Creative City Design is an open access, peer-reviewed and multi-disciplinary journal aimed at bringing together top-quality research across the entire spectrum of the publication covering architecture, urban planning and urban design and urban studies. CCD opens a new era for the publication of Urban Studies research articles in English. The journal aims at establishing a bridge between theory and practice in the fields of architectural and design research, urban design, urban planning, urban development, and built environment studies. A broad outline of the journal scope includes high-quality original research papers and review papers. Journal DOI: 10.57647/crcd Journal Abbreviation: Creat. City Des. Journal Title Acronym: CCD Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Director-in-Charge: Sanaz Saeidi Mofrad, PhD 0000-0003-2619-8695 Editor-in-chief: Seyed Moslem Seyedalhosseini, PhD 0000-0003-0167-3904
Evaluation of Building Density Criteria in Urban Development Plans Based on Development Capacities with an Emphasis on the Balance Between Social and Economic Components, a Case Study of District 9 of Mashhad City
Aims: This study aims to evaluate the physical dimension of construction, particularly Floor Area Ratio (FAR), in residential neighborhoods of Mashhad with an emphasis on sustainable development. The research seeks to identify how a balanced approach between economic and social development can be achieved in determining building density regulations within urban development plans. Methodology: The research adopts a mixed-method approach combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Data were collected through both library research and field studies. Field data collection included semi-structured interviews with urban planning experts and a structured questionnaire. Qualitative data were analyzed using Atlas.ti 7 software, while quantitative findings were statistically examined to assess the effectiveness of density-related policies. The Vakil Abad neighborhood in Mashhad was selected as the case study. Finding: The findings indicate that despite policies aimed at increasing building density in Mashhad’s urban development plans, spatial expansion of the city has continued alongside declining effective density. This pattern contradicts the principles of sustainable development, particularly in achieving balance between population distribution and residential land use. Furthermore, evaluation based on LUI standards reveals deficiencies in useful open spaces, leisure spaces, and parking facilities within the studied neighborhoods. The results suggest that sustainable neighborhood development indicators have not been adequately incorporated into FAR regulations. Conclusion: The study concludes that current FAR regulations in Mashhad’s urban development plans lack alignment with sustainable development principles. A more integrated and balanced framework considering social and economic capacities is necessary to ensure sustainable residential neighborhood development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neda Dadkhah, Seyed Moslem Seyed Al-Hosseini, Maryam Daneshvar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing a Model of the Impact of Urban Third Spaces on the Perception and Behavior of Children with Autism: Identifying and Analyzing Environmental, Perceptual, and Social Dimensions (Case Study of Kerman City)
Purpose: This study develops a conceptual model to explain the impact of urban third spaces on the perception and behavior of children with autism, with a particular emphasis on identifying influential environmental codes. As key settings for social interaction and public engagement, urban third spaces play a critical role in shaping the sensory, cognitive, and social experiences of autistic children. Methodology: This qualitative study adopts a multi-grounded theory approach, integrating meta-synthesis and systematic grounded theory. Data were collected through non-participatory behavioral observations in selected urban spaces (including Autism Park and Ganjali Khan Square), semi-structured interviews with parents and experts, and environmental content analysis. Data were analyzed using Atlas.Ti software through open, axial, and selective coding, leading to the identification of key concepts and the development of a final explanatory model. Findings: The results indicate that environmental predictability, spatial legibility and order, sensory modulation (including sound, light, and thermal conditions), and the quality of physical design significantly contribute to anxiety reduction and enhanced social interaction among autistic children. In addition, low-stress environments, supportive social contexts, and diverse accessible activities improve their perceptual processes and spatial experiences. Conclusion: This study advances existing knowledge by providing an integrated analytical framework and practical design indicators for inclusive urban spaces. It highlights the importance of applying sensory, social, and perceptual design principles to enhance accessibility, improve quality of life, and facilitate meaningful social participation of children with autism in urban public environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sajede Mehrabi, Afsoon Mahdavi, Mahin Eslami Shahrbabaki, Mahshid Tajrobehkar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reinterpreting Courtyard Geometry through Qur’anic Principles: Mizan and Tadabbur in Mashhad's Transitional Houses
Aims: This study is grounded in a Qur’anic hermeneutic framework that interprets spatial design through the principles of Mizan (divine balance) and Tadabbur (contextual adaptation). Within this perspective, we examine the central courtyard as the socio-environmental core of traditional Iranian houses. While the central courtyard is established as the socio-environmental core of traditional Iranian houses, the quantitative link between its geometric proportions and spatial adaptability remains insufficiently explored. Methodology: To address this, we employed an integrated hermeneutic-quantitative methodology. The research involved the digital reconstruction of 20 historically significant transitional houses in Mashhad, followed by geometric and configurational analysis. Framed within a post-positivist paradigm and employing a quantitative-correlational approach. Finding: Findings from a simple linear regression analysis (N = 20) confirm a statistically significant linear relationship between these indices (R² = 0.89, p < 0.05), expressed as y = kx. The coefficient k declined from 1.70 (Qajar) to 1.28 (the Second contemporary- pahlavi period), signaling a weakening of the geometric-spatial over time. Conclusion: This quantitative shift as a manifestation of Tadabbur—a pragmatic adaptation to urbanization pressures—which nevertheless moved away from the ideal Mizan embodied in Qajar-era proportions. Therefore, this study serves as a translational framework, proposing that the historically optimal coefficient range (k≈1.2−1.7) be translated into a modern design parameter. Contemporary architects can restore environmental and psychological resilience by stabilizing this coefficient, re-centering the courtyard as the adaptive, sustainable, and soul-nourishing core of modern Mashhad homes. The research thus offers a culturally-grounded, evidence-based model for reintegrating traditional spatial wisdom into contemporary sustainable design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elaheh Esfandiani Moghadam, Mohsen Tabassi, Shabnam Teimourtash, Toktam Hanaee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recognizing the Social Pattern of Place Attachment in Informal Settlements: An Empirical Study of the Al-Timor Neighborhood in Mashhad
Aims: Rapid urbanization has contributed to the emergence and expansion of informal settlements, often accompanied by socio-economic, cultural, and environmental challenges. One issue frequently observed in such areas is a weakened sense of place attachment, which can influence residents’ well-being and their long-term engagement in community life. Place attachment reflects the emotional and cognitive bond individuals form with specific environments and plays an essential role in shaping responsibility, participation, and social stability. Given the diversity of ethnic and kinship networks in informal settlements, subcultures play a central role in shaping social relations and everyday interactions, which directly influence how residents develop or weaken their sense of place. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the social patterns that shape place attachment in informal settlements, with a focus on the Al-Timor neighborhood in Mashhad. Methodology: This study adopts a quantitative research approach. Using a questionnaire-based survey, data were collected from residents of the study area. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Partial Least Squares (PLS) software to examine the relationships between sociological, behavioral, and emotional dimensions and place attachment. Findings: The results show that sociological, behavioral, and emotional dimensions significantly contribute to the formation and reinforcement of place attachment. Furthermore, ethnic- and kinship-based subcultures, particularly through their influence on social interactions, demonstrate a notable effect on strengthening or weakening these dimensions. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of subcultural structures and social interaction patterns in shaping place attachment within informal settlements. These insights can support the formulation of urban policies and planning strategies aimed at improving the quality of life and strengthening community cohesion in informal settlements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ndia Arbab Saljooghi, Toktam Hanaee, Seyyed Moslem Seyyedolhoseini, Sanaz Saeidimofrad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Explanation and Prioritization of the Components and Criteria Influencing the Formation of Active Ideation in the Architectural Design Process
Aims: Initial ideas are thoughts and perceptions that assist the designer in thinking. The significant role of ideas—as an integrated whole around which secondary considerations are organized, and as an initiating and developmental driver of the design process—has drawn scholarly attention to the components influencing their formation and recognition within the field of design research. In relation to the formation of ideas, based on design models and methods, an influential approach known as the active ideation method has been proposed. According to this approach, ideas are derived not from induction and analysis of information, but from the designer’s mental structures and patterns concerning the design problem. Although various theories addressing active ideation have been proposed across different theoretical periods and share many commonalities, no comprehensive model has yet been developed to explain how active ideation is achieved. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to identify, screen, and prioritize the components and criteria influencing the formation of active idea generation, and to propose a conceptual model grounded in research evidence and expert judgment. Methodology: In terms of purpose, the research method is applied, and in terms of approach, it is mixed. Data collection in the qualitative part was conducted through the meta-synthesis method, and in the quantitative part, through the Fuzzy Delphi technique and SIWEC weighting. In the qualitative section, in order to identify the components and criteria affecting active idea generation, systematic searching was carried out in databases, and using the meta-synthesis approach based on the seven-step method of Barroso and Sandelowski, 61 research articles were confirmed. For analysis and coding, the thematic analysis method and MAXQDA 2024 software were used. After confirming the reliability of the qualitative findings, in the quantitative section and in accordance with the Fuzzy Delphi technique, each of the components and influencing criteria was screened and validated by consulting 12 experts in the field and obtaining their opinions. Finally, to weight and prioritize the Fuzzy Delphi findings, the SIWEC technique was used. Findings: Based on the research findings, 9 main dimensions, 35 components, and 178 criteria influencing active ideation in the architectural design process were identified, and agreement was reached among the experts using the Delphi method and a threshold value of 0.7. The findings of the study indicate that the dimension of “designer’s mental and perceptual structure” with a weight of 0.12613, the dimension of “utilization of selective attention” with a weight of 0.12207, and the dimension of “designer’s intellectual backgrounds and thinking power” with a weight of 0.11126 are of the highest importance and occupy priorities 1 to 3. Moreover, the components of “designer’s personal knowledge of the design subject” with a weight of 0.03413, “designer’s experiences” with a weight of 0.03352, and “designer’s value system” with a weight of 0.03349 had the highest level of agreement among experts, occupying priorities 1 to 3. The criteria of “designer’s insight and attitude,” “designer’s lived experience (Physical and non-physical),” “attention to mental schemata,” “activation of personal knowledge without regard to critical criteria and ideas,” “attention to the external, functional, and emotional characteristics of personal knowledge,” and “extent of experiencing examples at tangible and intangible levels of personal knowledge,” also with a weight of 0.00673 and priority one, had the most significant influence on the process of active ideation in design. Conclusion: The proposed model conceptualizes active ideation as a dynamic and multi-layered system in which Intrapersonal origins in the context of the designer's mindset play a central role, while contextual and informational factors act as supportive inputs. The presented components and criteria, by facilitating the active ideation process, provide a theoretical basis for the advancement of architectural design education and professional practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atieh Malakavarzamani, Farah Habib, Azadeh Shahcheraghi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing and Evaluating Smart City Indicators Toward Achieving a Justice-Oriented Smart City (Case Study: Mashhad City)
Aims: Despite the widespread adoption of smart city initiatives, growing evidence indicates that technology-driven urban development does not inherently lead to spatial justice and, in some contexts, may intensify existing socio-spatial inequalities. This challenge is particularly evident in rapidly expanding metropolitan cities, where uneven access to smart urban services reflects deeper governance, design, and infrastructural imbalances. Addressing this critical gap, the present study examines how smart city dimensions influence urban justice outcomes in Mashhad, Iran, with particular attention to spatial disparities across urban districts. Methodology: Based on survey data collected from 384 residents using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, urban justice is conceptualized as equitable spatial access to smart urban services, opportunities, and quality-of-life components across different socio-economic areas. From a creative city design perspective, smart city initiatives should be understood not merely as technological upgrades, but as spatial and institutional design interventions that shape everyday urban experiences, access, and justice. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) were employed to assess the relationships between six smart city dimensions and urban justice.Also Spatial dependencies were assessed with Global Moran’s I. Finding: The results reveal that Smart governance had the largest direct effect on spatial justice (β = 0.33, t = 6.48, p < 0.001), followed by smart people justice (β = 0.30, t = 5.87, p < 0.001) and smart living justice (β = 0.28, t = 5.22, p < 0.001). MGA revealed significant spatial inequalities: the effects of smart governance, smart living, and smart mobility were markedly stronger in affluent districts than in deprived ones, indicating persistent gaps in governance capacity, infrastructure provision, and spatial quality. Global Moran’s I test show significant positive spatial clustering for Smart Governance (I = 0.421, p = 0.003), Smart People (I = 0.312, p = 0.014), and Smart Mobility (I = 0.355, p = 0.007). Conclusion: These findings suggest that achieving justice-oriented smart cities requires moving beyond technology-centered approaches toward spatially sensitive governance, inclusive urban design, and equity-driven policy interventions. By empirically linking smart city dimensions with spatial justice outcomes, this study contributes to creative city design and planning debates and offers actionable insights for urban designers and policymakers seeking to reduce socio-spatial inequalities in smart city transformations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamileh Mohammadzadeh AllahVerdiKhani, Katayoon Alizadeh, Hamid Jafari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Explanation of Tourism Components in the Urban Regeneration of the Target Neighborhoods of the Coastal City of Mahmoud Abad
Aims: The main aim of this research is to explain tourism components in the urban regeneration of target neighborhoods in the coastal city of Mahmudabad. The study seeks to identify and analyze what tourism components contribute to urban regeneration in the coastal city of Mahmudabad, which attracts many tourists annually in Iran. Methodology: This research employs a quantitative research method using library and field studies for data collection. A questionnaire tool was utilized along with statistical analysis based on sample t-test and Pearson correlation test to examine the relationship between tourism components and urban regeneration in the target area. Finding: The research findings indicate that among physical components, "spatial cohesion and visual quality" achieved the highest ranking. Within socio-cultural components, "security and art and culture" were identified as the top factors. For environmental components, "green space and natural landscapes" were assigned the first two ranks in terms of their impact on urban regeneration. Conclusion: The study concludes that tourism components contributing to urban regeneration in target neighborhoods of the coastal city of Mahmudabad consist of three main categories: physical, socio-cultural, and environmental components. Among these, the physical component has the least impact while the environmental component demonstrates the greatest influence on urban regeneration. Tourism development can enhance local quality of life through infrastructure investment, create employment opportunities, boost the local economy, and contribute to environmental and cultural heritage preservation through tourism-generated income for conservation projects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Izadi, Seyed Moslem Seyed Alhosseini, Amidoleslam Saghatoleslami, Maryam Daneshvar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Religious Tourism on Urban Development & Infrastructure in the Historical Centers of the City (Case study: Boshruyeh)
Aims: The aim of this research is to investigate and identify the key factors influencing religious tourism in historical cities, with a focus on how these factors can contribute to urban development. Specifically, the study seeks to explore the role of historical centers in increasing tourism in a sustainable manner that benefits both the local community and future generations. Methodology: This study employs a comprehensive methodology that includes the use of a detailed questionnaire and analysis of recent scholarly articles. Data collected from these sources are analyzed through thematic analysis using MAXQDA software. The research also involves mapping the relationships and influential variables related to religious tourism and urban development, emphasizing variables such as cultural sensitivity, educational campaigns, community involvement, and transportation systems. Findings: The findings highlight several critical factors affecting religious tourism and urban development, including cultural sensitivity, awareness campaigns, community engagement, and transportation infrastructure. The analysis shows that leveraging historical centers can significantly enhance tourism growth when these factors are prioritized and managed effectively, leading to more sustainable urban development. Conclusion: The study concludes that historical centers have substantial potential to boost religious tourism and support urban development. By focusing on key variables identified through thematic analysis, such as cultural sensitivity, education, community participation, and transportation, urban planners and policymakers can maximize the benefits of tourism while minimizing negative impacts, thereby fostering sustainable development in historical cities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hossein Balali, Ahmad Esteghlal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How the Enigmatic Architectural Components of Museums Affect the Perception of Audiences in Different Age Groups
Aims Museums communicate cultural evolution through spatial experience, yet contemporary museum architecture often underplays audience engagement. This study examines how enigmatic architectural components (lighting, color, message flow, signs, navigation, text/scripts, labels/panels, display cases, and graphics) affect audience perception across age groups at the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art (TMoCA). Methodology A structured questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale was administered to 373 visitors, sampled by age clusters (20-40, 40-60, 60-80). Internal consistency was verified (Cronbach’s α = 0.726, 9 variables). Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive indices and fit/contribution indicators reported as R², β, t, and F. Findings For ages 20-40, the highest contribution relates to message flow ; for 40-60, text/scripts contribute most; and for 60–80, graphics dominate. Navigation consistently shows lower contributions relative to other components. Conclusion Audience sensitivity to architectural-environmental cues is age-dependent at TMoCA. Designers should prioritize narrative flow for younger adults, plain and legible texts for middle-aged visitors, and strong, accessible graphics for older adults; wayfinding requires targeted improvement across cohorts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shima Pourrahimi, Reza Oryani Nezhad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Role of Intuitive Learning Methods in the Process of Urban Design (Comparative Comparison of Urban Planning Faculties in Iran, Türkiye, Egypt)
Aims: To improve the quality of learning, this research has been studied and explored in the process of intuitive urban design. Among the gaps in urban design, the importance of intuitive methods is one of the characteristics of learning, which is a symbol of change and metamorphosis in the process of knowledge data stored in human memory. Due to some cultural and social similarities, education and the importance of individualism in the structures of urban planning, the aspects of similarities and differences in the nature of learning between Turkey and Egypt and Iran were discussed. This research was conducted with the aim of comparing and analysing the role of intuitive learning methods in the process of urban design in urban design universities in Iran, Turkey and Egypt. Methodology: Methodologically, the comparative method is case-oriented, qualitative and a thematic analysis tool. After conducting in-depth interviews, studying the urban design curricula in the three countries, the intuitive design process and intuitive styles in psychological science, categories were formed. Finding: The results of the study show that among the main themes (symbolism, critical thinking, ideation, participation, mindfulness, holistic view, safety, cognitive map) in the proposed structure of the universities studied, there is a homogenization in the headings and intuitive methods. Among the overlaps between the themes, the greatest impact is seen in mindfulness, participation, safety and generation ideas and critical thinking. Conclusion: which is effective in promoting the ability to learn as a skill factor in increasing the level of creativity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nahid Zarrindast, Maryam Ostadi, Farideh Hashemian Nejad, Hamid Shirvani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulating a Conceptual Framework for Behavior Resulting from the Perception of Participants in Behavioral Settings, with an Emphasis on Barker's Theory
Aims: Environmental psychology has increasingly examined the subtle ways, in which perception influences human behavior in specific behavioral environments. This study builds upon Roger Barker’s theory of behavioral regulation, particularly the concept of isomorphism, which highlights the coordination between the environment and behavior. The research aims to develop a comprehensive framework integrating sensory perception with behavioral regulation, analyze how multisensory dimensions shape human actions and emotions, and provide practical strategies for designing inclusive and sustainable urban spaces. By addressing the interaction between human needs, sensory landscapes, and environmental factors, this study bridges the communication gap between perceptual research and its practical implications for urban design. Methodology: This study employs a systematic review methodology, evaluating 74 filtered sources from an initial set of 396 articles retrieved from Scopus and Google Scholar, along with 27 categorized articles from 110 research papers obtained from six Iranian academic databases, including SID and Civilica. The PRISMA framework was used to ensure methodological transparency, applying clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria such as relevance, recency, and citation credibility. The extracted data underwent qualitative content analysis to identify dominant themes, interpret patterns, and establish connections between perception and behavior in urban settings. Findings: The findings highlight the crucial role of sensory perception comprising vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste in shaping behavior and emotional responses in shared spaces. Spatial design factors, such as territoriality, inclusiveness, and environmental cues, play a major role in fostering social cohesion and user engagement. The study underscores how urban planning strategies can leverage sensory elements to enhance well-being and social interactions. Conclusion: This research presents a conceptual framework outlining how environmental perception translates into behavioral responses, demonstrating the impact of sensory landscapes on urban interactions. By integrating sensory, spatial, and behavioral elements, the study offers a foundation for urban designers to create inclusive and sustainable environments. Future research should explore these dynamics in the context of technological advancements and evolving urban landscapes to develop innovative approaches for enhancing urban livability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saeed Sharifkazemi, Farah Habib , Maryam Ghalambor Dezfuly (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Elucidating Issue Identification in Urban Planning: Insights from a PRISMA-Based Systematic Review
Abstract Aims: This study explores how issue identification in urban planning can integrate contemporary theoretical and methodological frameworks to achieve context-sensitive and sustainable outcomes. It analyzes the nature, classification, and challenges of urban issues, examines theoretical frameworks such as wicked problems and narrative policy analysis, evaluates computational and participatory tools, and identifies literature gaps to propose directions for interdisciplinary research. Methodology: A systematic review using the PRISMA framework analyzed 28 peer-reviewed studies published between 1967 and 2024. Transparent inclusion and exclusion criteria, alongside a PRISMA flowchart, ensured rigorous selection and synthesis of literature on urban issue identification. Findings: Urban issues are multidimensional, with wicked problems predominant (42.9% of studies), revealing the limitations of linear planning approaches. Issue identification is a socio-political process shaped by discourses and institutional interactions, with network governance (25%) enabling adaptive solutions. Computational tools, including fuzzy models (7.1%), improve analytical precision, while geographical differences (10.7%) highlight the necessity of localized frameworks. Key gaps include limited representation of the Global South and insufficient integration of quantitative and qualitative methods. Conclusion: Issue identification is a dynamic, socio-political process that requires integrative frameworks combining theoretical rigor, participatory governance, and technological innovation. Integrating narrative policy and computational approaches enables urban planning to effectively address complexity and foster inclusive, sustainable, and context-sensitive outcomes. Future research should focus on developing integrated methodologies, expanding empirical studies, and enhancing the transferability of frameworks to improve issue identification across diverse urban contexts and ensure planning addresses multifaceted challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samaneh Mahdinezhad, Mehrnoush Hassanzadeh, Kianoosh Zakerhaghighi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the Impact of Semantic Axes of Form Structure from Herdeg’s Perspective on Place Identity in the Caravanserais and Saras of the Historical Bazaar of Qazvin
Aims: This study examines the impact of the physical and structural elements of the Qazvin Bazaar—particularly saras and caravanserais—on place identity and users’ spatial experience. It focuses on seven structural–semantic axes of spatial form: the Central–Functional, Symmetry–Interaction, Visual, Movement–Access, Spiritual, Horizontal–Vertical, and Spatial–Connecting axes, and their influence on three dimensions of Place Identity: Social Interactions, Spatial Realm, and Visual Sensitivity. Methodology: The research employs a hybrid qualitative–quantitative methodology: initially, a qualitative morphological and interpretive analysis of spatial structures was conducted to identify patterns, hierarchies, and functional relationships; the findings informed the development of a quantitative cross-case matrix that systematically compared nine saras and caravanserais within the bazaar. Spatial coherence, functional hierarchy, and the measurable contribution of each axis to social and perceptual experiences were assessed using operationally defined indicators. Findings: Results show that large, multi-centered caravanserais such as Sa’d al-Saltaneh and spatially expansive saras such as Vazir, scoring high across centrality, visual extent, and movement axes, have the strongest measurable influence on Social Interactions, place attachment, and Visual Sensitivity. Smaller, single-courtyard saras, including Haj Reza and Dalan Deraz, provide complementary local and guild-focused functions, with limited Territoriality and moderate social engagement. The study operationalizes form–meaning coherence through observable spatial relationships, demonstrating how aligned structural axes, circulation patterns, and hierarchical organization reinforce Place Identity. Conclusion: These findings provide a replicable analytical framework for evaluating the relationship between spatial structure and place identity in historical Iranian–Islamic bazaars and highlight the practical significance of preserving cultural heritage in contemporary architectural and urban planning practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pegah Sarraf Moayeri, Jamaleddin Soheili, Kamal Rahbari Manesh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Drawing a Scientific Map of Aesthetics Studies in Iranian Architecture and Urban Design Products from 2011 to 2021
Aims: The concept of beauty is an essential aspect of architecture that has received significant attention from researchers and professionals in the field. However, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of this concept may lead to an incomplete understanding of beauty among researchers, architects, and clients. This deficiency can have far-reaching consequences, affecting management, policy-making, and even architectural education. Therefore, we focused on the educational aspect of the problem because we believe that identifying scientific similarities in this field will enable architects and urban planners to find a common language to talk about beauty more practically. The crucial step in compensating for this lack is to examine what architects and urban planners know about beauty and which definitions of aesthetics are studied in current scientific products. Scientometrics evaluations provide practical techniques for finding solutions to the mentioned questions. Hence, this study aims to draw a scientific map of aesthetics studies in architecture and urban design products in Iran from 2011 to 2021. This map will enable us to acquire a more precise picture of the way researchers and actors in the field of architecture and urban design think about beauty and its priorities. Methodology: The study employed a mixed research method, with a focus on content analysis extracted from a systematic review that drew a scientific map based on a focus on beauty. Content analysis was accomplished in five steps: data gathering, categorizing, coding, analyzing, and interpretation by researchers. The evaluation of published studies by Iranian researchers in Scopus and Web of Science in the field of architecture and urban planning between 2011 and 2021 formed the basis of the study. We used the Prisma checklist to select 36 items between 358 studies. The software for data analysis used in this research was MAXQDA, UCINET and Excel. Finding: The findings of the study revealed that most research has focused on the visual features of architectural and urban forms, with the aesthetics of residential facades and urban walls being the most studied. The co-word network analysis revealed that concepts such as sustainability, design, and visual features have led to the formation of the main framework in aesthetic studies. Conclusion: the development of aesthetic research with attention to non-visual perceptions such as tactile and auditory perception in the environment, along with attention to the values ​​existing in the cultural context of Iran, can compensate for the existing shortcomings in this area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saba Hosseininasab, Sajad Aeini, Ali Bonyadi Naeini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Meta-Synthesis of Urban Form Resilience in the Face of Natural and Environmental Hazards: A Conceptual Approach
Aims: This study seeks to develop a comprehensive conceptual understanding of urban resilience by examining it through the lens of urban form in relation to natural and environmental hazards. The objective is to clarify how the physical and spatial characteristics of urban form contribute to the capacities of absorption, adaptation, and recovery within urban systems exposed to environmental disturbances. Methodology: A qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted following the seven-step framework proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso, which represents a rigorous form of qualitative systematic review. A total of 2,439 articles were retrieved from the Scopus database using a structured search strategy. After PRISMA-based screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, 49 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for the final synthesis. The extracted findings were coded, compared, and interpretively integrated to develop a unified conceptual framework of urban form resilience. Finding: The synthesis identifies six core components that define the conceptual structure of urban form resilience: ecological sensitivity, indeterminacy, polycentricity (decentralization and modularity), connectivity (permeability), functionality (multi-capacity), and redundancy. These components collectively represent the multidimensional and dynamic nature of urban form, demonstrating how spatial configuration, functional diversity, and system flexibility shape resilience outcomes with respect to natural and environmental hazards. Conclusion: The results indicate that the resilience of urban form emerges from the interaction between spatial structure, functional complexity, and the adaptive potential of urban systems when confronted with environmental risks. The conceptual framework proposed in this study provides a theoretically grounded model for understanding the resilience of urban form and offers a foundation for future empirical investigations and resilient urban planning strategies.
Resilience, Urban form, Natural hazards, Meta-synthesis
Copyright (c) 2026 Sousan Shirvani Moghadam, Sanaz Saeedi Mofrad, Toktam Hanaee, Seyed Moslem Seyedalhosseini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Neuroscience and the Persian Garden: Toward a Cultural Landscape Framework for Urban Mental Well-Being
Aims: As urbanization continues to reshape human–environment interactions, modern cities face escalating challenges related to psychological stress and ecological disconnection. In this context, natural landscapes have emerged as powerful tools for promoting mental well-being. This study conceptually examines the alignment between Persian garden design principles and contemporary neurophysiological models—including Stress Reduction Theory (SRT), Attention Restoration Theory (ART), the Contemplative Landscape Model (CLM), and the Sustained Attention Loop—through a systematic qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature. Methodology: Using a theoretical mapping approach, the study analyzes how spatial, geometric, and multisensory elements of Persian gardens may engage cognitive and affective mechanisms that support psychological restoration. Finding: Findings suggest that features such as water symmetry, enclosed spaces, sensory layering, and spatial coherence conceptually contribute to stress mitigation, attention recovery, and contemplative experiences. These insights position Persian gardens as culturally embedded, neuro-supportive landscapes with enduring relevance for urban mental health. Conclusion: The study proposes a conceptual framework that bridges traditional landscape heritage and neuroscience, offering evidence-informed guidance for the design of emotionally restorative environments in contemporary urban planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atefe Shokri, Sahar Alinejad majidi, Hosein Moradinasab, Ali Rashidy pour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of the Impacts of Built Environment Characteristics on Trip Generation Rates of Trans-regional Commercial Land Uses: A Case Study of Mashhad City
Aims: This study aims to investigate the influence of built environment characteristics and physical attributes on trip generation rates for trans-regional commercial land uses. The primary goal is to identify which urban design and spatial factors most significantly affect traffic attraction in a metropolitan context, specifically within Mashhad, Iran. Methodology: The research utilizes an extensive database of 6.8 million daily trips in Mashhad, focusing on 33 selected regional-scale commercial developments. Variables were categorized into physical attributes (e.g., land area, floor area) and built environment factors (e.g., road density, bus stop density, and shopping unit density). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis to detect multicollinearity, and linear regression modeling to evaluate the relationships between independent variables and the average hourly trips generated. Finding: The results indicate that trip generation is significantly influenced by four key variables: bus stop density, business unit density in the area, business unit density along streets, and total land area. Notably, the density of business units within the area emerged as the most influential positive factor. Conversely, business unit density along streets showed an inverse (negative) relationship with trip generation rates, suggesting that increased street-level density may lead to a reduction in certain types of vehicular trip attraction. Conclusion: The study concludes that traditional trip estimation manuals, which often rely solely on physical building size, are insufficient for developing regions. Integrating built environment factors particularly public transport accessibility and local commercial density provides a more accurate forecast for traffic impact assessments. These findings offer urban planners and transportation engineers a localized framework for managing the traffic implications of large-scale commercial developments in metropolitan areas.
Metropolitan/Regional Commercial Land Uses
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramin Ahooee, Abbas Babazadeh, Ali Naderan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Deciphering the Hidden Geometry of the Hasht Behesht Palace Plan (Isfahan): An Analytical Study Based on the Square-Growth System
Aims: Architectural design in every era relies on precisely planned geometry to achieve compositional unity. In Iran, the Safavid dynasty emphasized geometric principles and proportional systems, embedding them into architectural layouts. Hasht Behesht Palace in Isfahan, the only remaining Safavid palace, features a unique plan that diverges from its contemporaries. Its design logic remains unexplored. To date, no specific research has been conducted to decode the concealed geometric system underlying the palace’s planimetric. This study is essential to uncover the architectural principles governing the palace’s planimetric organization and to investigate the relationship between theoretical geometry and Safavid-era architecture. This study explores the geometric framework of the palace to demonstrate how its Planimetric order is structured through a system of geometric proportions, the square-growth system. After introducing the organizing principles, it conducts a planimetric analysis of the palace to reveal the underlying logic of its geometric composition. Methodology: The research adopts a historical-analytical approach, integrating literature review, historical maps, field observations, and planimetric analysis using AutoCAD. The study examines the spatial logic of the palace plan through the 1:√2 proportional system. Finding: The findings demonstrate that the palace plan is organized using a square-growth system based on concentric squares and the recurrent 1:√2 ratio. These findings confirm that the palace's planimetric divisions, including the central hall and porticos, resulted from conscious design and geometric reasoning, establishing geometry as a fundamental organizing principle in Safavid architecture. Conclusion: This insight deepens understanding of how mathematical precision informed the architectural structure and Planimetric order of the Safavid era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatemeh Almasi, Nooshin Abbasi, Shahram Taghipour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Creative Method for Cash Flow Designing of Urban Construction Projects Using Break-Even Point
Aims: This study aims to establish a structured analytical framework that integrates macroeconomic variables specifically inflation, expected profit margins, cost components, advance payments, and payment schedules into a unified profitability assessment model. The central objective is to provide a more accurate and uncertainty-informed foundation for financial decision-making, addressing the shortcomings of traditional deterministic cash-flow approaches widely used in the construction industry. Methodology: The research employs Monte Carlo simulation framework specifically tailored to model the stochastic nature of economic indicators affecting construction project cash flows. Probabilistic distributions derived from historical inflation and cost data are used to generate a realistic spectrum of economic scenarios. The methodology incorporates inflation-adjusted cash-flow calculations to preserve the time value of money and embeds break-even analysis to identify profitability thresholds under varying conditions. Findings: The simulation results demonstrate that excluding inflation and expected profit margins during contractual and financial planning leads to systematically distorted profitability estimations. Such omissions increase the likelihood of cash-flow deficits, reduced net margins, and elevated financial risk throughout the project lifecycle. The proposed model captures variability and stress points that deterministic analyses fail to identify, revealing that financial exposure is significantly higher under realistic economic fluctuations. The integration of probabilistic modeling with inflation-adjusted cash-flow analysis enables a more robust understanding of risk patterns and strengthens the contractor’s capacity to manage liquidity and capital allocation. Conclusion: This research offers a comprehensive and methodologically advanced framework for profitability assessment in construction projects, combining break-even analysis with Monte Carlo simulation grounded in empirical economic behavior. The proposed approach enhances the reliability of financial forecasts and provides meaningful guidance for contractors within economically volatile environments. Although its effectiveness depends on forecast quality and computational capacity, the framework marks a substantive improvement over conventional financial evaluation techniques and contributes to more resilient economic planning and decision-making in construction project management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pouria Ildarabadi, Javad Alamatian, Mohammadreza Javaheri Tafti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Impact of Human Interactions with Environmental Green Spaces on Individual Satisfaction to Enhance the Quality of Life in Residential Complexes in Shahrood, Iran
Aims: Quality of life is a key challenge in contemporary architecture and urban planning, particularly in relation to social sustainability. This study investigates how architectural-environmental features - including green balcony design, visual transparency and view to nature, and communal green spaces-affect residential satisfaction and quality of life in housing complexes in Shahrood, Iran. Methodology: A survey-based method was employed, and the statistical population was determined using the detailed plan of Shahrood municipality. By applying non-random purposive sampling, 316 questionnaires were distributed among middle-income households. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 through descriptive statistics, one-sample t-tests, and multiple regression analysis. Findings: Results from the t-test indicated that responses to items associated with all hypotheses were significantly positive, highlighting residents’ general satisfaction with green balconies, visual access to greenery, and communal social spaces. The multiple regression model further demonstrated that 61% of the variance in residents’ quality of life was explained by the three predictors. Among them, visual transparency and access to surrounding greenery had the strongest effect (β = 0.42), followed by green balcony design (β = 0.28) and communal green spaces (β = 0.26). Conclusion: The study shows that green balconies, visual transparency, and communal green spaces are perceived as important contributors to residential satisfaction and quality of life, with regression results confirming that these factors explain a substantial share of the variance. However, as the focus was mainly on physical environmental perceptions, the findings should be interpreted cautiously, and broader future studies are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Jameei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Scientometric Analysis of Global Theoretical Texts inthe Field of City Prosperity
Aims: This study aims to provide a comprehensive scientometric analysis of global theoretical literature on urban prosperity, identifying publication trends, key research themes, influential authors and journals, and the conceptual relationships shaping this field. Methodology: The research adopts an applied, descriptive approach using quantitative scientometric methods. Data were collected from the Web of Science database (2000–2024). After multi-stage screening, 48 relevant documents were selected. VOSviewer software was used to analyze keyword co-occurrence, author co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and international co-authorship networks. Thresholds for inclusion were set based on established scientometric criteria to ensure analytical accuracy. Findings: Results show a marked increase in research on urban prosperity following the 2013 UN-Habitat declaration, with publication peaks in 2019 and 2023. Frequently associated concepts include urban planning, sustainability, indicators, climate change, and sustainable development. UN-Habitat, Yigitcanlar, and Wong emerged as central contributors in the co-citation network. Influential journals include Habitat International, Sustainability, and Land. International collaboration patterns highlight China's leading role, while Iran demonstrates a growing but limited contribution. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Conclusion:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Urban prosperity has developed into a dynamic, interdisciplinary research domain closely tied to measurable indicators, sustainable development, and forward-looking urban planning. The field holds strong potential for future research. Expanding international collaborations, developing localized prosperity indicators, and integrating climate-responsive approaches are recommended for advancing both scientific understanding and policy-oriented applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahimeh Soroush, Sanaz Saeedi Mofrad, Toktam Hanaee, Dr. Ali akbar sarvari. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ranking of flexibility components in biological complexes in Mashhad using Analytic Network Process (ANP)
Aims :This research aims to evaluate and rank the key flexibility components in large-scale residential complexes in Mashhad, focusing on their applicability and effectiveness in enhancing the adaptability of living environments. The study seeks to identify the influence of economic, social, and structural factors in shaping responsive housing solutions that can accommodate users’ evolving needs over time. Methodology: The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, beginning with content and thematic analysis of literature using bibliometric tools (R-Studio and Shiny Bibliometrix) to identify main flexibility themes. Expert input was then solicited through the Fuzzy Delphi technique to validate main indicators. The final step involved the application of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to rank flexibility components across three selected case studies: Khayyam, 512 Units, and 600 Units residential complexes in Mashhad. Data were synthesized through supermatrix and limit matrix analysis to derive weighted priorities. Findings : The results indicate that the 600-unit residential complex exhibits superior performance in terms of spatial flexibility, particularly in layout adaptability and spatial reconfiguration potential. Based on the ANP analysis, the "Product Characteristics" factor received the highest influence weight at 0.41, confirming its pivotal role in enabling architectural flexibility. This is followed by "FL Strategies" (0.38), emphasizing the importance of design planning approaches, and the general "FL Layer" with a weight of 0.19, indicating its moderate contribution to the overall system. Additionally, analyses in Figure 9 and Figure 10 and Figure 12 highlight the critical role of spatial and facade transformation capabilities. further confirms that the strategic organization of internal spatial modules outweighs superficial interventions like furniture flexibility, particularly in long-term scenarios. Conclusion:This study confirms that architectural flexibility requires an integrated design approach, emphasizing dynamic configurations over static solutions. Among all flexibility dimensions, “Product Characteristics” exerted the most significant influence, underscoring the importance of structural design, layout adaptability, and modular organization. The findings advocate prioritizing adaptability from the early design phases to ensure functional and resilient living environments and engage deeper architectural layers to address long-term lifestyle changes. The results suggest that spatial and façade transformability are central to sustainable residential design. Incorporating flexibility principles enhances user satisfaction, spatial efficiency, and long-term operational performance. Thus, urban housing strategies must embed responsive systems capable of evolving with user and environmental needs
Copyright (c) 2025 Neda Akrami, Reza Mirzaei, Mohsen Amini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iran contemporary architecture such as a new-normal event (mental representation of the critical reading of post-modernism in architecture)
Aims: The enlightenment of new age has been tied to radicalism from the beginning; as far as it no longer reproduces itself and instead of paying attention to the realization of desired situation, it justifies and defends the existing situation and in an critical interpretation, it expresses a contradictory reality in a reading of order after disorder deals; which may destroy itself! And as a new norm, it deals with the mental representation of architecture essence; that this New-Normal is the normal state after a crisis. Therefore, the purpose of this research is an abstract manifestation of the architectural event in a radical architecture, by functional program and practical oriented, far from Identity violation in Iran contemporary architecture. Methodology: This research, has been analyzed in qualitative method. The data has collected and analyzed in semi-structured interviews form, and the answers in interview on 17th, the highest level of saturation has been reached, and after refining, categorized and connected with the axis category; that is the New-Normal event architecture. According to the average agreement of 90.37% and the coverage of the criterion level of more than 0.6 kappa, the research quality index is accepted and the validity and reliability is confirmed and the result of research can be evaluated and interpreted by examining the criteria of adaptation, generalization, capability of understanding and control. Findings: The findings show that the research summation of the causal variables’ result in the mediating conditions of the existing situation, creates an event; which, as a New-Normal, deals with the mental representation of architectural identity with a realistic and critical approach, and in a self-reflective crisis of the continuous change of threshold situations, it is evolving into a radical alternative in a New-Normal situation; which due to its ambiguity, openness and indeterminacy, results in a temporary transition between alternative situations. Conclusion: It seems that the history of Iranian architecture needs a new paradigm; to show that despite the occurrence of any event in any new situation, the reality will not change; In this way, it represents the nature of contemporary Iranian architecture - in a new format.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amir Davood Maslahatjoo, Maryam Ghasemi Sichani, Vahid Ghobadian, Bijan Abdolkarimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Elucidating the role of child labor in the concept of child-friendly cities
Aims: The concept of child-friendly cities aims to be inclusive of all children, catering to their needs regardless of their socioeconomic-geographic backgrounds. The policies of such cities should uphold the well-being, development, and rights of all children, including Child Labor. In line with this, this research seeks to elucidate the role of Child Labor within the concept of child-friendly cities. Methodology: This qualitative research employs a meta-synthesis approach, utilizing Sandalowski and Barroso's seven steps for data analysis. Data extraction was conducted from the academic research databases "semanticscholar," "Science Web of," and "Scopos" by combining the two primary keywords of the research: "friendly child cities" and "child labor." A total of 29 articles were retrieved and analyzed using the Max QDA software. Findings: The research findings demonstrate that the child-friendly city approach positively impacts children's well-being, enhances their quality of life, and reduces the cycles of poverty and inequality. Urban planning for Child Labor should consider their specific needs, such as safe working environments, educational opportunities, and protection from exploitation. Conclusion: In alignment with the research objective, the findings suggest four new categories for addressing the needs of Child Labor: support, education, income, employment, profession and work, and health. Considering urban planning principles, these categories can be further subcategorized as Urban housing, Kindergarten streets, Work and play neighborhoods, Health streets
Copyright (c) 2025 Milad Bahalgardi, Hadi Sarvari, Fatemeh Mohammadniay Gharaei, Fateme Sadrnabavi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The necessity of explaining the form in the interaction of structure and architecture (case study: Barsian Jame Mosque, Mossali Tehran and Al-Ghadir Mosque)
Aims:The shaping of form in architecture is the result of various functional, economic, social, cultural, climatic, and environmental factors, as well as construction and stability conditions. Stability plays a fundamental role in the shaping of form and its resistance to environmental factors, as it ensures the overall stability of the architectural form. Therefore, the position and importance of the structure in design and its role in shaping the form is a subject that must be studied due to its significance. Although form is considered the manifestation of architecture, its formation is dependent on and connected to the structure. Thus, the structure and its concepts and methods play a primary role in creating the form. The aim of this research is to provide solutions to enhance the interaction between architectural form and structure by explaining qualitative parameters in the evaluation of buildings. Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive and content analysis. Finding:The results show that in traditional architecture, the proportion of type, shape, size, and arrangement of structural elements with the form was well observed. Shape and form relied on each other and ensured each other’s stability. The proportion of the structure with the functional needs of the form (dome house, arched elements, corner construction of the three-corner type, kilil-type arches, load-bearing and decorative elements of the pointed type) is in a harmonious and integrated combination with the structural components. In the participation of form decorations, geometric patterns in form decorations were consistent with the geometry of the flow of forces in the structure. However, in the contemporary period, the lack of participation of the structure in the visual expression of the form, the separate and inconsistent design of form and structure, covering and decorating the structure with form elements, and consequently not understanding the behavior of the structure in the building, designing the structure, and even in some cases, the low efficiency of the structure are noted. Conclusion: In past architecture, the highest duty of the architect was to recognize, understand, and spatially visualize the static and dynamic forces in the load-bearing body of the building, which with complete mastery, precisely specified the proportions and dimensions of the filled and empty parts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Esmaeil Eskandari, Mohsen Vafamehr, Hassan Rezaei, Ali khaki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Age differences in spatial route-finding ability of tourists:A case study of Imam Reza Shrine
Aims: The ability of channeling, having spatial memory and also cognitive maps of the path are considered as the key components for forming spatial ability in route-finding. This issue might vary between different age groups. In the previous literature, the topic of age differences in route-finding has been widely investigated; however, what has been less paid attention to is the role of age differences in route-finding among the society of tourists. In lines with this, the current study makes an attempt to show that whether there is a difference among various age groups of tourists’ societies in the field of spatial ability of route-finding considering the components of sense of direction, spatial memory and spatial cognition. Methodology: For this purpose, the target population includes the tourists vising the surrounding fabric of Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, and by non-probability and simple and convenient random sampling techniques, 100 persons were selected. Independent statistical t-test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. In the process of data analysis, the age groups were categorized into 5 age classes, ranging from 20 years old to more than 60 years old. Finding: The final data analysis and the results obtained showed that there was no significant difference among the age groups of tourists related to the three components explaining the spatial ability of route-finding. Moreover, the paired comparison of age groups did not show a significant difference among the tourists in the field of perceiving the components of spatial ability of route-finding in the surrounding fabric of the holy shrine. Conclusion: Our study highlights the role of age difference in tourist wayfinding spatial ability. In contrast to previous literature, we found that there is no significant difference among age groups in terms of way finding spatial ability indicators.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Zahed Nikseresht, Sanaz Saeidi Mofrad, Maryam Daneshvar, Toktam Hanaee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Explaining the Desirability Patterns of the Residential Environment based on the Indicators Satisfaction of Residents (Case Study: District 2 of Tabriz City)
Aims: User satisfaction is an inevitable factor determining and stabilizing the housing desirability. Satisfaction studies are types of user-oriented studies, that have become popular to improve the value level of users' opinions and expectations. These studies are the most important patterns used to examine residential environment desirability. These patterns change in line with geographical area and culture. The studies even indicate that individuals living in a house do not have the same level of satisfaction with conditions, and this satisfaction can be changed depending on various indicators. Hence, this study aims to explain desirability patterns of the current situation of the residential environment based on the citizens’ satisfaction indicators in Tabriz City, which necessarily must be considered due to the historical background, geographical, social, and political situation of this city. Methodology: This study is applied in terms of objective with practical type and mixed qualitative-quantitative method. To attain its findings, the researchers use statistical and quantitative analysis in consort with qualitative, descriptive, and analytical techniques. To do so, two SPSS'23 and smart PLS'3.1.1 software were used. Findings: The obtained results showed a model of patterns affecting the desirability of the current status of the residential environment in the research context, which has been discussed based on the satisfaction indicators from the view of citizens. Conclusion: In this case, physical and functional components with a path coefficient of 0.468 have the most powerful positive and significant effect on housing desirability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yaser Narimanpour Maleki, Mohsen Tabassi, Azita Belali Oskoyi, Morteza Mirgholami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the role of computer systems in improving the quality of architectural designs by third-degree undergraduate students
Aims: Architecture, as one of the specialized academic disciplines, requires learning the necessary equipment, computer systems, and software. Most of the activities of students in this field during their studies take place in software environments, so the role of software in promoting architectural designs and projects should be considered. This study aimed to investigate the role of computers in improving the quality of architectural designs. Methodology: The research was descriptive-analytical and inferential in terms of applied purpose and its nature. The statistical population of this study consisted of 86 undergraduate students who were studied in total. Data analysis using a factor analysis test led to a reduction of 25 variables to 12 variables, which could explain 88.82% of variance changes. Findings: The results of the Pearson correlation test regarding these 12 variables showed that there was a significant relationship between the 12 variables studied and the quality improvement of Scheme 3 at the level of 0.000. Finally, to predict the changes between the independent variables (7 anthropological variables and 5 design environment variables) by improving the design quality (dependent variable), a stepwise linear regression test was used, which showed that the anthropological variables could explain 87.9% of variance changes and design environment variables could explain 79.6% changes, and in total, two groups of variables could explain 84.6% changes. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be said that the quality improvement of architectural designs is influenced by software and hardware, but this influence depends on many anthropological factors and the design environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babak Fadavi Akhavan, Shabnam Akbari Namdar, Mir Saeed Moosavi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Simulated Visual Tracking of Structural Order Perception in Urban Facades: A Case Study from Mashhad, Iran
Aims: In urban design, the structural order of building facades plays a pivotal role in shaping human perception and experience. This study investigates the implicit visual recognition of structural order using subliminal visual tracking analysis. Methodology: Visual Attention Software (VAS) was employed to analyze observers’ visual attention patterns toward diverse façade typologies, including historical and contemporary urban facades in Mashhad, Iran. Findings: Our findings indicate that observers’ subliminal perceptions align with the three-part rules of structural order: contrasting elements on a micro-scale, reduced entropy and connection between micro and macro scales, and a hierarchical connection between levels. Here, we show that observers readily perceive structural similarities on a micro-scale and the totality of forms on a macro-scale, but struggle with perceiving the hierarchical connection between these levels. Conclusion: This study underscores the critical role of multi-scale coherence in façade design across scales and provides insights for enhancing the visual quality and coherence of urban facades.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matyam Motamedinezhad, Maryam Ostadi, Fatemeh Mohammadniay gharaei, Zahra Sadat Saeideh Zarabadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Sustainability of Informal Settlements in Qods City Using the Integrated DEMATEL–Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)Approach
Aims: This study evaluates the sustainability of informal settlements in Qods City by analyzing causal relationships and the influence intensity among key sustainability indicators. Three informal neighborhoods were selected to assess sustainability across physical, social, economic, and managerial dimensions. Methodology: Sustainability indicators and sub-indicators were identified through a systematic literature review and expert consultation. Data were collected using field observations and resident questionnaires based on a five-point Likert scale. Statistical analyses including the one-sample T-test and Friedman test were applied to determine sustainability levels, and effect size was calculated to interpret practical significance. Furthermore, the DEMATEL technique was used to construct a total relationship matrix, and DEMATEL was integrated with ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling).to build a hierarchical network mapping the interdependencies among sub-indicators. Findings: Findings revealed that although some sub-indicators such as ethnicity, income, and land-use compatibility scored above average, the overall sustainability of the informal settlements was weak or unstable. Economically, the neighborhoods showed favorable conditions, while urban management emerged as the most deficient indicator. Social security, as well as physical aspects including street quality and urban aesthetic quality, were identified as weak. The DEMATEL-ISM analysis clarified the causal and dependent roles of indicators within the sustainability network. Conclusion: The results underscore significant sustainability challenges in Qods City’s informal settlements. By identifying both influential and dependent indicators, the study provides a structured basis for targeted interventions. A comprehensive proposal was formulated to enhance sustainability, combining strategic measures for high-impact causal factors with project-based actions to address dependent and deficient areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahar Jamshidi, Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi, Karim Hosseinzade Dalir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0