Iranian Journal of Catalysis (IJC) publishes experimental and theoretical research results of outstanding significance in the field of catalysts and their application in organic, inorganic, bioorganic, analytical, polymer, and other branches of chemistry. The scope of IJC includes homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, catalytic reactions, computational catalysis, synthesis and catalytic function of novel inorganic solids and complexes, enzymatic catalysis, and spectroscopic methods for structural characterization. Journal DOI: 10.57647/IJC Journal Abbreviation: Iran J Catal Journal Title Acronym: IJC Owner organisation: Islamic Azad University-Shahreza Branch Publisher: Islamic Azad University-Shahreza Branch, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK IJC is an open access, peer-reviewed journal (double-blinded), meaning that all interested readers can freely access the journal online at https://oiccpress.com/iranian-journal-of-catalysis/ without needing a subscription. All manuscripts and revisions will undergo plagiarism check using similarity detection systems such as iThenticate, along with other available tools. In Addition, the “Iranian Journal of Catalysis” has been indexed on the “Web of Science“. The “Iranian Journal of Catalysis” is now included in the Journal Impact Factor List of “Clarivate”, 2023. (JCR) The “Iranian Journal of Catalysis” has become a member of COPE, the Committee on Publication Ethics, since January 2013. Latest News: We would like to inform all authors and contributors that, effective 1st November 2025, an Article Processing Charge (APC) will apply to all new submissions, manuscripts submitted on or after this date that are accepted for publication in the Iranian Journal of Catalysis (IJC).
Preparation and Characterization of Visible-lLight-driven Sm-doped Bi2MoO6 Photocatalyst uUsed for Enhanced Degradation of Rhodamine B
Bi2MoO6 samples containing different weight contents of Sm dopant as the visible-light-driven photocatalyst were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. All of them were certified as orthorhombic Bi2MoO6 nanoplates. The visible-light absorption range of Bi2MoO6 was increased by increasing in the Sm dopant. Different weight contents of Sm dopant containing in Bi2MoO6 were studied through the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic efficiency of 1% Sm doped-Bi2MoO6 nanoplates was the highest of 96.27% or 3.91 times of Bi2MoO6 (24.65%) by increasing specific surface area, visible light harvest and separation of charge carriers. Highlights Visible-light-driven Sm-doped Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal method. Pure phase of Sm-doped Bi2MoO6 nanoplates was produced in this research. The photocatalytic reaction of samples was tested by rhidamine B (RhB) degradation under visible light irradiation. 1% Sm-doped Bi2MoO6 showed the highest photocatalytic performance in this research.
Active radicals; Photocatalysis; Photocatalytic mechanism; Sm-doped Bi2MoO6
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hercynite@SiO2-APTS-Proline as a Novel Magnetic Nanocatalyst for the Regioselective Synthesis of New Spiro[indoline-3,5'-pyrido-pyrimidine/dipyrimidine] Derivatives
Hercynite (FeAl2O4) magnetic nano particle (MNP) was prepared by a chemical coprecipitation process and the surface of its functionalized with amino propyl tetramethyl Silan (APTS) groups. Reaction of synthesized Hercynite@SiO2-APTS with proline was obtained Hercynite@APTS-Proline as a new nanoparticle. The structure and composition of the synthesized Hercynite@APTS-Proline characterized by FT-IR, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, TGA and VSM techniques. The catalytic activity of prepared Hercynite@APTS-Proline was used for the synthesis of spiro [indoline-3,5'- pyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidine] and spiro[indoline-3,5'-pyrido[2,3-d:6,5-d']dipyrimidine derivatives and the results show that its catalytic activity is better than other catalysts used. In addition, the synthesized catalyst can be easily separated and reused up to 5 times without any noticeable change in the reaction yield. Highlights ► Hercynite surface was modified by amino propyl tetramethyl silan (APTS) and proline ► A novel organic/inorganic nanocatalyst, Hercynite@APTS-Proline, was synthesized. ►Structure of nanocatalyst was confirmed by FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TEM methods. ► Nanocatalyst evaluated for synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,5'-pyrido-pyrimidine] derivatives ► Regioselectivity, stability and reusability are advantages of this catalyst.
Hercynite, Pyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidine, [pyrido[2,3-d:6,5-d']dipyrimidine, Nanocatalyst, Proline, Spiro compound,
Optimization of Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Turquoise Blue G (TBG) Using a Cu-N:ZnO/TiO2 Nano-Heterojunction Photocatalyst via Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
A novel Cu-N co-doped ZnO/TiO2 (7% Cu-N:ZnO/TiO2) modified Type-II nano-heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized using a cost effective room temperature sol-gel (RTSG) method to enhance dye degradation performance. Nitrogen doping levels (1-5 wt%) were optimized relative to the 7% Cu doped ZnO/TiO2 system. Structural, morphological, optical, and surface chemical properties were systematically characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, UV-Vis, XPS and FTIR. Among all, the 3 wt% N-doped catalyst, 7% Cu-N(3%):ZnO/TiO2, exhibited the significant red shift (388.71 → 417.5 nm) and notable band-gap reduction from 3.19 eV (pure TiO2) to 2.97 eV, enabling superior visible-light absorption. For the first time, this optimized photocatalyst was applied for the photocatalytic degradation of Turquoise Blue G (TBG) dye, achieving an excellent degradation efficiency of 98.07% within 150 minutes-1.57 times higher than pure TiO2 and reducing COD to a level 5.5 times lower than untreated wastewater, confirming effective mineralization. Compared with our earlier Cu doped ZnO/TiO2 system, nitrogen incorporation further enhanced charge separation and reaction kinetics. Additionally, RSM using Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to model, analyze, and optimize key process parameters, showing strong predictive accuracy. This study demonstrates that Cu-N co-doping provides a highly efficient and scalable strategy for sustainable photocatalytic treatment of dye wastewater. Highlights 1) A novel 7% Cu-N:ZnO/TiO₂ modified type-II heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized using a cost-effective room-temperature sol-gel (RTSG) method. 2) Nitrogen co-doping (1–5 wt%) induced a strong red shift, reducing the band gap to 2.97 eV, significantly enhancing visible-light absorption. 3) For the first time, the 7% Cu-N(3%):ZnO/TiO₂ photocatalyst achieved an outstanding 98.07% degradation efficiency toward Turquoise Blue G (TBG) dye. 4) RSM-CCD optimization identified nitrogen doping (2.887 wt%) and degradation time (2.494 h) as the optimal conditions for maximum efficiency. 5) The developed quadratic model (R² = 0.9923) exhibited excellent predictive accuracy, confirming the effectiveness of Cu–N co-doping with RSM optimization for dye wastewater treatment.
Modified type II heterojunction; Photocatalytic degradation; RSM-CCD, Sol-gel method; Turquoise blue G (TBG) dye
Synthesis of Magnetic Mesoporous Fe3O4@SB Nanocomposite Adsorbent for Efficient Removal of Pharmaceutical Active Compounds from Water Solution
This study reports the successful synthesis of a novel magnetic nanocomposite, Fe3O4@SB, for the efficient removal of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) from water. The material was fabricated by grafting a robust, mesoporous Schiff base (SB) network onto superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The adsorption performance was evaluated for three model pharmaceuticals: 5-fluorouracil, mefenamic acid, and tryptophan. Under optimized conditions, the Fe3O4@SB nanocomposite exhibited exceptional removal efficiencies exceeding 96% for all compounds, with remarkably rapid kinetics reaching equilibrium within 10–15 min. Adsorption isotherm analysis revealed that the process followed the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption, with high maximum capacities for PhACs. Furthermore, the nanocomposite demonstrated excellent reusability over five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles with minimal loss in capacity. The combination of high efficiency, rapid kinetics, facile magnetic separation, and robust stability positions Fe3O4@SB as a highly promising and practical adsorbent for the remediation of pharmaceutical-contaminated water. Research highlights: · Synthesis of a novel Fe3O4@SB nanocomposite. · Exceptional and rapid adsorption performance for pharmaceutical compounds. · High adsorption capacities and favourable reusability. · Superparamagnetic property for instantaneous separation. · Simultaneous removal of three different pharmaceuticals.
Adsorption; Fe3O4; Magnetic nanocomposite; Pharmaceutical active compounds (Phuc's); Schiff base; Water treatment
Vanadium-Doped Zirconia as an Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalyst for Advanced Treatment of Dye-Loaded Wastewater
The Vanadium oxide doped zirconia (V–ZrO₂) nanoparticles were synthesized via a wet-impregnation route and evaluated as visible-light photocatalysts for the degradation of malachite green (MG). Structural and surface analyses (XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDX, pHpzc) confirmed the formation of mixed-phase ZrO₂ with dispersed surface vanadium species that enhance light absorption and reduce band gap to ~2.2 eV. The photocatalytic performance was optimized by varying key operational parameters. The maximum degradation efficiency was obtained at pH 12, 0.3 g catalyst dose, 10 ppm initial dye concentration, 45 min irradiation, and 60 °C, achieving 95–97% MG removal. Kinetic analysis showed that the degradation followed the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9645) more closely than the pseudo-first-order model (R² = 0.8521), supported by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood fit (R² = 0.99), indicating a surface-controlled, adsorption-dependent pathway. Temperature dependent kinetics yielded activation energies of 12.9 kJ·mol⁻¹ (PFO) and 30.6 kJ·mol⁻¹ (PSO), confirming efficient, low-energy degradation. Mechanistic evaluation revealed that the process is dominated by an indirect pathway involving reactive oxygen species (•OH and O₂•⁻). These results demonstrate that V–ZrO₂ is a promising visible-light photocatalyst for efficient treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater. Highlights 1. Synthesis of vanadium oxide doped zirconia (V–ZrO₂) as an efficient photocatalyst. 2. Vanadium doping of ZrO₂ successfully extends its photocatalytic activity into the visible light region by narrowing the bandgap. 3. Structural modifications, crystallinity, and enhanced optical absorption due to vanadium integration were confirmed by pHpzc, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis analyses. 4. High degradation efficiency of Malachite Green dye achieved under visible light 5. Kinetic modeling indicates strong alignment with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood models, revealing surface-controlled reaction pathways. 6. V-ZrO₂ proves to be effective and eco-friendly for treating dye-contaminated wastewater.
Advanced oxidation process; Dye degradation; Emerging contaminants; Visible-light photocatalysis; Vanadium-doped zirconia; Wastewater treatment;
Environmental Hazards of Catalysts: A Critical Review on their Impact and Sustainable Alternatives
Catalysts are essential in industrial, chemical, and environmental applications, enabling efficient, selective, and sustainable chemical transformations. While conventional and nanostructured catalysts have significantly improved reaction rates and product yields, their use raises environmental concerns due to the presence of heavy metals and engineered nanoparticles, which can persist in soil and water, bio accumulate, and disrupt ecosystems. Improper disposal, limited recycling infrastructure, and insufficient regulatory frameworks exacerbate these risks. This review critically examines the environmental hazards of catalysts across their life cycle, including leaching, bioaccumulation, Eco toxicity, and airborne particulate release. It also highlights emerging low-impact strategies, such as TiO2-alternative photo catalysts, biocatalysts, and earth-abundant metal-based systems, reporting representative performance metrics like reaction efficiency, selectivity, and recyclability. By integrating life cycle assessment, eco-design principles, and circular economy approaches, these strategies demonstrate potential for reducing environmental footprint while maintaining high catalytic performance. The article provides insights for researchers, industry, and policymakers aiming to develop sustainable, low-risk catalytic technologies, bridging catalysis science with environmental management and regulatory frameworks. Highlights · Evaluates environmental risks of conventional and nanostructured catalysts. · Highlights pathways of catalyst-derived contamination in soil and water systems. · Reviews current challenges in catalyst disposal, recycling, and regulation. · Discusses green and bio-based catalysts as sustainable alternatives. · Proposes strategies for circular economy and eco-friendly catalyst design.
Bioaccumulation; Catalysts; Environmental impact; Heavy metals; Sustainable catalysis
Effect of Hematite Crystallinity on Catalytic Performance in the Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Degradation of para-Nitrophenol
This study explores the effect of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) crystallinity on the heterogeneous photo-Fenton degradation of para-nitrophenol (PNP). Hematite was synthesized by precipitating FeCl₃ with NaOH, followed by oven drying at 100°C and calcination at 250°C and 500°C to obtain catalysts with different crystallinity levels. The degradation was carried out under UV irradiation in the presence of H₂O₂ and hematite, with optimization of catalyst dosage, H₂O₂ concentration, initial pH, and irradiation time. The catalysts were characterized by XRF, XRD, BET, FTIR, and UV-Vis DRS. XRD and FTIR confirmed that higher calcination temperatures promoted crystallinity and phase purity, while BET analysis showed that elevated temperatures reduced surface area due to particle growth and sintering. UV-Vis DRS revealed band gap narrowing with increased crystallinity. Among the catalysts, hematite calcined at 250°C displayed moderate crystallinity, mesoporosity (2.9 nm), and the largest surface area (70.89 m²/g), achieving the highest PNP degradation (98.89%) at pH 6. In contrast, the oven-dried and highly crystalline (500°C) hematite exhibited lower catalytic performance. The 250°C catalyst also showed stability with minimal Fe leaching. These results highlight that moderate crystallinity optimizes catalytic activity and demonstrate the potential of engineered hematite as an efficient and reusable catalyst for sustainable water treatment. Highlights Hematite crystallinity controlled by calcination influences photo-Fenton activity Hematite calcined at 250 °C shows highest PNP degradation efficiency (98.89%) Moderate crystallinity balances surface area and band gap for optimal performance Catalyst stable with minimal Fe leaching, effective at near-neutral pH (3–6) Demonstrates potential of hematite as low-cost, reusable water treatment catalyst
Catalytic activities of fluorescent covalent organic frameworks
The seminal work conducted by Yaghi and his colleagues in 2005 led to the development of a novel class of crystalline porous organic materials, termed covalent organic frameworks (COFs). These frameworks are composed of organic building blocks connected by strong covalent bonds to form two (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) networks. These 2D or 3D networks give rise to a wide variety of morphological structures, including cavities, nanosheets, films, pores, spheres, membranes, tubes, shuttles, foams, belts, and fibers. This discovery opened new horizons, as the flexibility of covalent bonds allowed chemists to turn their conceptual molecular architecture into reality. The most common reactions lead to the formation of covalent linkages such as B–O, B–N, C–N, C=C, C≡C, and C–O.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Alishahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of the shapes of Zinc oxide nanoparticles on antibacterial and photocatalytic activity via an eco-friendly method
Mitigating the environmental risks associated with the chemical fabrication of nanoparticles is a pressing necessity. The green synthesis approach is considered a more secure alternative for nanoparticle production due to its cost efficiency, non-toxic nature, and eco-friendliness. Numerous elements influence the efficacy of nanoparticles; notably, the shape of these particles plays a crucial role, as their geometry can dictate their interactions with external factors, including biological organisms and water pollutants. For synthesizing Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnOn), Fig leaf extract was employed, which possesses antifungal, anti-helminthic, and acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory properties. For the first time in his work, he created different shapes of ZnOn with the same co-precipitation procedure and different calcination temperatures (200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C). To explore the impact of nanoparticle shape, a range of analytical methods has been utilized. The crystallite sizes of ZnOn were measured using the Debye-Scherrer method at forms of nanoflake, cylinder, and sphere, yielding 25.34 nm, 42.49 nm, and 43.52 nm, respectively. Moreover, UV-vis spectroscopy has identified a peak absorption wavelength of around 380, and characterizes the optical properties of ZnOn. Spherical nanoparticles exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity efficiency, reaching 88% in the first 60 min for ZnOn. The investigation focuses on the degradation process of methylene orange. Anti-microbial characteristics against the gram-negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (S. aureus) are examined by the MIC test for three samples of ZnOn.
Anti-microbial activity, Fig leaf extract, Green synthesis, Photocatalytic activity, Zinc oxide nanoparticles
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fabrication of g-C3N4/Cu-MOF/Nd2O3@NiO Nanocomposite for Dual Photocatalytic Applications: Methylene Blue Degradation and Hydrogen Peroxide Production
In the present report, a novel photocatalyst g-C3N4/Cu-MOF/Nd2O3@NiO was prepared using g-C3N4, Cu-MOF, and Nd2O3@NiO as the individual components using an ultrasonic-assisted wet-impregnation method. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of the nanocomposite and its individual components were performed for vibrational, morphological, structural, and elemental characterization, respectively. The appearance of vibrational bands at 813 cm-1 for g-C3N4, 665 cm-1 for the Nd-O, 511 cm-1 for NiO, and 599 cm-1 for Cu-O indicates preparation of g-C3N4/Cu-BDC/Nd2O3@NiO nanocomposite. An irregular flake-like morphology of the nanocomposite was observed in SEM images. The appearance of sharp peaks in X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the crystalline nature of the nanocomposite and its individual components. EDX analysis indicated the presence of all elements that made up the composition of the nanocomposite and its individual components. A comprehensive photocatalytic study using nanocomposite and its individual components as photocatalysts was conducted on the degradation of Methylene blue (MB) as a target pollutant. The results indicated that the nanocomposite degraded the target pollutant more efficiently than its individual components at various parameters such as pH, time, concentration of catalyst, and pollutant. The nanocomposite showed maximum degradation of 91% at pH 11, a catalyst dose of 10 mg, and 140 minutes of irradiation time in sunlight. The nanocomposite and its individual components were also tested for the production of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), and a higher production rate of 0.19 mg/L was obtained by the nanocomposite.
Hydrogen Peroxide, Graphitic Carbon Nitride, Multicomponent Photocatalyst, Methylene blue, Neodymium Oxide, Photocatalytic Degradation
Linking Quantum Chemistry and Electrochemistry: Interfacial ORR Mediated by tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and Proton Shuttle di-pyridinamine (DPA)
This study investigates the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the water 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) interface using tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as an electron mediator and 2,2-dipyridylamine (DPA) as a proton shuttle, combining electrochemical measurements with Hartree-Fock and DFT calculations. TCNQ facilitates interfacial electron transfer, exhibiting reversible stepwise reductions (TCNQ/TCNQ⁻/TCNQ²⁻) with rate constants of ~7×10⁻3 to 1.5×10⁻1 cm s⁻¹, while quantum chemical analysis reveals its modest proton affinity (PA ~16–95 kJ mol⁻¹ for mono-protonated form) and weak aqueous basicity (pKₐ >12), confirming its primary role in electron mediation rather than protonation. DPA addition (2.4–5.6 ×10⁻⁶ M) enhances cathodic/anodic peak currents in cyclic voltammetry, enabling proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) that boosts H₂O₂ yield from 38% (4 mM) (TCNQ alone) to 78% (8 mM) via synergistic proton relay, as validated by iodometric assays and a proposed mechanism involving O₂ → O₂⁻ → HO₂. These findings highlight a cooperative molecular relay at soft interfaces, offering design principles for efficient biphasic electrocatalysts in energy applications.
Liquid–Liquid Interface (ITIES), Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR), Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET), Proton Affinity (PA), Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)
Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Madhuca longifolia Flowers for Enhanced Photodegradation and Antibacterial Applications
The present study involves green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using aqueous Madhuca Longifolia flower extract from hydrothermal synthesis. The ZnO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible studies, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, SEM, and EDAX. The NPs were evaluated for photodegradative and antimicrobial activities. UV–visible absorption of ZnO NPs showed an absorption band at 356 nm, which can be assigned to an effective formation of ZnO NPs having appreciable activity in the visible range, confirmed by the Tauc plot showing a 3.21 eV band gap. TEM image confirms the formation of nanoparticles, and the average crystallite sizes were found to be 17-20 nm. Eosin Blue (EB) dye was effectively degraded under sunlight in the minimum quantity of ZnO NPs. Excellent bactericidal activity was shown by the NPs on Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus ATCC13061, Staphylococcus saprophyticus KCTC3345) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli KCTC1682, Salmonella typhimurium KCCM11862) bacteria. Synthesis of multifunctional ZnO NPs using naturally occurring M. longifolia plant flower has been an excellent, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical methods.
Eco-Friendly Fabrication of Ag-Ni Bimetallic Nanocatalyst for Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol and Photodegradation of Crystal Violet Dye with Antibacterial Applications
The facile and efficient green method for the synthesis of Ag based bimetallic nanoparticles Ag-Ni is developed by using sprout water extract. The phytochemical present in the sprout water extract assist the reduction of both the metal simultaneously according to their reduction potential and provides the way for seedless, one pot green synthesis. In the present study sprout water was used for the synthesis of Ag, Ni monometallic and bimetallic Ag25Ni75, Ag50Ni50, Ag75Ni25 because synergistic effect of two metal provides enhancement in catalytic properties of bimetallic nanoparticles. The synthesized nanocatalyst were further characterized by UV-visible analysis, XRD, EDX, NTA, TEM. The nanocatalyst is used for the reduction of organic pollutants like degradation of crystal violet dye and 4-nitrophenol. The nanoparticles were investigated for their antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The Ag25Ni75 shows outstanding performance for the reduction of 4-Nitrophenol. It will reduce 84.69 % of 4- nitrophenol just in 60 second with constant 0.70 min-1. The order of the reaction is pseudo first order. The Ag75Ni25 shows excellent efficiency for the degradation of 66.37% crystal violet dye in 3 hrs following pseudo first order reaction with rate constant 0.007733min-1. The Ag75Ni25 exhibits more zone of inhibition in B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli 15.36 ± 0.28 mm, 15.23 ± 0.15 mm, 15.40 ± 0.20 mm, 15.33± 0.23 mm, 15.40 ± 0.20 mm than monometallic silver and nickel.
Bimetallic nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Crystal violet dye degradation, Antibacterial activity, Pseudo first order kinetic, Organic pollutants, 4-Nitrophenol reduction
Fluorescent Metal–organic Frameworks (FL-MOFs): Multi-purpose Compounds
Mahrokh Farrokh was born in Qom, Iran, in 1999. She received her B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry (2022) from Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran. She received her M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry (2024) under the supervision of Prof. Mohammad Ali Zolfigol and Prof. Maryam Hajjami. Also, she was also accepted for a Ph. D. in organic chemistry at the Bu-Ali Sina University in the same year. Her research interest is the synthesis, characterization and applications of homogeneous and heterogeneous reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis.
Functionalizing Fullerene Soot Nanoparticles with Energetic Groups Using Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Deboration of Nitrophenylboronic Acid
In this study, 4-nitrophenylboronic acid is used as a radical precursor for functionalizing fullerene soot nanoparticles with 4-nitrophenyl and 4-nitrophenoxy groups. The oxidative deboration of 4-nitrophenylboronic acid for the formation of 4-nitrophenyl radical is carried out by employing potassium persulfate as oxidant and copper (II) sulfate as catalyst dissolved in water/dichloromethane under autoclave, oil-bath, or microwave heating conditions. The 4-nitrophenoxy radical is formed from the corresponding phenolic byproduct in the presence of persulfate/copper (II). The potentially energetic solid containing 4-nitrophenoxy groups involved in ether linkages is produced in the absence of fullerene soot. The 4-nitrophenyl and 4-nitrophenoxy radicals are efficiently trapped in the presence of fullerene soot to eventually afford samples with high nitrogen contents. The reaction conditions are optimized against temperature, time, and the amounts of starting materials. The characterization of products is performed by EDX and elemental maps, FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, and TGA-DSC. Results show that the oxidative deboration reaction can occur even in the absence of a catalyst. However, copper (II) catalyst can be used to obtain samples with more nitrogen content (up to 19.60 wt.% by EDX line scan) and better energetic performance. DSC thermograms of these samples exhibit a significant exothermic peak assigned to the decomposition of energetic groups. Highlights · 4-Nitrophenylboronic acid is used as radical precursor for functionalizing fullerene soot. · The oxidative deboration of 4-nitrophenylboronic acid is carried out by employing potassium persulfate as oxidant and copper(II) sulfate as catalyst. · Cupper(II) catalyst can be used to obtain samples with more nitrogen content (up to 19.60 wt.%) and better energetic performance. · The samples prepared in the longer reaction times and the higher temperatures have more energetic properties. · The sample prepared in the presence of catalyst in oil-bath has higher nitrogen content and better energetic performance among others. · The equiv. ratio of 1:3:0.2 for reactant, oxidant and catalyst is preferred. · These findings may be helpful for the development of novel energetic compositions from carbon nanomaterials.
Arylboronic acid, Aryl and aryloxy radicals, Energetic groups, Fullerene soot nanoparticles, Oxidative deboration, Persulfate/copper(II),
Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Turquoise Blue G (TBG) Dye Using Cu:ZnO/TiO2 Nanoheterojunction Photocatalyst
Pure TiO2, ZnO, ZnO/TiO2, and Cu doped ZnO/TiO2 (Cu:ZnO/TiO2) heterojunctions (Type II) photocatalysts were successfully synthesized using a cost-effective room-temperature sol-gel (RTSG) method. Copper (Cu) doping levels ranged from 3 to 9 wt% relative to ZnO. The structural, morphological, optical, and surface chemical properties were characterized using XRD, FESEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, XPS, and FTIR. Among all samples, 7 wt% Cu:ZnO/TiO2 exhibited a prominent red shift in the absorption edge (from 388.7 to 413.33 nm) and a narrowed band gap of 3.0 eV compared to 3.19 eV for pure TiO2, indicating enhanced visible-light absorption. This optimized photocatalyst demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic efficiency for the first-time degradation of Turquoise Blue G (TBG) dye, achieving 95% degradation within 2.5 h under UV irradiation-1.52 times higher than pure TiO2. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) decreased by 77.78%, confirming effective mineralization. Kinetic analysis revealed that the degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, validating the reaction’s rate dependence on dye concentration. The recycled photocatalyst retained 84.3% degradation efficiency and 60% COD reduction, indicating excellent reusability. Furthermore, the highest adsorption capacity was observed at lower pH (pH 4), favoring electrostatic attraction. These results establish 7% Cu:ZnO/TiO2 as a robust, reusable, and highly efficient photocatalyst for sustainable dye wastewater treatment. Highlights · A novel 7% Cu:ZnO/TiO₂ (with copper doping concentrations varying from 3 wt% to 9 wt%) heterojunction (Type II) photocatalyst synthesized via a cost-effective room-temperature sol-gel method. · Enhanced visible-light absorption with band gap reduction from 3.19 eV to 3.0 eV. · This optimized photocatalyst demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic efficiency for the first-time degradation of Turquoise Blue G (TBG) dye, achieving 95% degradation within 2.5 h under UV irradiation-1.52 times higher than pure TiO2. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) decreased by 77.78%, confirming effective mineralization. · Photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with excellent reusability (84.3% after recycling). · Maximum adsorption capacity observed at lower pH (pH 4) with COD reduction up to 77.78%.
Type II heterojunction photocatalyst; Sol-gel method; Turquoise blue G (TBG) dye; Photocatalytic degradation
Iron catalysed decarboxylative oxidation photocatalysis of alpha-carbon to access aldehyde/ketone from aryl aliphatic carboxylic acid
Carbonyl-containing compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, are fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry, with wide-ranging applications in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we introduce an efficient and streamlined metallophotoredox approach for decarboxylative oxygenation via visible-light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). Our method simplifies the transformation of aryl aliphatic carboxylic acids into their corresponding aryl aldehydes and ketones, utilizing iron(III) triflate as a photo catalyst in the presence of TMEDA as a ligand. This strategy not only enhances environmental sustainability but also expands the potential for late-stage functionalization of complex molecules and bioactive compounds.
Iron (III) triflate, metallophotoredox, decarboxylative oxygenation, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone
Evaluation of Fe-Cu catalysts supported on magnesium oxide in methane combustion reaction
The catalytic performance of xFe/MgO (x=10, 15, 20 wt.%) and Cu-promoted 15Fe-yCu/MgO (y=3, 5 wt.%) catalysts, fabricated via impregnation techniques on a precipitation-derived MgO support, was investigated for methane combustion. Maximum activity was observed for the 20Fe/MgO formulation, exhibiting light-off temperatures T₁₀ and T₅₀ of 412°C and 463°C, respectively. This superior activity is correlated with its physicochemical properties, namely a high specific surface area (49.70 m²·g⁻¹), small crystallite size (22 nm), and presence of abundant Fe active sites on the surface of MgO or within Mg₁₋ₓFeₓO solid solution. In contrast, Cu promotion detrimentally affected performance, an effect ascribed to the blockage or fundamental alteration of the active sites and agglomeration of particles. The 20Fe/MgO catalyst further demonstrated notable operational stability, maintaining >80% CH₄ conversion during a 25-hour time-on-stream analysis at 550°C. XRD characterization of the spent catalyst indicated progression of solid solution formation following the reaction.
Methane combustion, Fe-Cu catalysts, MgO, Precipitation, Solid solution
Synthesis of Iron and Nickel- Based Catalysts for Levulinic Acid Production from Cellulose and Glucose
The study explores the catalytic performance of nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe)-based catalysts synthesized through precipitation, activation by hydrothermal reaction, and calcination for the conversion of cellulose and glucose into levulinic acid (LA). Characterization of the catalysts was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, which confirmed the formation of metal oxides, specifically NiO and Fe2O3, in the synthesized catalysts. The key experimental parameters, including catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and time, were optimized to improve the LA yield. The Fe. 75Ni catalyst achieved the highest catalytic activity, yielding 46.18% based on the theoretical yield or a weight percentage of 29.72 wt.% at a reaction time of 5 hours and 200°C reaction temperature using 0.30g of catalyst. The study highlights the importance of catalyst acidity, good surface area, and thermal stability in enhancing LA production and suggests that the Fe. 75Ni catalyst holds significant potential for efficient conversion of biomass. Highlights · Fe.75Ni catalyst achieved highest levulinic acid yield of 32.32% from glucose · High acidity and good surface area enhanced catalytic activity of Fe.75Ni · XRD and FTIR confirmed Fe2O3 and NiO existent in catalysts · Stability of catalysts confirmed by TGA and DTG up to 200 ºC · BET analysis showed Fe.75Ni and Ni had higher surface areas and pore volume
Conversion, Characterization, Heterogeneous catalyst, Levulinic acid, Metal oxide,
Catalytic Applications of Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks
In recent decades, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) chemistry has emerged as one of the most exciting fields in chemistry. COFs are a class of regular organic structures composed of various organic units, including carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and boron, which are interconnected through covalent bonds. These unique materials have been widely applied in numerous research areas.
Carbon Spheres: As a Multiporpous Catalyst
Carbon is one of the oldest compounds that has been discovered. It is present in many organic structures. In addition, many carbon compounds have been discovered. Carbon spheres are spherical compounds that are a wide field of research for scientists. Materials made of carbon that can be synthesized and characterized at the nano level have become a mainstay in the nanotechnology arena.
Nitryl radical (NO2.): As an In-Situ Nitrating Agent
Nitro compounds are important chemicals that are used in a wide range of laboratories and industries to prepare pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and various useful materials. Also, many nitro compounds have explosive properties and are used in military industries. Therefore, nitration reactions are of great importance in the field of chemistry. Scientists are trying to find more demands for these compounds by studying their various aspects because they have a wide range of applications.
Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Direct Red 31 Dye
An environmentally friendly synthesis method was used to produce Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles, which were evaluated for their photocatalytic performance in degrading Direct Red 31 dye. The nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, BET, FESEM, EDX, TEM, DRS, and VSM. XRD results confirmed a single-phase spinel cubic structure with a crystallite size of 13 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited a narrow band gap of 1.75 eV, enabling efficient visible light absorption. Photocatalytic tests revealed 94% degradation of Direct Red 31 within 45 minutes. Kinetic analysis showed that the degradation followed a pseudo-first-order reaction. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining their photocatalytic efficiency over four consecutive cycles without any performance degradation, highlighting their strong potential for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.
Water Mediated Green and Efficient Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives Using Mandelic Acid as an Organo-Catalyst
An efficient and green protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives using various aromatic aldehydes and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) in aqueous medium. In this procedure, mandelic acid is used as an inexpensive and efficient organo-catalyst for the synthesis of various derivatives of 2-substituted benzimidazole (3a-3m) in excellent yields (88-93%). The present method affords noteworthy advantages of an organo-catalyst, such as being highly stable, environmentally benign, and commercially readily available, and water as a green reaction medium, with high conversions of the products. All products have been confirmed by their spectroscopic technique, such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Highlights · Benzimidazole and its derivatives are important in medicinal chemistry for building blocks of various drugs due to numerous clinical applications · An efficient and green protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives under metal-free conditions · In this methodology, mandelic acid used as organo-catalyst and water used as green reaction medium · This novel method has many significant features such as, greener, environmentally benign and high efficiency with high conversions of the products in excellent yield
Combustion Synthesis of BiCoO3 Using Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as a Novel Fuel and its Catalytic Applications in the Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and Bis(pyrazolyl)methane Derivatives
BiCoO3 was successfully prepared through a novel combustion method using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as both a chelating agent and a fuel. Various calcination temperatures were investigated to obtain BiCoO3 nanoparticles in a single phase. The perovskite structure was characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET surface area measurement. Additionally, BiCoO3 was prepared by the co-precipitation method, and a comparative study of the structures obtained from both methods was performed by XRD analysis. The obtained BiCoO3 nanoparticles were used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans and 4,4-(arylmethylene)bis-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ols). The reactions were carried out at reflux conditions, in a short reaction time, with high yields, high catalytic activity, and reusability. The catalyst also exhibited good stability, and it can be reused six times without losing activity in the reaction. Highlights · BiCoO3 perovskite was synthesized using the solution combustion method. · Tris was used as a fuel in the synthesis of BiCoO3. · BiCoO3 prepared by this method exhibits a desirable surface area and crystallite size. · BiCoO3 exhibited good catalytic activity in the synthesis of pyrans and bis(pyrazolyl)methanes. · XRD and EDS analysis confirm the phase pure composition of BiCoO3.
Introduction of a Nanocomposite of NiO/MgO for the Regioselective Synthesis of 1,4 Disubstituted- 1,2,3-Triazoles and Investigation of Antimicrobial Properties
In this research, an eco-friendly procedure is reported for the synthesis of NiO/MgO nanocomposite by the co-precipitation method. The obtained nanocomposite was characterized using FE-SEM, EDS, BET, XRD, and TGA analyses. The catalytic performance of the NiO/MgO nanocomposite was investigated in the regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles under mild conditions. The results revealed that the desired triazole derivatives were produced in high yields with excellent selectivity. The catalyst exhibited notable stability and recyclability over several cycles without significant loss of activity. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the NiO/MgO nanocomposite was evaluated against various bacterial strains, showing good inhibitory effects against the tested pathogens.
Antibacterial properties, 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles, Eco-friendly procedure, NiO/MgO nanocomposite, Regioselective synthesis.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Fe3O4@SiO2 Supported Schiff base-Cu(II) Complex as Recyclable Core-shell Nanocatalyst for Oxidative Amidation of Aromatic Aldehydes or Alcohols
A simple protocol is reported for the oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes or alcohols with amines to aromatic amides by a magnetic silica-supported copper complex of Schiff base as a heterogeneous solid catalyst using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. Under optimized conditions, oxidative amidation of benzaldehyde or benzyl alcohol with morpholine is achieved using this nanostructured catalyst with 98% amide selectivity. In addition, this catalyst is used to convert a wide range of aldehydes to their respective amide derivatives. The catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnetic field and is reusable for up to five consecutive cycles. Its structural characteristics are thoroughly analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).
Amides, Aromatic aldehydes, Hydrogen peroxide, Magnetite, Nano catalyst, Oxidative amidation, Schiff base,
Copyright (c) 2025 Fateme Behjati Ardakani, Mohammad Abdollahi-Alibeik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solar-Driven Degradation of Anionic Dyes Using Ultrasonically Synthesized Trimetallic Doped ZnO-Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposite Photocatalyst
We report an ultrasound-assisted green synthesis of 2% Bi2O3, Co3O4, and Fe2O3 co-doped ZnO/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites. Structural and physicochemical analyses (XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDS, UV–Vis DRS, BET) confirm uniform dopant incorporation, enhanced light harvesting, and increased surface area. Under natural sunlight, the composite achieved 98.1% degradation of Indigo Carmine and 94.8% degradation of Xylidine Ponceau within 90 min, as shown by UV–Vis and TOC measurements. Optimization of pH, catalyst loading, and dye concentration, coupled with radical scavenging assays, identified •OH radicals as the primary reactive species. The catalyst retained over 78% of its initial activity after four successive cycles, demonstrating outstanding stability and reusability. This work introduces a sustainable, low-energy route and a novel trimetallic doping strategy for efficient remediation of organic pollutants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vaishali Sanjay Raut, Vishal Dnyaneshwar Pardeshi, Yogeshwar Rajaram Baste, Vijay Jotiba Naukudkar, Prashant Bhimrao Koli, Sachin Girdhar Shinde (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Greener synthesis of MNPs using Achyranthesaspera leaf extract: compared photocatalytic activity, reduction, and adsorption investigations for the environmental remediation
A greener method described using water extract leaves of Achyranthesaspera plant (Uttarani plant) employed for iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) preparation, and demonstrated application of the prepared NPs for dye removal from the contaminated water by photo chemically. The Achyranthes aspera leaves were used for the first time for the iron oxide NPs preparation as a biogenic method. The phytochemical present in the extracted solution served as a reducing agent, facilitating NPs formation. The prepared MNPs homogeneity was examined by FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, HR-SEM, and VSM analyses. Further, these MNPs were utilized for the decolourization of the industrial effluent (IE) and methylene blue (MB), and the catalytic reduction properties of 4-NA to 4-AA were evaluated. The decolourization of the MB and IE was monitored by UV-Vis, and followed by kinetic comparisons and HR-MS analysis, which revealed that adsorption takes place on the surface. Highlights · Novel greener method synthesis of magnetic nanoparticle described. · Prepared MNPs could decolorize MB and Industrial effluent dyes in the presence of sunlight. · Experimentally proved, the processes of adsorption of the dye take place on MNPs. · Also studied prepared MNPs can be used for the reduction of 4-nitroaniline to 4-amino aniline. · The prepared MNPs system revealed potential for the removal of MB and textile dye effluent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raju Shekhanavar, Kantharaju Kamanna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tailoring Properties and Performance of Chromium Oxide based Catalysts for Sorbitol Hydrogenolysis
The study highlights the synthesis of Chromium Oxide Silica (CrSi) and Chromium Oxide Alumina (CrAl) catalysts using sol-gel and impregnation methods, respectively, and their evaluation in sorbitol hydrogenolysis. Characterization techniques such as nitrogen physisorption, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and TGA analyses were employed. CrSi exhibited a higher surface area (132.47 cm³/g) compared to CrAl (120.71 cm³/g), correlating with its superior catalytic performance. FTIR identified crucial functional groups, while SEM images showed a consistent porous structure for CrSi. TGA indicated thermal stability for both catalysts. Under optimized conditions, CrSi demonstrated superior performance, achieving a sorbitol conversion rate of 70.08% with notable selectivity towards ethylene glycol (33.95%) and propylene glycol (45.66%). In contrast, CrAl displayed a slightly lower conversion rate of 67.59%, with selectivity towards ethylene glycol (20.21%) and propylene glycol (37.56%), highlighting CrSi superior efficiency in sorbitol hydrogenolysis. This study emphasizes the significance of carefully choosing and optimizing catalysts for improving process efficiency and selectivity in sorbitol hydrogenolysis for industrial applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulaikha Athirah Alexzman, Nurrulhidayah Salamun, Mohd Lokman Ibrahim, Siti Hajar Anaziah Muhamad, Sharifah Najiha Timmiati, Nur Hazirah Ruzali Annuar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0