International Journal of Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering (IJBBE)
International Journal of Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering (IJBBE), is an online, open-access, double-blind, and peer-reviewed academic journal publishes semiannualy. Journal DOI: 10.57647/ijbbe Journal Abbreviation: Int. J. Biophoton. Biomed. Eng. Journal Title Acronym: IJBBE Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Director-in-Charge: Hassan Rasooli Saghai, 0000-0002-0284-3947 Editor-in-chief: Habib Tajalli, 0000-0002-0660-5911
Restoration of Exosomal miR-125b, lncRNA TUG1 and lncRNA NEAT1 Homeostasis by Vitamin D in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Insights from an Experimental Rat Study
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease of ovarian dysfunction, hyperandrogenism and metabolic disorders in which exosomal noncoding RNAs have been reported to play a key role in its development. Vit-D (Vit-D) is known to modulate ovarian and systemic metabolism, but the impact of Vit-D on exosomal RNA networks has not been well studied. Thus, this work evaluated the regulatory role of Vit-D supplementation on exosomal microRNA (miR-125b) and long non-coding RNAs (Lnc-TUG1, Lnc-NEAT1) in PCOS rat model, offering potential mechanisms by which dietary intervention influences molecular regulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatemeh Attarian, Jina Khayatzadeh, Mohammad Mahdi Forghanifard, Saeedeh Zafar Balanezhad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sonochemical Design and Characterization of 8-hydroxyquinoline Based Nano Metal Complexes as Promising Candidates for Biomedical Engineering
In this work, zinc-based nanocomplexes were synthesized via an ultrasonic-assisted method using varying concentrations of ligand solutions. The synthesis involved the gradual addition of aqueous zinc acetate to ligand solutions dissolved in ethanol, followed by ultrasonic irradiation to promote complex formation. Comprehensive characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (Tg), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were employed to investigate the structural, morphological, thermal, and chemical properties of the nanocomplexes. The results demonstrate that ultrasonic-assisted synthesis is a facile, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach for producing zinc nanocomplexes with tunable size and morphology. This study highlights the critical role of ligand concentration in controlling the physicochemical properties of the nanocomplexes, suggesting potential applications in catalysis, sensing, and biomedical fields.
Sonochemical, 8-Hydroxyquinoline derivative, ultrasonic-assisted, nanocomplexes
Copyright (c) 2025 Amir Safaralizadeh, Gholam Hossein Shahverdizadeh, Samad Bavili Tabrizi, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Elnaz Ghasemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Hybrid Model Based on Deep XGBOOST for Creating a Stable Network and Classifying Cancer Tumor Images Using Supervised Blended Learning (Cono-XGBoost)
Blended learning is expanding and is being employed to solve various problems. Network stabilization and incremental network learning (enhancing weak learners) are some benefits that can be pursued in this type of learning. Moreover, the application of blended learning in medical science has also increased with the advancement of machine learning, which is used in various aspects of this field, such as diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Machine learning in medical image processing has undergone significant development over the past few years. The classification of medical images, including the detection of cancer tumors, fractures, masses, etc., has been among these research endeavors. This study aimed to utilize the development of the XGBOOST method to propose a technique for reducing the error rate in the classification of cancer tumor images. In addition to error reduction, another goal pursued in this model is network stabilization to enhance the effectiveness of identifying various images. The research, evaluated on different datasets, shows a 2% reduction in error compared to previous methods. This technique can potentially be used in the future to classify other topics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amir Asil, Hamed Alipour-Banaei, Shahram Mojtahedzadeh, Hasan Asil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Plasmonic Optical Waveguide Based on the SPP of GNR Coupled with GQD Scattering Effect for Biosensor Applications
In this study, we introduce a graphene-based plasmonic waveguide that consists of three layers including a nonlinear graphene nanoribbon (GNR), a stack of 6 layers of dielectric-like graphene and a Si layer. We compute the permittivity of the plasmonic GNR based on Kubo formalism considering the third-order nonlinear response of graphene medium. The thickness, width and Fermi level of GNR are considered to be 0.34 nm, 50 nm and 2.4 eV respectively. Excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in combination with Kerr effect establish a broad resonance mode that modify the reflectance characteristic at the wavelength range of 1400 ~1500 nm. Then we embed an array of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with the diameter of 66 nm between GNRs. The permittivity of GQD is computed through Cole-cole model. The scattering effect of GQDs supports the establishment of narrow resonance mode. Coupling between the broad and narrow resonances results in Fano resonance at the reflectance characteristic. The characteristics of Fano resonance are highly sensitive to any change in refractive index of surrounding medium. These findings prove that the GQD/PNGN/MDG structure can be applied to detection of RI-induced characteristics as a biosensor. So we design a biosensor based on our waveguide where a 10 nm air gap is abandoned between two parts of biosensor. Replacing of the air gap with biomaterial medium having a RI of n=1.35 results in the amplitude change of Fano resonance. This finding proves the designed biosensor ability in detect of neurodegenerative disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmoud Baghbanzadeh, Hassan Rasooli Saghai, Hamed Alipour-Banaei, Shahram Mojtahedzadeh, Mohammad Ali Tavakkoli Ghazi Jahani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Selective Blood Components Optical Sensor with a Ring Core in THz Range
In this study, a highly sensitive optical sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is designed and simulated to detect blood components. The proposed structure utilizes a two-dimensional photonic crystal with a hexagonal lattice of air holes embedded in a silica dielectric background. A hollow circular ring is incorporated at the fiber’s core, serving as the sensing region where blood components are introduced. Changes in the refractive index of this region caused by the presence of different blood constituents directly affect the fiber's optical properties, including dispersion, confinement loss, and effective refractive index. Through comprehensive numerical simulations, these parameters were systematically analyzed across various wavelengths and frequencies. The results revealed distinct optical responses for each blood component, particularly within the 1.2 µm to 1.4 µm wavelength range, indicating high potential for selective detection and calibration. The designed sensor demonstrates excellent capability for distinguishing between different blood components, positioning it as a promising candidate for compact and accurate biomedical diagnostic applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Masoud Amanabi, Hamed Alipour-Banaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Deep Convolutional Neural Network Algorithms Based on DenseNet Model for Adaptive Classification of Chest Diseases
Chest diseases pose serious health threats if not detected early for properly and timely diagnosis. These diseases could include pulmonary disease, pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, lung diseases and other cardiovascular complications. When patients exhibit symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, or persistent cough; physicians often prescribe chest X-rays to assess the underlying cause of their discomfort. Chest X-ray is a commonly used diagnostic imaging test that requires significant expertise and careful observation to classify the particular or multiple chest diseases due to the complex nature of the pathology and fine texture of lung lesions. Chest X-Ray classification is a challenging and time consuming task in medical image classification due to the complexity of the human chest structure and the subtle variations in X-Ray images caused by different medical conditions. This paper presents a novel classification technique for the classification of 14 chest diseases that could impair patient’s health. The classification technique presented in this paper is a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms based on DenseNet model structure for adaptive classification of chest diseases. This paper address and bridges three main research gaps in chest diseases classification, namely: 1). enhancing the classification accuracy and specificity in diagnosing up to 14 different classes of chest diseases based on label distributions; 2). develops an AI-based deep learning CNN using DenseNet model structure to accurately classify and predict the risk probability levels of heart failures based on chest X-ray images; and 3). the research leverages the issues of interpretability and explainability as the results is self-explanatory to clinicians. The results demonstrate the efficiency, proficiency and robustness of the deep CNN algorithm based on DenseNet model structure. The paper concludes with a comprehensive discussion on the model’s performance, shedding lights on its strengths and potential areas for improvement. The technique presented in this paper can easily be adapted for real-time chest diseases classification by clinicians.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vincent Andrew Akpan, Miss Naheemat O. Olayemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Superluminescent Light Emitting Diodes (SLEDs) as Low Temporal Coherent Light Sources in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Applications
This paper explores the fundamental physics and structural design of superluminescent light-emitting diodes (SLEDs), which serve as low temporal coherent light sources in optical coherence tomography (OCT). It begins with a concise overview of the concepts of temporal and spatial coherence, followed by an examination of different types of SLEDs, focusing on their architecture, performance characteristics, and specific advantages in medical imaging. Finally, we discuss applications of SLEDs in low-coherence interferometry techniques such as OCT that can be developed by new types of SLEDs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasser Moslehi Milani, Noushin Dadashzadeh, Amir Khodamohammadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recent Advances in ISFET-Based Biosensors for the Detection of Biomarkers: History, Principles, Gate Structure and Applications
The use of ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) sensors is one of the most prominent methods of signal detection and measurement for various analytes and biomarkers. Here the history of the ISFET sensors and their general operations are reviewed. The gate materials and structures, because of the extreme importance of gate performance and structure in sensitivity, price, reusability, durability, and stability of ISFET sensors, have been the subject of many studies. In addition, the importance of gate materials in ISFET sensor readout methods is reviewed here. The applications of ISFET as super biosensors with high sensitivity, easy manufacturing methods, sufficient stability, and cost-effectiveness in the measurement of ions, DNA, biomarkers, and analytes based on enzyme activity, are highlighted. Finally, the importance and advantage of using ISFET sensors with bioactive nanomaterial layers are emphasized, and future studies of these sensors, based on our point of view, are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Polypyrrole-Graphene Quantum dots Nanocomposite Layer for Detection of Uric Acid Using Plasmonic Sensor
A polypyrrole-graphene quantum dots nanocomposite layer was prepared on the surface of the gold layer for detection of the uric acid using the surface plasmon resonance technique. The X-ray diffraction spectrum and the field emission scanning electron microscopy image for polypyrrole-graphene quantum dots layer confirmed the graphene quantum dots scattered on the surface of the polymer and the nanocomposite layer formed on the surface of thin gold layer in the thickness of 13.3 nm. The minimum concentration of uric acid that was detected by the sensing layer was about 1 ppm and the affinity constant of polypyrrole-graphene quantum dots for detection of uric acid was larger than the affinity constant for detection of ascorbic acid and glucose. The response of the polypyrrole-graphene quantum dots is larger than the response of polypyrrole for the detection of uric acid.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design Sensitive Plasmonic Based 1D Photonic Crystal Biosensor with Graphene-two Metal Layer
In the present paper , we propose surface plasmon resonance biosensor in combination with a photonic crystal that works based on changing the refractive index of the biomaterial using the transfer matrix method to diagnose blood components. The proposed biosensor structure is (TiO2/ SiO2)^2 / silver/ gold/ graphene , which gives a narrow angular reflectivity resonance. The performance parameters of biosensor such as sensitivity, detection accuracy reported. Our results show that the sensitivity of the proposed configuration is 150 deg /RIU, which is acceptable compared to the values reported in previous studies and shows better performance of the proposed biosensor.
Investigation of Skin Toxicity in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy
This study investigated skin toxicity in breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. The study was conducted in 1401 at a radiation therapy center in Yazd city and included 30 patients who underwent radiation therapy using conventional and hypofractionation methods, and in which the whole or part of the breast was exposed to radiation. Skin complications of grade skin toxicity during treatment and within 40 days after radiotherapy were evaluated in both methods. Results showed that the four people (26.6%) had grade three and the six people (40.0%) had grade two skin toxicity, with conventional treatment causing more skin complications compared to hypofractionation, which caused fewer skin complications without reducing efficacy. Additionally, the ratio of skin complications in the conventional technique was higher than in the hypofractionation technique after 40 days of radiation therapy. The study concluded that hypofractionation results in fewer skin complications than conventional treatment.
Simulation of Surface Flux Received Through Breast Tumor Radiation Therapy with MCNPX Code
In radiation therapy, investigating of the effects of the surface flux reaching on the tissue is important in planning the treatment and this requires a precise evaluation of the absorbed dose distribution throughout the irradiated tissue. Therefore, by Monte Carlo simulation with MCNP code, a point source with the size of E with a spectrum width of 0.6 µm with a single energy transfer of 6 MeV to the breast tumor tissue with a size of 2 x 4 x 4 cm and also a density (Kg/m^3) of 11.34 at a fixed depth of 3 cm. It is radiated from a standard phantom (VIP MAN) made of tissue. The results show the highest surface flux that received on the tumor is around 9.97 × 〖10〗^(-6) and is located almost in the center of the tumor in dimensions (-0.75 cm - 1.3 cm) and the less surface flux around the tumor is caused by the rate of the dose which is distributed. Also, the template phenomenon in the creation of electrons is based on the Compton effect, while in the creation of photons, the Compton effect did not occur.
Photocatalytic Removal of Ceftriaxone from Aqueous Solutions Using g-C3N4
Ceftriaxone is a one of Pharmaceutical compounds that cause pollution of water. In this research, g-C3N4 photocatalyst was synthesized and its efficiency in removal of ceftriaxone was studied. The synthesized g-C3N4 was analyzed using XRD, FTIR, FESEM,EDS and dot mapping. The effect of initial concentration of ceftriaxone, dosage of photocatalyst, irradiation time and pH was studied and based on these results, the highest removal efficiency of ceftriaxone from water was obtained about 83.4% at the concentration of 20 mg/L, pH=2 , 0.25 g/500 mL of g-C3N4 photocatalyst at 50 min of irradiation time. This study confirmed that g-C3N4 photocatalyst can be efficiently removed of ceftriaxone from water.
Detection of the Blood Hemoglobin Using an Electro-optical Biosensor Based on a Structurally Chiral Medium
In this work, a biosensor based on a structurally chiral medium (SCM) under the effect of a low-frequency electric field has been designed to detect blood hemoglobin. The introduced structure is irradiated with a circularly polarized light under an electro-optical Pockels effect. A photonic band gap is observed in the transmission spectrum of the right-handed circularly polarized waves, which indicates the circular Bragg phenomenon. The sensor consists of a sample layer sandwiched between two identical SCMs. Sensor performance is evaluated using the transfer matrix method (TMM). The results show that the defect mode is sensitive to any change in the refractive index of the defect layer where the defect layer is infiltrated with samples with different concentrations of blood hemoglobin. Also, it is shown that applying a low-frequency electric field increases the sensitivity of the mentioned sensor. It is observed that the sensitivity can be expanded up to 142.66 nm/RIU by changing the various parameters of the SCM.
Fluence and Wavelength Optimization of Pulsed Laser in Photothermal Therapy
The ability of Plasmonic nanoparticles (PNPs) to efficiently convert absorbed light energy into localized heat has made them a popular choice for photothermal medical applications. However, during the photothermal process, the diffusion of localized heat can lead to temperature management challenges. To address this issue, researchers have developed a new generation of PNPs incorporating optical phase transition materials, allowing for tunable photothermal responses without altering the geometry. This tunability is achieved through rapid changes in optical and thermal properties during phase transitions. In this study, we conducted a numerical analysis on the photothermal response of a VO2@Au smart nanoshell in both tumor and healthy liver tissue under irradiation with a nanosecond (5 ns) pulsed laser. To obtain the temperature profile, we solved a coupling problem between electromagnetism and thermodynamics.
Automatic Design and 3D Segmentation of Mandible Bone Using CNN Algorithm via Exclusive GUI
Nowadays scientists are looking for decreasing dental faults by presenting new approaches.It is obvious that comprehensive information about the anatomic position of the inferior alveolar neuralcanal is essential to have the most ideal mandible surgery or systemic tooth implant. Accordingly, wepresent a new approach in this article that can be used to have 3D segmentation and recognition of thementioned canal in mandible by CBCT image. This approach includes two main steps. In the first step,we train a full convolutional 3D net (FCN) to reach the ability of section recognition, which can recognizethe relevant area of mandible bone. And in the next step, we define a 3D U-net, which is similar to FCN,to segment the inferior Alveolar neural (IAN) canal from the lower jaw. Evaluated on publicly availabledatasets, our method achieved an average Dice coefficient of 86.61%.
Reduced Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa by Silver Modified Iron Oxide
Objectives and Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a nosocomial opportunistic pathogen. Considering the importance of biofilm in pathogenicity and resistance of these bacteria, efforts should be made to find new antibacterial compounds.Methods: The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and were modified by the AgNO3 reductive solution to investigate influencing of Ag-Fe3O4 nanoparticles on biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. The synthesized nanoparticles properties were determined by FESEM, DLS, FTIR, XRD and Zeta potential tests. Results: FESEM and DLS revealed the cubic and smooth structure with average size of 44.36 nm. XRD analyzes confirmed the presence of magnetite core. FTIR spectrum determined the existence of silver plating on the magnetic surface. The Zeta potential results indicated that the magnetic nanoparticle’s surface net charge was 24.4 and the surface net charge for silver modified nanoparticles was -28.3. Finally, after separating 40 isolates of P. aeruginosa among 82 clinical isolates as strong biofilm producers, then the inhibitory effect of synthesised Ag- Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the formation of biofilms was studied using the broth micro-dilution method.Conclusions: Accordingly, it was proved that Ag-Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be used to treat biofilm infections and were introduced as the new antimicrobial agents
Simulation-based Optimization of Chemotherapeutic Drug Dosage: An Agent-based Q-learning Approach
Cancer is indeed a growing concern worldwide for human health and existence, with its prevalence and impact on individuals and society increasing. Main objective of this article is to control and optimize drug dosage in order to prevent the uncontrollable growth of cancer cells and also restore the patient's immune cells to normal levels at the end of the training process. In such a way that the disease can be controlled in the early days of treatment. Reinforcement learning methods are widely applied in many domains nowadays and have attracted researchers' interest in conducting studies in this field. Therefore, in this article, specifically we also use the Q-learning method, one of the most famous model-free reinforcement learning methods, as well as the four-state nonlinear dynamic model called depillis, to simulate and design the proposed controller. Proposed controller's performance was evaluated in the presence of noise in three stages (training, simulation, and both stages simultaneously) as well as in the presence of uncertainty in one of the parameters of the depillis model. In state of uncertainty, a combination therapy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy has been suggested as a treatment approach.
Optical Coherence Tomography: A Brief Review
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new imaging technique with a significant role in the field of medicine. It is a light-based non-invasive imaging method that provides high quality cross-sectional and volumetric images. OCT technology was introduced in the early 1990s and advanced to produce quicker obtaining times and higher resolution. In this article we discuss some of the recent advancements in OCT imaging systems. We will review a brief history and first operating principles including light coherence interferometry (LCI), time domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) contains two types: spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Also we review recent emerging innovative OCT systems including Doppler OCT, polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), high resolution optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT), full field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT), wide field optical coherence tomography (WF-OCT), optical coherence elastography (OCE), adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT), visible light optical coherence tomography (Vis-OCT), intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT), hand-held optical coherence tomography (HH-OCT), and OCT in needle format.
Effect of Protein Corona Formation on Photonic Response of Upconverting Nanoparticles
NaYF4:Yb,Er is one of the efficient and well-known upconverting materials which emit photoluminescence light at 545 nm and 660 nm under an excitation of 980 nm. In this study, up-conversion nanoparticles using thermal decomposition method have been synthesized and characterized and phase transition from organic to aquas by synthesis a SiO2 shell have done successfully. The results show that the nonlinearity response of NaYF4: Yb, Er@SiO2 is same as NaYF4: Yb, Er and SiO2 has no effect on emission peaks it means that these nanoparticles are suitable for biomedical applications. Since it is necessary to know the photoluminescent behavior of UCNPs@SiO2 particles, thereby the fluorescence properties of up-conversion nanoparticles with SiO2 shell have been investigated in PBS, normal and cancerous human blood plasma. The results indicate that UCNP@SiO2 can be applicable in biological medias for therapy and diagnostic.
Application of Near-Infrared Responsive Nano-Carrier for Controlled Drug Delivery: Synthesis, Isotherm and Kinetic Studies
Due to the importance of selecting an appropriate strategy in drug delivery systems, numerous studies have been performed to support this process. However, there are still major obstacles associated with the targeted drug delivery to cancer tissues. Hence, the main focus of this study is to develop the current cancer therapies by using drug delivery systems. To achieve this goal, we have synthesized a near-infrared light responsive drug carrier based on WS2 nano-sheets, which can be a good candidate for applications such as drug delivery vehicle and chemo-photothermal treatments. In this study, a rapid and economy synthesis method was employed to modify the nano-sheets of WS2 for targeted drug delivery of bicalutamide as a prostate anti-cancer drug. The investigation of adsorption isotherm was fitted well by Langmuir model (qmax = 15.87 mg g-1). The evaluation of adsorption kinetic was better expressed by pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2=0.9998). In-vitro drug release study was performed more rapid and complete in simulated blood fluid (pH=7.4) at 50°C than 37°C. Besides, the activity of the produced nano-carrier was examined under near-infrared light irradiation (at 808 nm). The drug release data were investigated through Zero-order, First-order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell and Korsmeyer–Peppas mathematical models.
Photodynamic therapy for melanoma: a multifaceted anti-cancer treatment against malignant melanoma
The treatment of patients with malignant melanoma remains complex and unsatisfactory. Conventional treatment strategies have been approximately ineffective. Dacarbazine (DTIC) is identified as one of the most effective chemotherapy drugs against melanoma with a response rate of around 15–20%. Numerous patients with melanoma who primarily respond to surgery subsequently relapse. Obviously, there is an essential need for better identification, and the improvement of potential treatments is warranted. One such treatment is photodynamic therapy (PDT), in which an agent (photosensitizer, PS) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) post-irradiation of cancer cells (containing PS). This study reviews the current discovered potential of PDT and their combinations in treating metastatic melanoma and discusses the impact of different PDT strategies on this cancer. Based on different studies, we realize that PDT at different strategies has shown powerful anti-cancer effects on reducing cell viability, metastasis ability, and the induction of apoptosis in different types of melanomas (in vitro and/or in vivo studies). Importantly, promising outcomes have been reported in the reduction of recurrence rate after PDT-treatment. Also, PDT is a manageable therapeutic approach that may offer an additional powerful option for adjuvant therapy of patients with melanoma.
The Study of Plasmonic Biosensors based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometry
Fano resonance is a branch of surface plasmonics that has become a hot topic in sensing due to its asymmetric response spectrum, field enhancement effect and high sensitivity to refractive index (RI). In this research a plasmonic biosensor has been designed and simulated based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The simulations show that, the designed biosensor is able to detect changes of the RI of the surrounding media. The refractive indices (RIs) selected in this paper cover a wide range of RIs for biological samples. However, it is possible to accommodate media with RIs other than those in this specific range. The biosensor's sensing performance embedded in the sample has been tested in different conditions. Different frequencies can be achieved by changing the sample RI.
Investigation of the Nonlinear Refractive Index of MCF7 and MCF10A Breast Cell Lines for Optical Diagnosis
To demonstrate that the Z-scan technique is a reliable approach for diagnosing normal and cancer cells, the absorption coefficient (α), nonlinear refractive index (n2) of normal (MCF10A) and cancer cell lines (MCF7) were examined. According to our findings of the optical properties of cells, cancer cells shown to have higher linear absorption coefficient than normal cells as well as nonlinear refractive index (n2) of different signs but the same order of (10-7 cm2/W). This method is a quick method for differentiating between normal and cancerous breast cells, making it suitable for use in clinical stages in the future. This is because of the obvious fundamental difference between the optical behavior of normal and cancer cells, as well as the affordability, the potential for reproducibility without compromising sample quality, and the high accuracy.
1D Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor for Multiple Biomarkers Detection
In this paper, a highly sensitive 1D photonic crystal (1DPC) based biosensor is introduced and theoretically studied using the transfer matrix method, which has the capability of detecting multiple biomarkers, simultaneously. An m by n gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens array is introduced to the center of a 1DPC structure as a defect layer that is surrounded by two microfluidic channels. By irradiating a natural light source to the structure, a multiple array of the concentric rainbow appears on the output plane. The frequency range of these rainbows is highly dependent on the effective refractive index of the fluid inside the two microfluidic channels. By functionalizing the surfaces around the channels with an m by n antibody array along with the interaction of the various biomarkers, each element of the rainbow array displays the changes in the concentration of a different biomarker. Any change in the concentration of the biomarkers can cause a variation in the effective refractive index of the fluid and thus lead to a shift in the generated rainbow frequency range of the output. The size and number of the generated rainbow array may be engineered by using the central defect layer's refractive index distribution function.
Simulation of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Behavior During Infrared Neural Inhibition (INI)
Infrared (IR) radiation is a non-invasive method to reduce neural responses, while its mechanism is still unclear. Here, using the modified Hodgkin-Huxley model, the effects of IR light on the parameters participating in the action potential (AP) blocking are investigated to study the mechanism of infrared neural inhibition (INI). Considering the temperature dependence neural model, the voltage membrane changing, ion currents variation and ion channels activation/inactivation gates behavior under IR pulses are studied. The results show that IR pulses can successfully block APs and confirm that potassium ion currents have an influential role in suppressing APs. Moreover, it is shown that infrared light during the suppression of AP has little effect on increasing the sodium ion currents. However, it seems that sodium ion channel gates play an effective role during INI. It is observed that infrared light increases the rate of opening and closing of activation/inactivation gates of ion channels. This study also presents why the suppression of action potentials continues after the end of the IR pulse. It seems this is related to the incomplete refractory period of AP, which is probably due to the disturbance in the reopening of the sodium channel inactivation gate (h-gate). The current report helps to improve the IR laser medical applications for reducing nerve pain.
New-generation of PDMS-based Lenses for Color Blindness management
Being a Color blindness or color vision deficiency (CVD) is a type of ocular disorder that prevents the recognizing the special colors. Until now, the certain cure for CVD has not been discovered. Recently, glasses and contact lenses based on chemical dyes were investigated as promising tools for color vision deficiency management. In this work, we proposed the plasmonic PDMS-based lenses to improve the red-green color vision deficiency. We utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for fabricating the lens which is a biocompatible, nontoxic, stretchable, and transparent material and will be a suitable option for producing the contact lenses. Finally, the suggested contact lens based on PDMS was immersed in a HAuCl4·3H2O gold solution. Our suggested plasmonic lens is based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect and plasmonic gold nanoparticles dispersed in the produced contact lens based on PDMS suggest a suitable color filter for CVD improvement. The fabricated contact lens suggests perfect features including biocompatibility, durability, and stretchability, that will be helpful for color vision deficiency management.
The liquid environment effect on photoluminescence properties of carbon nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation method in liquids with possible biocompatibility applications
Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared by nanosecond laser ablation of graphite powder in liquid. The effect of the liquid medium on photoluminescence (PL) efficiency and wavelength range were studied experimentally. Four solvents, polyethylene glycol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, and ethylenediamine were used as liquid platforms in the synthesis process. Analyzing the chemical components and optical spectral characterization of CNPs was carried out by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. Moreover, the size of CNPs was estimated by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Liquid components are determined to be a key factor affecting PL properties and nanoparticle size. The results are valuable in practical applications.
Designing real-time biosensors and chemical sensors based on symmetrical photonic crystal heterostructures
In this paper, we introduce and analytically demonstrate a novel biosensor based on the light-matter interaction in a classic topological photonic crystal (PC) heterostructure, which consists of two opposite-facing 5-period PCs separated by a microfluidic channel. Because of the excitation of topological edge mode (TEM) at the interface of the two PCs, the strong coupling between incident light and TEM produces a high-quality resonance peak, which can be used to detect very small changes in the refractive index of biomaterials such as Jurkat Cells inside the microfluidic channel. The proposed biosensor has a sensitivity as high as 240 nm/RIU and figure of merit (FOM) higher than 250.
Probing the Discriminatory role of Non-Equilibrium effects in the Emergence of Biological Homochirality by Considering Quantum Constraints
Emergence of biological homochirality is an everlasting mystery in the history of interdisciplinary researches. In this work, the discriminatory role of non-equilibrium effects in the emergence of chiral configurations of biological conformers is discussed. Based on the theory of open quantum system a Born-Markov master equation is derived for the analysis of chiral weights when the chiral molecule interacts with two environments at different temperatures, simultaneously. It is shown that interaction of a chiral molecule with non-equilibrium environments, results in discrimination of specific handedness for both of possible configuration that depends on characteristics of the environments. Real chiral chromophores for which experimental results are available, have been examined under the proposed theoretical framework.