate. Based on geochemical studies, the sediments of the Shishtu-1 Formation originated from deeply weathered felsic to intermediate igneous rocks under oxic conditions, and shallow marine and deltaic environments. Source rocks of the Shishtu-1 Formation show a passive continental margin setting, suggesting tectonic quiescence during the Late Devonian.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Siliciclastic rocks
  topic: keywords
subject: Shishtu-1 Formation
  topic: keywords
subject: Late Devonian
  topic: keywords
subject: Provenance
  topic: keywords
subject: Tectonic setting
  topic: keywords
creator: Samane Kianpour
creator: Mohammad Khanehbad
creator: Mohamad Hosein Mahmoudy Gharaie
creator: Reza Moussavi-Harami
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Samane Kianpour, Mohammad Khanehbad, Mohamad Hosein Mahmoudy Gharaie, Reza Moussavi-Harami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-09-30
publication date: 2026-09-30
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17007

Petrophysical Analysis and Reservoir Characterization of Lade Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study presents a comprehensive petrophysical evaluation of two wells in LADE field located in the Niger Delta Basin. The study utilized an integrated approach for interpretation which involved the usage of GEOLOGTM and PYTHON 3.12.4 softwares. Geolog was utilized for advanced petrophysical analysis, integrating core data to enhance reservoir characterization and interpretation. Well-log data, including gamma-ray, resistivity, porosity, and permeability logs, were processed and analyzed using Python for data manipulation, statistical calculations, and visualization. The results of the study provide crucial information for reservoir characterization, reservoir modeling and decision-making processes in hydrocarbon exploration and production activities in the Niger Delta region. Reservoir sand bodies A1 and B1 within LADE-001 well have gross thicknesses of 138.9-130.6 ft., net-pay thicknesses of 62.5-21.5 ft. and net-to-gross (N/G) ratio of 0.0215-0.165. Effective porosity stands at 24-25%, water saturation at 28-29%, hydrocarbon saturation at 72-71%, while the volume of shale stands at 7 -8%. These parameters collectively classify reservoirs A1 and B1 as robust hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir, showcasing good thickness, moderate net-to-gross, low shale volume and favorable porosity. Sand bodies in LADE-002 well revealed gross thicknesses ranging from 139-1467 ft., net-pay thicknesses of 27.5-148 ft., N/G ratio of 0.019-0.26. The values of effective porosity range from 22 -27%, with the other parameters and their ranges expressed as; water saturation: 20-34%, hydrocarbon saturation: 66-80% and volume of shale: 6-8%. Reservoirs B2, C2 and D2 are classified as robust hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir, featuring good thickness, moderate/low net-to-gross, low shale volume and favorable porosity while reservoir A2 revealed fair to good attributes due to poor net thickness, low net-to-gross, low shale volume and favorable porosity. The delineated reservoirs are characterized b…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Petrophysics
  topic: keywords
subject: Well logging
  topic: keywords
subject: Reservoir characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrocarbons
  topic: keywords
subject: Niger Delta
  topic: keywords
creator: Cyril Chibueze Okpoli
creator: Olumuyiwa Adedotun Odundun
creator: Olubusayo Akinyele Olatunji
creator: Risikitat Ololade Jimoh
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Cyril Chibueze Okpoli, Olumuyiwa Adedotun Odundun, Olubusayo Akinyele Olatunji, Risikitat Ololade Jimoh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.17006

Uncertainty Modeling for Estimating the Construction Scheduling of Mechanized Tunneling
type: item
description: Accurately estimating the construction duration of long tunnels during the feasibility and initiation phases is crucial. Traditional estimation methods often lack precision. This paper introduces novel simulation-based approaches to provide more accurate forecasts of tunnel construction time, thereby minimizing the gap between planned and actual durations. This innovation involves identifying risks influencing tunnel construction, categorized as known and unknown, by experts. These risks are then ranked and weighted using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Significant risks are simulated as inputs in MATLAB software using the Monte Carlo method. The results indicate a six-year construction duration for the identified risks. The probability of adhering to the schedule is 100% in the first year, decreasing to 89% in the second year, 92% in the third year, and 90% in the fourth, fifth, and sixth years. For unknown risks, the probability is 90% in the first year, 93% in the second year, 90% in the fourth year, and 92% in the fifth and sixth years. Based on these findings, contingency and management reserves should be added to the forecasted schedule in accordance with the PMBOK standard to minimize discrepancies between planned and actual schedules.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Tunnel
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanized Drilling
  topic: keywords
subject: Hierarchical Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Scheduling
  topic: keywords
creator: Javad Ziaei
creator: Mohammad Ataei
creator: Reza Kakaie
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Javad Ziaei, Mohammad Ataei, Reza Kakaie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.16985

Geology, Ore-forming Fluid Chemistry, Sr-Nd Isotopes, and Petrogenesis in the Nasim Copper Deposit, NW Bardaskan area, NE Iran
type: item
description: The Nasim copper deposit is situated in Bardaskan area, northeast of Iran. The geological units include basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, and sedimentary rocks. Conglomerate composed of volcanic fragments and nummulitic limestone has been deposited as a result of subsequent volcanic activity. The majority of trachyte to andesitic rocks that plot within the shoshonite series and exhibit high LREE/HREE and Th/Yb ratios suggest an active continental margin. Elevated Th and Nb values indicate a minor continental crustal assimilation event. Initial 87Sr/86Sr and εNd (i) of the volcanic rocks (t=40 Ma) are 0.7042 to 0.7046 and +4.96 to +5.10 in the Nasim copper deposit, which confirms that it occurred during the continental margin subduction zone. The volcanic rocks were formed in a non-marine environment, and mineralization occurred within the conglomerate bands. The Nasim copper deposit has considered as Manto-type deposit, and chalcocite mineralization occurred after the formation of the conglomerate. The absence of epidote associated with chalcocite suggests low iron content and reducing conditions in the ore-forming fluid of the Nasim deposit. Therefore, the source of mineralization is not magmatic, and further studies on the origin of this deposit should be conducted.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Manto type deposit
  topic: keywords
subject: Sr-Nd isotope ratios
  topic: keywords
subject: Copper mineralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Eocene magmatism
  topic: keywords
subject: Northeast Iran
  topic: keywords
creator: Touran Ramezani Abbakhsh
creator: Mohammad Hassan Karimpour
creator: Hossein Azizi
creator: Saeed Saadat
creator: Yoshihiro Asahara
creator: Behnam Rahimi
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Touran Ramezani Abbakhsh, Mohammad Hassan Karimpour, Hossein Azizi, Saeed Saadat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.16976

Provenance and Depositional Environments of the Paleocene Kerman Formation in Central Iran
type: item
description: This paper discussed the depositional environment and provenance analysis of the siliciclastic rocks of the Kerman Formation for the first time. To determine the Kerman Formation’s depositional environment and provenance sedimentological, petrographic, and geochemical investigations have been conducted accordingly. The Kerman Formation (~1017 m-thick), lithologically consisting of massive polymictic conglomerates interbedded with some minor sandstone layers, is well-exposed in NE Central Iran. Through detailed sedimentological studies, six lithofacies were recognized: matrix-supported massive conglomerate, matrix-supported conglomerate, clast-supported massive conglomerate, clast-supported crudely bedded conglomerate, horizontal bedded coarse to fine-grained sandstone, and massive coarse to fine-grained sandstone. The lithofacies associations of Gmm, Gmg, Gcm, and Sm are related to sedimentary gravity flow architectural elements and the lithofacies associations of Gh and Sh are related to channel-fill sandstone bodies architectural elements deposited in alluvial fan and braided fluvial systems. Petrographically, the Kerman Formation’s conglomerate is categorized as a petromict conglomerate, and the sandstone is divided into volcanic arenite and feldspathic litharenite petrofacies. Gravels are made up mainly of basalt and andesite, as well as fewer limestone and agglomerated tuff. The sandstone plot on the QtFRF suggests that the sandstone of the Kerman Formation derived from volcanic lithic fragments. Geochemical analysis indicates a volcanic arc source area in an active margin tectonic setting, which can relate to the Sabzevar oceanic closure (a branch of Neotethys) volcanic activities. Low values of the Chemical Index of Alteration suggest cool and arid climate conditions alongside a near absence of intense alteration and recycled materials.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Bardaskan
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluvial architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Geochemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Paleogene
  topic: keywords
subject: Terrestrial environment
  topic: keywords
creator: Seyyedeh Halimeh Hashemi Azizi
creator: Payman Rezaee
creator: Hosein Askari
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Seyyedeh Halimeh Hashemi Azizi, Payman Rezaee, Hosein Askari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.16975

Analytical Evaluating Induced Stresses in reservoir rock: Insights into the Role of Biot’s Coefficient and Flow Regime
type: item
description: Assessing the impacts of drilling and production activities on induced stresses in oil and gas wells is crucial for addressing various geomechanical challenges such as wellbore instability, sand production, and potential blowout incidents. Mechanical instability arises when induced stresses surpass the strength of the formation. Since reservoir rock behaves as a porous medium, accurately calculating effective stress around the wellbore, based on Biot’s theory, is essential for estimating induced stresses. Understanding Biot’s coefficient is pivotal, particularly in high-pressure and soft rock reservoirs, as it influences the effective stress derived from total stress and pore pressure. However, laboratory measurements for Biot’s coefficient are expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, this paper developed the analytical solution for induced stresses in the anisotropic stress field in both Darcy and non-Darcy flow regime and investigated the impact of variations in Biot’s coefficient on induced stresses around wellbores, focusing on radial, tangential, and vertical stresses. The study highlights the significance of Biot’s coefficient in modulating effective stresses in oil and gas wells. Additionally, it addresses the prevalence of non-Darcy flow alongside Darcy flow in scenarios involving gas reservoirs, HPHT wells, and hydraulic fractures. Thus, the effect of Biot’s coefficient on induced stresses is explored in both Darcy and non-Darcy flow regimes. Results indicate that increasing Biot's coefficient in the Darcy flow regime reduces radial, tangential, and vertical stresses around the wellbore, suggesting lower stress levels in the soft rock relative to hard rock. Conversely, in the non-Darcy flow regime, increasing Biot’s coefficient reduces radial stress while initially increasing tangential stress near the wellbore wall, followed by a decrease at farther distances. The opposite trend is observed for vertical stress, highlighting the dependence of stress pattern…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Biot’s coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: Well-induced stresses
  topic: keywords
subject: Darcy flow
  topic: keywords
subject: non-Darcy flow
  topic: keywords
subject: Reservoir
  topic: keywords
creator: Amin Tohidi
rights: Copyright (c) -1 Amin Tohidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
doi: 10.57647/j.ijes.2025.16974