10.57647/j.ijes.2025.1701.05

Carbonate platform evolution of the early eocene Taleh Zang formation on the border of the SW Lurestan province and the NE Dezful embayment (SW Iran)

PDF
  • Mohammad Reza Zakerzadeh1,
  • Mahmoud Reza Majidifard2,
  • Mehran Arian*1,
  • Mohsen Aleali1,
  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  2. Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Group, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Carbonate platform evolution of the early eocene Taleh Zang formation on the border of the SW Lurestan province and the NE Dezful embayment (SW Iran)

Received: 2024-01-27

Revised: 2024-03-21

Accepted: 2024-05-22

Published 2025-01-10

Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Reza Zakerzadeh, Mahmoud Reza Majidifard, Mehran Arian, Mohsen Aleali (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Zakerzadeh, M. R., Majidifard, M. R., Arian, M., & Aleali, M. (2025). Carbonate platform evolution of the early eocene Taleh Zang formation on the border of the SW Lurestan province and the NE Dezful embayment (SW Iran). Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijes.2025.1701.05
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

PDF views: 81

Abstract

This study attempts to investigate any possible connections that might exist between noticeable tectonic activities and changes in microbiostratigraphy on two Taleh Zang Formation successions in the Chenareh surface and the Lab-e Safid subsurface sections. These sections are located on opposing sides of the Bala Rud Fault (BRF) in the Lurestan province and the Dezful Embayment. The larger benthic foraminifera (LBFs) are widely distributed on the Taleh Zang carbonate platforms. Identifying the dominating LBF assemblages in the Taleh Zang Formation, figuring out their ages, corresponding Shallow Benthic Biozones (SBZs), and platform evolution stages in each examined sections were the investigation’s first steps. Nine different microfacies and their associated depositional environments were identified through analysis of vertical facies heterogeneities and spatial distribution of LBF assemblage alterations. These microfacies represent various sedimentary facies belts, including tidal flats, lagoons, foraminiferal shoals, open marine and basin environments. The Taleh Zang platforms in the studied area, include SBZ 10, SBZ 11, and SBZ 12 which correspond to the Early-Middle-Late Cuisian, respectively. These results are consistent with the platform evolution stage III or foraminiferal platform. Investigating the probable BRF impacts on the Taleh Zang platforms was the next goal. According to the changes in microbiotas, microfacies and depositional environments variations on both sides of the BRF, considerable crushing of the LBFs, especially in MF8, which is probably due to debris flows, the possibility of influencing the BRF on the Taleh Zang platforms within the Early Eocene in the examined sections is not far from expected.

Keywords

  • Paleogene,
  • Iran,
  • Facies Analysis,
  • Larger Benthic Foraminifera,
  • Paleoenvironmental Evolution
PDF

References

  1. Abdollahiefard I, Braathen A, Mokhtari M, Alavi SA (2006) Interaction of the Zagros fold-thrust belt and the Arabian type, deep-seated folds in the Arabian Plain and the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Petroleum Geosciences,12(3):47–62, https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079305-706
  2. Abdollahiefard I, Sherkati Sh, McClay K, Hag BU (2019) Tectono-Sedimentary evolution of the Iranian Zagros in a global context and its impact on petroleum habitat. Developments in structural geology and tectonics, 3:17–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/b987-0-12-815048-1.00002-0
  3. Adabi H, Zohdi A, Ghabeishavi A, Amiri-Bakhtiyar H (2008) Applications of nummulitids and other larger benthic foraminifera in depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy: an example from the Eocene deposits in Zagros Basin, SW Iran. Facies, 54:499–512, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-008-0151-7.
  4. Afzal J, Williams M, Leng MJ, Aldridge RJ, Stephenson MH (2011) Evolution of Paleocene to Early Eocene larger benthic foraminifer assemblages of the Indus Basin, Pakistan. Lethaia, 44:299–320, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010. 00247.x
  5. Aghanabati A (2004) Geology of Iran, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 586 p.
  6. Ahmad S, Kroon D, Rigby S, Khan S (2017) Paleogene Nummulitid biostratigraphy of the Kohat and Potwar Basins in north-western Pakistan with implications for the timing of the closure of eastern Tethys and uplift of the western Himalayas. Stratigraphy, 13(4):277-301.
  7. Arian M (2012) Clustering of Diapiric Provinces in the Central Iran Basin. Carbonates and Evaporites, 27: 9-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/ojg.2017.72009
  8. Arian M (2015) Seismotectonic-Geologic Hazards Zoning of Iran. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 19:7-13, https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n1.40664
  9. Arian M, Aram Z (2014) Relative Tectonic Activity Classification in the Kermanshah Area, Western Iran. Solid Earth, 5:1277-1291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1277-2014
  10. Bagherpour B, Vaziri MR (2012) Facies, paleoenvironment, carbonate platform and facies changes across Paleocene Eocene of the The Taleh Zang Formation in the Zagros Basin, SW-Iran. Historical Biology, 47(4):337-357, https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2011.587185
  11. Bassi D, Nebelsick JH, Puga-Bernabeu A, Luciani V (2013) Middle Eocene Nummulites and their offshore re-deposition: a case study from the Middle Eocene of the Venetian area, northeastern Italy. Sedimentary Geology, 297:1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.08.012
  12. Beavington-Penney SJ, Racey A (2004) Ecology of extant nummulitids and other larger benthic foraminifera: applications in palaeoenvironmental analysis. Earth Sciences Reviews, 67:219–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.earscirev. 2004.02.005
  13. Benedetti A, Pappazoni CA (2022) Rise and fall of rotallids in the Paleocene-Eocene: the influence of climate and tropic competition. EGU General Assembly, 21:72-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7245
  14. Berberian M, King GCP (1981) Towards the paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(2):210–265.
  15. Berggren WA, Pearson PN (2005) A revised tropical and subtropical Paleogene planktonic foraminiferal zonation. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 35:279-298, https://doi.org/10.2113/35.4.279
  16. BouDagher-Fadel MK (2017) Evolution and geological significance of larger benthic foraminifera. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 2nd edition, University College London (UCL) Press, 544 p., https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781911576938
  17. BouDagher-Fadel MK, Price GD (2020) The Geographic, Environmental and Phylogenetic Evolution of the Alveolinoidea from the Cretaceous to the Present Day. Open Environment, 2:1-34, https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444/000057
  18. Brooks HL, Hodgson DM, Brunt RL, Peakall J, Poyatos-Moré M, Stephen S, Flint SS (2018) Disconnected submarine lobes as a record of stepped slope evolution over multiple sea-level cycles. GEOSPHERE, 14(4):20-57, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01618.1
  19. Bukhari SW, Mohibullah M, Kasi AK (2016) Biostratigraphy of the Eocene Nisai Formation in Pishin belt, Western Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 49(1):17-29.
  20. Deveciler A (2019) A new species of Nummulites Lamarck (Nummulitidae, Foraminiferida) from central Turkey. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration, 158:121-139, https://doi.org/10.19111/ bulletinofmre.413708
  21. Di Carlo M, Accordi G, Federico Carbone F, Pignatti J (2010) Biostratigraphic analysis of Paleogene lowstand wedge conglomerates of a tectonically active platform margin (Zakynthos Island, Greece). Journal of Mediterranean Earth Sciences, 2:31-92, https://doi.org/10.3304/JMES.2010.004
  22. Drobne K, Ogorelec B, Pavsic J, Pavlovec R (2009) Paleocene and Eocene in south-western Slovenia, The Geology of Slovenia. Chapter 6.2 Publisher: Geoloski zavod Slovenije, pp. 311-372.
  23. Dunham RJ (1962). Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham WE (ed.), Classification of Carbonate Rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 2:108-121.
  24. Elliott GF (1955) Fossil calcareous algae from the Middle East. Micropaleontology, 1(2): 125-131.
  25. Falcon NL (1961) Major earth-flexturing in the Zagros Mountain of southwest Iran. Journal of Geological Society, 117:367–376.
  26. Flügel E (2004) Microfacies analysis of limestone: analysis, interpretation and application. Berlin, Springer, 976 p.
  27. Geel T (2000) Recognition of stratigraphic sequences in carbonate platform and slope deposits: empirical models based on microfacies analysis of Palaeogene deposits in southeastern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 155:211–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00117-0
  28. Ghafor I, Baziany MM (2009) Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae) from the Former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Earth Sciences, 9(1):35-54.
  29. Granier B (2012) The contribution of calcareous green algae to the production of limestones: a review. In: Basso D & Granier B (eds.), Calcareous algae and the global change: from identification to quantification. Geodiversitas, 34(1):35-60, https://doi.org/10.5252/g2012n1a3
  30. Hadi M, Vahidinia M, Hrabovsky J (2019) Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis from the Ypresian (Ilerdian-Cuisian) limestones in the Sistan Suture Zone (eastern Iran). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 28:122-145, https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1802-10
  31. Hajialibeigi H, Alavi SA, Eftekharnezhad J, Mokhtari M, Adabi MH (2011) Signatures of the Bala Rud Deep Seated Fault Zone in Khushab Anticline, SW Iran: an integrated study. Iranian Journal of Sciences, 22:33–49.
  32. Hallock P, Glenn EC (1986) Larger Foraminifera: A Tool for Paleoenvironmental Analysis of Cenozoic Depositional Facies. PALAOIS, 1:55–64, https://doi.org/10.2307/3514459
  33. Hohenegger J (2004) Depth Coenoclines and Environmental Considerations of western Pacific Larger Foraminifera. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 34:9-33, https://doi.org/10.2113/0340009
  34. Homke S, Verges J, Serra-Kiel J, Bernaola G, Sharp I, Garces M, Montero-Verdu I, Karpuz R, Goodarzi MH (2009) Late Cretaceous- Paleocene formation of the proto-Zagros foreland basin, Lurestan Province, SW Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 121(7–8):963–978, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26035.1
  35. Höntzsch S, Scheibner C, Brock JP, Kuss HJ (2013) Circum-Tethyan carbonate platform evolution during the Palaeogene: The Prebetic platform as a test for climatically controlled facies shifts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22:891-918, https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1207-8
  36. Hottinger L (1974) Alveolinids, Cretaceous-Tertiary Larger Foraminifera. Esso Production Research, European Laboratories, pp. 1-84.
  37. Hottinger L (1977) Foraminifères operculiniformes. Mémoires Museum National Histoire Naturelle, 159 p., (In French).
  38. Hottinger L (1983) Processes determining the distribution of larger foraminifera in space and time. Utrecht Micropaleontology Bulletin, 30:239–253.
  39. Hottinger L (1997) Shallow benthic foraminiferal assemblages as signals for depth of their deposition and their limitations. Bulletin Société Géologique de France, 168:491–505.
  40. Hottinger L (2013) Paleogene Larger Rotaliid Foraminifera from the Western and Central Neotethys. In: Bassi D (ed.), Paleogene Larger Rotaliid Foraminifera, University of Ferrara, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences Ferrara, Italy, Springer, 196 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02853-8
  41. Hottinger L, Smeeni SJ, Butt AA (1998) Emendation of Alveolina vredenburgi Davies and Pinfold, 1937 from the Surghar range, Pakistan. Dela-Opera SAZU. 34:155–173.
  42. Hyam SD (2019) Microfaunal Assemblages and microfacies of Nummulitic Limestone of Naopurdan Group from Chwarta Area, Sulaimaniya Governorate, Northern Iraq. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, 21(1):61-73, https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10745
  43. Jafarizadeh HR, Maghfouri Moghaddam I, Aleali M, Maleki Z (2023) Study of microfacies and sedimentary environment of Taleh Zang Formation, North and West Kuh Dasht, west Iran. Advanced Applied Geology, 13:469-482, https://doi.org/10.22055/AAG.2022.40037.2280
  44. James GA, Wynd JG (1965) Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 49:2182–2245.
  45. Jehangir Khan M., Ghazi S., Mehmood M., Yazdi A., Naseem A. A., Serwar U., Zaheer A., Ullah H. (2021) Sedimentological and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Moro formation Rakhi Gorge, Eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan, Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 13(4): 252-266. https://doi.org/10.30495/ijes.2021.1917721.1564
  46. Kuss J, Herbig HG (1993) Biogeography, facies and taxonomy of Early Tertiary green algae from Egypt and Morocco. Palaeotology Society of Italy Bulletin, 1:249-280.
  47. Lensch G, Schmidt K, Davoudzadeh M (1984) Introduction to the geology of Iran. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geolologie und Palaontologie, 168:155-164.
  48. Less G, Ozcan E, Papazzoni CA, Stockar R (2008) The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53:317–350, https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2008.0211
  49. Maghfori Moghaddam I, Jalali M (2004) Stratigraphy and paleoenvironment surveys of Taleh-Zang Formation in south and south west of Khorramabad. Al-Zahra University Journal of Sciences, 17:34–46.
  50. Mateu-Vicens G, Pomar L, Ferrandez-Canadell C (2012) Nummulitic banks in the upper Lutetian “Buil level”, Ainsa basin, South Central Pyrenean Zone: the impact of internal waves. Sedimentology, 59:527–552, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01263.x
  51. Mattern F (2022) A Compiled Synoptic Table of the Standard mirofacies and Facies Zone System of A Practical Tool. Sultan Qaboos University Journal of Science, 27(1):74-76, https://doi.org/10.53539/squjs.
  52. Motiei H (1993) Stratigraphy of Zagros. Treatise of geology of Iran. 1st edition, Iranian Geological Survey Publication, Tehran, 289 p.
  53. Motiei H (1995) Petroleum geology of Zagros. 1st edition, Iranian Geological Survey Publications, Tehran, 897 p.
  54. Mousavi MR, Bastami L, Maleki S (2013) Microfacies, depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the Taleh Zang Formation in the Kuh-e Mansht and Cham-e Bour sections (North & Southeast Ilam). Researches in Earth sciences, Shahid Beheshti University season publication, 12:30-44.
  55. Murris RJ (1980) Middle East: stratigraphic evolution and oil habitat. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 64:5-47.
  56. Nebelsick JH, Rasser MW, Bassi D (2005) Facies dynamics in Eocene to Oligocene circumalpine carbonates. Facies, 51:197-216, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-005-0069-2
  57. Nichols G (2009) Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. 2nd Edition, A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Publication, United Kingdom, 419 p.
  58. Nikfard M, (2023) Lower Eocene carbonate ramp clinoforms of the southern Tethys; Zagros Foreland Basin, SW Iran: Sequence stratigraphy architecture, basin physiography and carbonate factory controlling parameters. Basin Research, 10:1-28, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12790
  59. Okur K, Kutluk H (2020) Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Safranbolu Formation (Cuisian, Eocene), Northwest Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Palaeogeography, 9(1):1-21, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42501-020-0054-2
  60. Özcan E, Akyaz M, Karabaşoğlu A (2007) Biostratigraphic interpretation and systematic of Alveolina assemblages from the Ilerdian-Cuisian limestones of southern Eskişehir, Central Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29:911–927, https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-0902-11
  61. Özcan E, Less G, Okay AI, Baldi-Beke M, Kollanyi K, Yılmaz O (2010) Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Eocene shallow-marine and olistostromal units of the southern part of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 19:27–77, https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-0902-11
  62. Özce FS, Serttaş E, Sürmeli M, Eğdemir S & Özcan E (2013) Benthic foraminifera biostratigraphy of the lower-middle Eocene deposits in the Ağcakışla area (Sivas-Şarkışla). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 56 (3):189–202.
  63. Philip J (2003) Peri-Tethyan neritic carbonate areas: distribution through time and driving factors. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 196:19–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00311-0
  64. Pignatti J, Matteucci R, Parlow T, Fantozzi L (1998) Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian-Ypresian Wadi Mashib succession (South Hadramawt Arch, SE Yemen). Zeitschrift geologische Wissenschaften, Berlin, (in German and English), 26(5-6):609-635.
  65. Pirouz M, Simpson G, Bahroudi A, Azhdari A (2011) Neogene sediments and modern depositional environments of the Zagros foreland basin system. Geological Magazine, 148(5-6):838-853, https://doi.org/10.1017/S001675611000392
  66. Pomar L, Mateu-Vicens G, Morsilli M, Brandano M (2014) Carbonate ramp evolution during the Late Oligocene (Chattian), Salento Peninsula, southern Italy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 404:109–132, https://doi.org/10.1019/j.palao.2014.03.023
  67. Racey A (2001) A review of Eocene nummulite accumulations: structure, formation and reservoir potential. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 24:79–100, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747 5457.2001. tb00662.x
  68. Rahaghi A (1983) Stratigraphy and faunal assemblage of Paleocene-Lower Eocene in Iran. National Iranian Oil Company Geological Laboratory, 73 p.
  69. Rajabi P (2013) Microbiostratigraphy and Microfacies of The Taleh Zang Formation in Lurestan Basin, Ph. D thesis, Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, 189 p., (in Persian).
  70. Rasser MW, Scheibner C, Mutti M (2005) A paleoenvironmental standard section for Early Ilerdian tropical carbonate factories (Corbieres, France; Pyrenees, Spain). Facies, 51:217–232, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-005-0070-9
  71. Sajjad Khan, Mehboob Ur Rashid, Naghmah H (2019) Foraminiferal studies of Eocene shekhan formation panoba section kohat northern Pakistan: implication for biostratigraphy and paleoenvirnments. International Journal of Hydrology, 3(5):429-434, https://doi.org/ 10.15406/ijh.2019.03.00207
  72. Sameeni SJ, Butt AA (2004) Alveolinid biostratigraphy of the Salt Range succession, Northern Pakistan. Review Paleobiology, 23:505–527.
  73. Sarkar S (2019) Alveolina-dominated assemblages in the early Eocene carbonates of Jaintia Hills, NE India: Biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental implications. Comptes Rendus Paleontology, 18:949–966, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1257-8
  74. Sarkar S (2020) Ecostratigraphic implications of a Late Palaeocene shallow-marine benthic community from the Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, NE India. Indian Academy of Sciences, 129:10-22, https://doi.org/org/10.1007/s12040-019-1257-8
  75. Saura E, Garcia-Castellanos D, Casciello E, Parravano V, Urruela A, Vergés J, (2015) Modeling the flexural evolution of the Amiran and Mesopotamian foreland basins of NW Zagros (Iran-Iraq). Tectonics, 26:35–61, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014tc003660
  76. Saura E, Verges J, Homke S, Blank E, Serra-Kiel J, Berneola G, Casciello E, Fernandez N, Romaire I, Casini G, Embry JC, Sharp IR (2011) Basin architecture and growth folding of the NW Zagros early foreland basin during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. Journal of the Geological Society, 168:235–250, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492010-092
  77. Schaub H (1981) Nummulites et Assilines de la Te´thys pale´oge`ne Taxinomie, phylogene`se et biostratigraphie. Bulletin Paleontologique de Schweizer land, 104:1–236, (In French).
  78. Scheibner C, Speijer RP (2008) Late Paleocene–Early Eocene Tethyan carbonate platform evolution – a response to long- and short-term paleoclimatic change. Earth Science Reviews, 90:71–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev. 2008.07.002
  79. Scheibner C, Speijer RP (2009) Recalibration of the Tethyan shallow-benthic zonation across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: the Egyptian record. Geologica Acta,7(1-2):195-214, https://doi.org/ 10.1344/105.000000267
  80. Serra-Kiel J, Hottinger L, Caus E, Drobne K, Ferrandez C, Jauhri AK, Les G, Pavlovec R, Pignatti J, Samso MJ, Schaub H, Sirel E, Strougo A, Tambaregu Y, Tosquella J, Zakrevskaya E (1998) Larger foraminifera biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene. Bulletin Société Géologique de France, 169(2):281–299, (In French and English).
  81. Serra-Kiel J, Vicedo V, Baceta JI, Bernaola G, Robador A (2020) Paleocene Larger Foraminifera from the Pyrenean Basin with a recalibration of the Paleocene Shallow Benthic Zones. Geologica Acta, 18:1-69, https://doi.org/ 10.1344/GeologicaActa2020.18.8
  82. Serra-Kiel J, Vicedo V, Razin Ph, Grelaud C (2016) Selandian-Thanetian larger foraminifera from the lower Jafnayn Formation in the Sayq area (eastern Oman Mountains). Geologica Acta, 14:315-334, https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2016.14.3.7
  83. Shahid JS, Mohammad H, Obaid UR, Lipps JH (2009) Paleogene Biostratigraphy of Kohat area, Northern Pakistan. Geological Bulletin of Punjab University, 44:131-153.
  84. Sherkati Sh, Letouzey J, Firozen deLamotte D (2006) Central Zagros fold–thrust belt (Iran): new insights from seismic data, field observation, and sandbox modeling. Tectonics, 25:111-137, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004tc001766
  85. Smout AH (1954) Lower Tertiary foraminifera of the Qatar Peninsula. British Museum (Natural History), England, London, 126 p.
  86. Sobhi AH, Hussein AW (2015) Biostratigraphic zonation and Eocene Chlorophytal Algae, Assiut-Minia Stretch, Nile Vally, Egypt. 8th International Conference on the Geology of Africa, Assiut-Egypt, 7:27-54.
  87. Španiček J, Ćosović V, Mrinjek E, Vlahović I (2017) Early Eocene evolution of carbonate depositional environments recorded in the Čikola Canyon (North Dalmatian Foreland Basin, Croatia). Journal of the Croatian Geological Survey, 70:11-25, https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2017.05
  88. Taheri A, Vaziri-Moghaddam H, Seyrafian A (2008) Relationships between foraminiferal assemblages and depositional sequences in Jahrum Formation, Ardal area (Zagros Basin, SW Iran). Historical Biology, 20(3):191–201, https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960802571575
  89. Vicedo V, Robles-Salcedo R, Serra-Kiel J, Hadalgo C, Razin P, Grelaud C (2019) Biostratigraphy and evolution of Larger Rotaliid Foraminifera in the Cretaceous- Paleogene transition of southern Oman mountains, Palaeontology, 10:18-44, https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1281
  90. Wade BS, Pearson PN, Berggren WA, Palike H (2011) Revirw and revision of Cenozoic tropical planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and calibration to the geomagnetic polarity and astronomical time scale. Earth Sciences Reviews, 104:111-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.09.003
  91. Wilson JL (1975) Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer-Verlag, 471 p.
  92. Wynd JG (1965) Biofacies of the Iranian Oil Consortium Agreement Area. Iranian Oil Operation Companies. Tehran, Geological and Exploration Division, Report No. 1082, 80 p.
  93. Zakerzadeh MR (2023) Biostratigraphy and Sedimentary Facies Changes of the Taleh Zang Formation Passing from the North to the Center of the Lurestan Sub-basin and the North of the Dezful Embayment. Ph. D thesis, Islamic Azad university, research and science branch, Tehran, Iran, 221 p., (in Persian).
  94. Zamagni J, Mutti M, Kosir A (2008) Evolution of shallow benthic communities during the Late Paleocene–Earliest Eocene transition in the Northern Tethys (SW Slovenia). Facies, 54:25–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-007-0123-3
  95. Zhang Q, Willems H, Ding L (2013) Evolution of the Paleocene-Early Eocene larger benthic foraminifera in the Tethyan Himalaya of Tibet, China. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 12:865-884, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0856-2
  96. Zohdi A, Mousavi-Harami R, Moallemi SA, Mahboubi A, Immenhauser A (2013) Evolution, paleoecology and sequence architecture of an Eocene carbonate ramp, southeast Zagros Basin, Iran. GeoArabia, 18(4):49-80, https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia180449