10.57647/j.ijc.2024.1404.38

Sulfuric Acid-Activated Indonesian Natural Bentonite as Solid Acid Catalysts in Microwave-Protocol Nitrobenzene Synthesis

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  • Zulfaa Lola Ardelia1,
  • Aldino Javier Saviola1,
  • Karna Wijaya*1,
  • Mokhammad Fajar Pradipta1,
  • Hilda Ismail2,
  • Budhijanto Budhijanto3,
  • Wahyu Dita Saputri4,
  • Latifah Hauli5,
  • Amalia Kurnia Amin5,
  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  4. Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
  5. Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), The B. J. Habibie Science and Technology Area, South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
Sulfuric Acid-Activated Indonesian Natural Bentonite as Solid Acid Catalysts in Microwave-Protocol Nitrobenzene Synthesis

Received: 2024-01-30

Revised: 2024-04-07

Accepted: 2024-09-22

Published 2024-10-08

Copyright (c) 2024 Zulfaa Lola Ardelia, Aldino Javier Saviola, Karna Wijaya, Mokhammad Fajar Pradipta, Hilda Ismail, Budhijanto Budhijanto, Wahyu Dita Saputri, Latifah Hauli, Amalia Kurnia Amin (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Ardelia, Z. L., Saviola, A. J., Wijaya, K., Pradipta, M. F., Ismail, H., Budhijanto, B., Saputri, W. D., Hauli, L., & Amin, A. K. (2024). Sulfuric Acid-Activated Indonesian Natural Bentonite as Solid Acid Catalysts in Microwave-Protocol Nitrobenzene Synthesis . Iranian Journal of Catalysis, 14(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijc.2024.1404.38
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Abstract

Research has been conducted on activating Indonesian natural bentonite using sulfuric acid to produce solid acid catalysts for nitrobenzene synthesis in a batch microwave reactor that is in line with green chemistry principles. Indonesian natural bentonite was refluxed with sulfuric acid at various concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 M, followed by calcination with N2 gas flow to obtain NB, SNB-1, SNB-2, SNB-3, and SNB-4. The results showed that activation of natural bentonite by sulfuric acid can change its physochemical properties. SNB-2 (sulfated natural bentonite 2 M) is the best catalyst with the highest acidity value compared to other concentration variations. The synthesis of nitrobenzene was carried out in an 800-watt microwave oven at 60 °C for 2.5 hours with stirring at 600 rpm. We obtained the highest benzene conversion of 33.6% over the SNB-2 catalyst with nitrobenzene selectivity of 100%. Sulfuric acid-activated bentonite has good stability for three consecutive runs, so in the future, we can apply this material as a catalyst candidate for the greener nitrobenzene industry.

Research Highlights

  • Adding H2SO4 to natural bentonite causes changes in its physicochemical properties.
  • SNB-2 is the best catalyst in microwave-assisted nitrobenzene synthesis.
  • SNB-2 catalyst has good stability for three consecutive runs.

Keywords

  • Bentonite,
  • Microwave-assisted synthesis,
  • Nitrobenzene,
  • Nitration,
  • Sulfuric acid activation
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