Anthropogenic Pollution (Anthropog. pollut) – ISSN 2588-4646 is a peer-reviewed journal intended to publish original research papers in all main branches of environmental pollution research. Journal DOI: 10.57647/AP Journal Abbreviation: Anthropog pollut Journal Title Acronym: AP Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing: OICC Press, UK The Journal is being published biannual (2 issues per year). This peer-reviewed Journal covered in the Islamic Azad University according to certificate number 95/s/87/96789 on 10th of February 2017 in collaboration with the Association for Environmental Education and Sustainable Development as a Scientific Research Journal. Publication: Accepted papers will be added immediately to the “current” volume’s Table of Contents after the immediate peer-review process.
Assessing the Mitigation of Anthropogenic Cadmium Toxicity in Agricultural Soils: Selenium-Mediated Phytomanagement and Ecological Resilience Enhancement in the Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Food Web
Anthropogenic accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils heavily threatens ecological integrity and food web security through trophic transfer. To address this persistent challenge, the application of selenium (Se) has emerged as a novel approach in phytomanagement and bio-detoxification. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Se as an eco-modulator to mitigate Cd dynamics and enhance the ecological resilience of agricultural ecosystems. A comprehensive field and greenhouse experiment was conducted during 2023–2024 to assess the morpho-physiological responses of three wheat cultivars to various Se treatments under Cd stress. The study employed a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with a three-factor factorial arrangement: Se source (sodium selenate vs. sodium selenite), Se application rate (0, 18, or 36g/ha), and wheat genotype. Morphological indices and photosynthetic pigment levels were quantified to assess the extent of heavy metal-induced damage and the corresponding remediation efficiency. The findings revealed that Cd stress—particularly at destructive concentrations of 350, and 700 μM —led to a significant reduction in wheat biomass and photosynthetic pigments, posing a direct threat to the health of the agricultural food web. However, eco-intervention through Se application effectively mitigated anthropogenic Cd toxicity. Among the evaluated genotypes, the Pishtaz cultivar exhibited the highest level of resilience against Cd toxicity when treated with selenate. Specifically, treating the Pishtaz cultivar with sodium selenate at an optimal concentration of 3 mg L⁻¹ not only alleviated physiological damages induced by heavy metal pollution but also significantly promoted biomass stability. This Se-mediated phytomanagement approach offers a practical and effective ecological strategy for managing Cd-contaminated soils, detoxifying the food web, and safeguarding global food security against anthropogenic pollutants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamid Adeli, Mehrdad Abdi, Ali Faramarzi, Jalil Ajali, Naser Mohebalipour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical Speciation and Mobility of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Urban Park Soils: Insights from Sequential Extraction and Visual MINTEQ Modeling
Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination in urban soils, particularly in public green spaces, can pose environmental and human health risks. This study evaluated the geochemical behavior, mobility, and potential bioavailability of Pb, Cd, Ni, and as in surface soils collected from two urban parks (Chitgar and Lavizan) in Tehran, Iran. Total concentrations were measured, and metal partitioning among operationally defined geochemical fractions was determined using a sequential extraction procedure. In addition, metal speciation under site-specific soil geochemical conditions was simulated using Visual MINTEQ. Potential ecological risk was evaluated using the Risk Assessment Code (RAC), based on the proportion of metals in the exchangeable fraction. Mean total concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, and as were 68.4, 1.92, 34.7, and 8.6 mg kg−1−1, respectively, in Chitgar Park soils, compared with 52.1, 1.35, 29.4, and 7.2 mg kg−1−1 in Lavizan Park soils. The exchangeable fractions of Pb and Cd accounted for ~24% and ~31% in Chitgar and ~18% and ~22% in Lavizan, indicating higher mobility and potential bioavailability than Ni and As, which were predominantly associated with more stable soil fractions. RAC results indicated moderate-to-high ecological risk for Cd and moderate risk for Pb across the studied soils. The novelty of this work lies in integrating sequential extraction results with geochemical speciation modeling (Visual MINTEQ) to better interpret PTE mobility and environmental risk in urban park soils. Overall, the findings suggest that assessments based solely on total concentrations may underestimate risk, whereas combining chemical fractionation/speciation information with RAC provides a more realistic evaluation of PTE behavior in urban soils.
Chemical fractionation; Geochemical partitioning
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Farbodnia, Shahrzad Khoramnejadian, Hooman Bahmanpour, Behnaz Moradi Ghias Abadi, Mina Torabifard (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment and Modeling of Land Use/Land Cover Change Dynamics in Anzali International Wetland, Iran
Natural and human activities in wetland ecosystems result in ongoing land use and cover alterations. Moreover, the quick population growth in these areas intensifies land use changes and the transformation of natural cover, leading to the conversion of wetlands for residential purposes and subsequent infrastructure development. This study used satellite data to investigate and model land use changes in the area surrounding Anzali international wetland from 2000 to 2023; it also employed the Markov chain model, logistic regression, and artificial neural networks to predict potential land use changes by 2050. To determine changes in land use area within the studied ecosystem, land use maps of Anzali International wetland were extracted from Landsat satellite data related to 2000, 2013, and 2023. Then the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm was used to identify six classes of land use: agricultural lands, grasslands, forests, reedbeds, built-up lands, and water bodies. The accuracy of land use maps derived from satellite images was assessed using two metrics: overall accuracy and kappa coefficient, yielding values of 89.56% and 0.84 for 2000, 93.83% and 0.91 for 2013, and 98.14% and 0.97 for 2023. They were also validated based on the 30% hold-out sample (91 points) obtained through random stratified sampling. The analysis of the change detection matrix indicated that the most significant alterations in land use from 2000 to 2023 involved the conversion of water bodies to other land uses (which accounted for a net loss of 3,170 hectares, representing a 33.4% reduction compared to the water body area in 2000). In contrast, the area of changes in other land uses showed an increase during this period. Projections for 2050 suggest that current trends will persist and intensify, leading to a further drastic reduction in the area of this body of water to approximately 898 hectares (only 12.7% of its 2000 extent), ultimately reaching its lowest level. Other land uses, particularly reedbeds, are anticipated to increase significantly and expand to cover about 38.1% of the study area by 2050, becoming the predominant land use in the region, while agricultural lands will continue to occupy a substantial part of the area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas Rezanezhad, Mohammad Dehdar Dargahi, Hasan Karimzadegan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Pollution Indices and Ecological Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Sediments of an Ephemeral River: A Case Study of the Gharakahriz River, Central Iran
Ephemeral rivers in semi-arid regions are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic contamination due to intermittent flow regimes and proximity to industrial and agricultural activities. This study evaluates the extent of pollution and associated ecological risks posed by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sediments of the Gharakahriz River, an ephemeral watercourse in Central Iran that traverses urban, industrial, and agricultural zones. Fifteen surface sediment samples in three land use zones (total 45 samples)were collected along a longitudinal gradient (upstream to downstream) and analyzed for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr using expert laboratory analysis. Sequential extraction (Tessier method) indicated that Cd and Pb exhibited the highest mobility, with 25–30% of their total concentrations residing in exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions—phases readily released under minor environmental changes. Pollution assessment using geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and potential ecological risk index (PERI) revealed severe anthropogenic enrichment, particularly in midstream sites influenced by industrial discharge, where Cd concentrations exceeded local background values by up to 13-fold. Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA and cluster analysis) confirmed that industrial effluents and agrochemical runoff are the primary sources of contamination. Notably, over 85% of total PTE content was associated with non-residual (labile) fractions, indicating high bioavailability and significant ecological risk to soil, water, and biota—especially in a region where floodwaters redistribute contaminated sediments onto croplands. These findings highlight the urgent need for regulated discharge controls and sediment quality criteria in ephemeral river systems of arid and semi-arid regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Sadeghi, Javad Varvani, Hamid Toranjzar, Abbas Ahmadi, Amir Hossein Baghaie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Study on the Treatment and Reduction of Trace Metals, VSS, and TSS in Leachate Using Integrated Anaerobic -Aerobic system
This study evaluates the performance of a combined Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor and aerated lagoon system for treating leachate from the Aghajari landfill. A 500 L UASB reactor served as the primary treatment unit, followed by a 1000 L aerated lagoon for further purification. The system's efficiency was assessed by measuring the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), Trace metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni ), and pH stability. The UASB reactor showed robust performance with an average COD removal efficiency of 79%, peaking at 97% at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 12 kg/m³·d. However, at an OLR of 20 kg/m³·d, the aerated lagoon's COD removal efficiency decreased to 60%, indicating sensitivity to higher organic loads. The UASB reactor effectively removed Trace metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni )with efficiencies between 70% and 90%, while the aerated lagoon's performance was comparatively lower. The analysis of volatile suspended solids (VSS) showed a significant reduction due to biological solids' settling and compaction, with the highest VSS concentrations in the reactor's lower sections. The mixed sludge acted as an effective adsorbent for Trace metals, reducing their toxicity and solubility. In conclusion, the combined UASB-aerated lagoon system is an effective solution for Aghajari landfill leachate treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadegh Motaghed, Amir Hessam Hassni, Seyed Alireza Hajiseyed Mirzahosseini, Masoud Monavari, Nabi allah Mansouri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimal Adsorption for High COD Reduction in Petrochemical Wastewater Using Pomegranate Peel– Silica Composites
Petrochemical industrial wastewater poses a significant environmental threat due to its high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and diverse pollutants, necessitating sustainable treatment solutions. Despite advances in adsorption, optimal conditions and mechanisms for multi-pollutant removal using composite adsorbents remain underexplored. This study evaluates the efficacy of pomegranate peel and silica-based adsorbents, in simple and composite forms with activated carbon, for removing COD, nitrate, sulfide, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from PIW. Batch experiments tested organic, inorganic, and composite adsorbents at dosages of 2 and 4 g/L and contact times of 20, 40, and 60 minutes, with three repetitions. The composite adsorbent at 4 g/L and 60 minutes reduced COD by 62.0%, sulfide by 52.7%, Pb by 46.0%, and Zn by 39.8% across initial concentrations of 800–1200 mg/L, outperforming simple adsorbents. Pseudo-first-order kinetics (R² = 0.98, χ² = 0.02) and the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.95) models confirmed physical adsorption via van der Waals forces and multilayer binding. These findings position pomegranate peel–silica composites as effective, scalable solutions for mitigating PIW pollution through optimized multi-pollutant adsorption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atefeh Barahimi, Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan, Aliasghar Besalatpour, Mitra Ataabadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modeling Anthropogenic Urban Fire Risk and Its Environmental Pollution Implications Using LR–WLC Approaches: A Case Study of Kashan, Iran
Urban fires represent one of the most significant human-induced hazards in modern cities, often linked to increased pollution emissions and environmental degradation. This study aims to evaluate fire risk in Kashan using a multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method based on fuzzy logic, logistic regression, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Initially, criteria and indicators were identified using the Delphi method and normalized using fuzzy logic as capacity and vulnerability factors. The weight of these factors was determined using the AHP method. Subsequently, all layers were combined using the weighted linear combination (WLC) technique. To evaluate the effectiveness of the methods, the outcomes were contrasted with the fire risk map produced via logistic regression. The ROC index was also used to validate the WLC model and logistic regression results. The results reveal that 0.820% of the total studied area (788.96 hectares) and 5% of the area identified by the WLC method (30,483 hectares) are at high risk of urban fires. The ROC index validation results, with values of 0.95 and 0.74 for the logistic regression and WLC methods, respectively, confirmed the superior predictive performance of the LR model. The validated fire risk maps not only support emergency response planning but also highlight spatial correlations between high-risk zones and areas of potential pollutant release or poor air dispersion. These findings demonstrate that mapping human-induced fire risk can provide a valuable spatial framework for air quality management, the mitigation of anthropogenic pollution risk and for advancing sustainable urban environmental management toward cleaner and safer cities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Amin Vakilalroaya, Saeed Malmasi, Mojgan Zaeimdar, Mahnaz Mirza Ebrahim Tahrani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparing Trimester to Multi-Year Exposure Windows of Ambient Aerosol and Their Effects on Maternal Blood Biomarkers at Birth
Exposure to ambient aerosols during various lifetime windows may influence maternal blood biomarkers. This study investigates the impact of ambient aerosol exposure during distinct temporal windows (trimester-specific, gestational, and multi-year) on maternal liver biomarkers at delivery in highly polluted regions. Conducted in 2023–2024, the study enrolled 116 pregnant women from Khuzestan Province, Southwest Iran, a region with significant air pollution. Maternal blood samples were collected at birth and analyzed for liver enzymes (ALT: 5- 55 u/L, AST: 9- 51 u/L, ALP: 145- 702 u/L, GGT: 6.7- 99.5 u/L). The MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) layers were averaged to create trimester-specific (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>AOD</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>1st</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]-->, <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>AOD</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2nd</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]-->, <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>AOD</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>3rd</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]-->), gestational (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>AOD</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>gest</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]-->), and 2- and 5-year pre-delivery (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>AOD</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2y</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]-->, <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>AOD</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5y</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]-->) aerosol exposure windows for each participant. Employing a multi-modeling approach using a Generalized Additive Model (0.179 < R2 < 0.693), our analysis revealed that biomarkers are more sensitive to AOD levels during mid and late pregnancy compared to those reflecting longer-term exposure. Both urban and regional air quality significantly influenced oxidative stress markers in maternal blood. These findings highlight the liver as susceptible organs to particulate matter-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in highly polluted regions, emphasizing the need for stricter air quality regulations to protect maternal health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azizeh Shajravi, Atefeh Chamani, Soheil Sobhanardakani, Zainab Zamanpour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Studying the Effects of Irrigation Levels, Mycorrhizal Fungi and Azsperilum Bacteria on Environmental Traits and Physiological Performance of Agricultural Products
Environmental pollution is one of the fundamental challenges of today's world that has significant impacts on agriculture and food security. The use of water resource management methods and biofertilizers as strategies to reduce the effects of environmental stresses is of interest to researchers. Facilitating the use of water resources in agriculture is one of the key strategies in improving crop yield and maintaining environmental quality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels and the use of biofertilizers such as Azospirillum lipoferum and mycorrhizal fungi on environmental traits and quantitative and qualitative performance of barley cultivars. This study was conducted during two crop years (2018-2019) in a farm located at kilometer 4 of the Ardabil-Khalkhal road as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main objective of this study was to reduce the negative effects of water stresses on the yield and yield components of barley cultivars using biofertilizers. The results showed that under normal irrigation conditions, Kavir cultivar showed the highest grain yield with 7755.5 kg/ha, while Valfajr cultivar showed the lowest yield with 5650 kg/ha. Under water stress conditions (irrigation only up to 50% of the spike stage), Nosrat cultivar showed the best yield with 6209.4 kg/ha, while Kavir cultivar showed the lowest yield with 4167.7 kg. The results showed that Nosrat cultivar has the highest stress tolerance, while Valfajr cultivar showed the lowest stress tolerance. In the second year, the application of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi increased grain yield by 2.02, 2.38 and 3.31 percent, respectively, compared to the control group (without the application of mycorrhizal and bacteria). Full irrigation during the plant growth period increased grain yield by 4.43 and 10.04 percent compared to the limited irrigation and rainfed treatments. Principal component analysis showed that the first three components with eigenvalues higher than one explained 99.6% of the total variation in physiological traits. This first component included traits such as plant height, peduncle length, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike, which had a positive effect on grain yield. Therefore, the Valfajr cultivar is recommended due to its ability to increase grain yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahryar Olumi Somarin, Jalil Ajali, Ali Faramarzi, Mehrdad Abdi, Naser Nazari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Health Risk Assessment and Source Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements Contamination in the Soils of Agricultural Lands in Shazand Region, Markazi Province, Iran
This study was carried out to evaluate the health risk assessment and the sources of metals (Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Nickel, Zinc and Copper) in agricultural soils in Shazand region, Iran. The data was collected from 90 surface soil samples (0-5 cm). US EPA methodology was used for risk assessment and epidemiological study-based risk assessment. Moreover, the sources of these toxic elements using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were investigated. The results showed that the mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, and as of 90 topsoil samples exceeded the average world soils values, except for Cu. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that Pb and Zn originated from common anthropogenic sources related to industrialization, whereas Cu and Ni are probably associated with geological sources. The total non-cancer risk values for adults and children were 0.72 and 7.95, respectively, and the total carcinogenic risks were 8.46E-05 and 2.69E-04, respectively. The non-carcinogenic risk for children was above the threshold level, but low for adults. The total potential carcinogenic health risks for children exceeded the threshold of 1E-04 indicating a high carcinogenic risk for them, whereas the risk for adults was considered acceptable. Furthermore, As was the primary hazardous metal to human health, followed by Cd and Ni. These findings can assist governmental agencies in implementing targeted control strategies to prevent the contamination of toxic elements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahrzad Oskouei, Hamid Toranjzar, Abbas Ahmadi, Amir Hossein Baghaie, Javad Varvani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban Street Dust as a Mirror of Industrial Identity: A Comparative Analysis of Metal Pollution Profiles and Health Risks) Caseud Study: Borujerd City, Iran)
Urban street dust serves as a critical reservoir for toxic potentially toxic elements, posing significant environmental and public health risks—particularly in industrializing regions of the Global South. While numerous studies have assessed metal pollution in individual cities, a crossregional synthesis linking contamination profiles to socio-industrial contexts remains lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis of peerreviewed studies (2015–2025) from urban centers across Iran and South Asia, integrating new empirical data from Borujerd City, Iran—a representative case of small industrial cities in semiarid zones. Our analysis reveals a striking regional divergence: Iranian cities consistently exhibit arsenic (As)-dominated pollution, with hazard quotients (HQ) for children reaching 17.05 in Borujerd, far exceeding safe thresholds. In contrast, South Asian cities (e.g., Gazipur, Bangladesh) show rising contamination from technology-critical elements (Bi, Ga, In) linked to e-waste and electric mobility. Source apportionment across the region identifies industrial gas emissions (29.6% in Borujerd) and traffic-related activities as dominant contributors, though their chemical fingerprints differ markedly. While carcinogenic risks remain below the U.S. EPA threshold (10⁻⁶), non-carcinogenic risks, especially from As-demand urgent intervention. We propose a dual-track policy framework: (i) strict emission controls on As-laden industrial gases in Iran, and (ii) e-waste recycling regulations to curb emerging metal leakage in South Asia. This study provides a scalable model for context-sensitive urban dust management that balances industrial development with public health protection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parvin Goudarzi Yaghoubi, Javad Varvani, Bahman Shams Esfandabad, Hamid Torangzar, Abbas Ahmadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Reducing the Environmental Impacts of the Construction Industry
The aim of this study is to examine the status and implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Iran using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis model. BIM represents the fastest-growing concept in construction management and plays a significant role in reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with the construction industry. Accordingly, this research addresses two central questions: How can a meaningful connection be found between BIM performance and environmental process improvement? How can a SWOT framework be used to turn weaknesses into strengths and threats into opportunities? Additionally, this study explores the environmental impacts of BIM, highlighting its potential to contribute meaningfully to energy conservation, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and waste management in the construction sector. The research methodology employed is analytical-descriptive, relying on library research and document analysis, with SWOT matrix analysis as the primary tool. SWOT provides a simple yet powerful framework to assess an organization's internal resources and limitations, market opportunities, and external threats. This analysis facilitated the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with BIM implementation in the Iranian context. Based on the SWOT analysis, the level of BIM adoption in Iran was evaluated, and its internal (S, W) and external (O, T) factors were identified. The results show that the Probability of Strategic Success (PSS) score is 0.552, which is supported by 4 strategies, namely conservative, defensive, aggressive, and competitive: high cost of BIM implementation in engineering firms is linked with the environmental benefits of contributing to architectural design standards, suggesting that greater attention be paid to sustainability in future designs (Conservative strategy), Lack of improvement in waste management correlates with the increasing volume of construction debris in the environment (Defensive strategy), Implementation of BIM in Iran can reduce material waste, enhance project quality, and automate drawing production, thereby motivating students in the construction field (Aggressive strategy), Reduction of construction costs through BIM technology can incentivize contractors and stakeholders to adopt the system more widely (Aggressive strategy).
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Feridonzadeh, Ramin Shahabi Jou, Hesam Feridonzadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanoplastics as Epigenetic Disruptors: A Biochemical Review of Environmental Pollutants and Gene Regulation
Nanoplastics (NPLs), emerging environmental contaminants, have been found to perturb cellular homeostasis through biochemical and epigenetic mechanisms. Due to their small size and high surface reactivity, NPLs can pierce biological systems where they induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption. Recent studies propose that NPLs have the ability to alter DNA methylation patterns, histone changes, and non-coding RNA expression, leading to persistent alterations in gene regulation. Such epigenetic changes correlate with the development of cancer, neurological diseases, and metabolic disorders with possible heritable effects crosswise through generations. In spite of rising evidence, considerable deficiencies remain in current research, especially regarding human epidemiological experiments and standardized detection assays. Lack of longitudinal experiments with accredited biomarkers limits our data about chronic exposure as well as transgenerational impacts. Multi-omics approaches, such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, hold viable methodologies to establish molecular pathways induced by NPLs. Integration of biochemical data with environmental toxicity is critical to enable accurate risk assessment as well as policy construction. Our review highlights an imperative for interdisciplinary collaboration to address the complex health and environmental implications of nanoplastics. Improvement of detection technologies, standardizing exposure protocols, and incorporating epigenetic endpoints into regulatory protocols are critical steps to reduce NPLs' molecular legacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahereh Navaei Diva, Ali Taleshtabar Dolaty (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Efficiency of Combination of Ozone Based Advanced Oxidation Process and Nanobubbles in Removing the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from Zar Grain Refinery Industrial Wastewater
This study was designed to evaluate the efficiency of a combined Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) and Ozone Nanobubbles (NB) for treating industrial wastewater from the Zar Grain Refinery. To this end, the optimal concentrations of three oxidizing agents including ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and iron chloride (FeCl3) were initially determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD). In each experiment, wastewater samples from the Zar Grain Refinery were treated under consistent conditions with varying concentrations of the oxidizing compounds. Then, through multi-objective optimization, an optimal value of O3, H2O2, and FeCl3 was calculated to achieve maximum wastewater treatment efficiency. The results indicated that O3 had the most significant impact on reducing wastewater COD rates, showing approximately a 75% increase in COD removal efficiency. Regression models revealed that the interactive and non-linear effects of the oxidizing agents on COD reduction were significant. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the combined AOPs would demonstrate high efficiency in removing COD from Zar Grain Refinery industrial wastewater. Finally, in addition to investigating the efficiency of the AOP process in treating wastewater from other industries, it is recommended that further studies be conducted to optimize other operational parameters influencing the wastewater treatment process, such as reaction time and temperature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saeed Malek Mohammadi, Soheil Sobhanardakani, Ahmadreza Yari, Bahareh Lorestani, Mehrdad Cheraghi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Designing an Implementation Model for Realizing Environmental Policies Based on Sustainable Development in Iran through the Application of Knowledge Management
This study was conducted with the aim of designing an implementation model based on the application of knowledge management to improve the implementation of environmental policies in government institutions of the country. The present study is considered to be applied in terms of purpose and strategic in terms of approach. The research population consisted of 50 experts, managers, and specialists from government organizations active in the field of the environment who were selected purposefully. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale that was designed with a focus on three dimensions of knowledge management (acquiring, sharing, and evaluating knowledge) and five key factors of policy implementation (organizational structure, resources, communications, executives' orientation, and organizational culture). Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Pearson correlation test were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. Also, to strengthen the analysis, the country's upstream environmental documents were also examined using qualitative analysis. The first component, which includes the resources and orientation of the implementers, had the highest explanatory power among the identified components with an eigenvalue of 3.377 and a share of 22.514% of the total variance. After that, the organizational culture component with an eigenvalue of 2.629 and a share of 17.527% is located, which indicates the importance of the values, beliefs, and norms governing the organization in accepting and implementing environmental policies. The final designed model consists of three layers, which are: the central layer: implementation of environmental policies; the middle layer: four rearranged executive components; and the outer layer: three dimensions of knowledge management. By providing a systematic, localized, and data-driven approach, this model has the ability to explain inter-organizational interactions, evaluate organizational learning, and policy coherence in the executive structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran government, and is considered a scientific response to the challenge of the lack of an effective executive model in this area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahram Shiranzaei, Hooman Bahmanpour, Seyed Mahdi Alvani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Phthalate Concentration in Landfill Leachate in the West of Guilan Province, Iran
Landfill leachate contains pollutants, including phthalates, which pose significant risks to the environment and human health. This study aimed to investigate the phthalates concentration in landfill leachate from three cities in western Guilan: Astara, Talesh, and Anzali. Samples were collected from three designated stations during both the rainy and dry seasons. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content, and phthalate concentrations were measured using the standard extraction method EPA Method 8061A, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealed that the average total phthalate concentration in landfill leachate across the three cities was 455.46 ppb, with significant seasonal variation between the rainy and dry seasons (P < 0.05). Astara exhibited the highest phthalate concentration, measuring 239.50 ppb. Throughout both seasons, bis (2ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) accounted for the most significant proportion, comprising 73.2% of total phthalates, followed by dioctyl phthalate (DOP) at 13%, dimethyl phthalate (DMP) at 6.4%, and isobutyl phthalate (IBP) at 5.5%. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) were less prevalent, representing 1.1%, 0.5%, and 0.2%, respectively. Health risk assessments indicated that the contamination factor (CFi) was highest at the Talesh station (80.30), followed by Anzali (45.52) and Astara (10.69). Similarly, the Pollution Load Index (PLI) was greatest at Talesh (32.32), followed by Astara (20.24) and Anzali (11.32). These findings underscore the critical need for continuous monitoring and effective management of landfill leachate, as well as further investigation into the health and environmental impacts of phthalate contamination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Somayeh Nemati Gaskaminjan, Fatemeh Shariati, Mohsen Mohammadi Galangash, Leila Ooshaksaraei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Responsible Citizen Behavior Modeling in Urban Waste Management
Identifying factors affecting citizens' responsible behavior in the field of waste generation can provide insights for urban planners for policymaking and improving waste management practices. The aim of the present study is to identify the factors affecting citizens' responsible behavior in waste management. This study is exploratory in purpose and applied-developmental in nature. The study site in this research was the city of Arak in Markazi Province. In the qualitative section, related studies were reviewed using MAXQDA software, and the model's factors and items were identified and categorized. These factors were then evaluated through content validity and reliability testing using the Kappa coefficient. In the quantitative section, the designed model was validated using expert opinions and a Likert-scale questionnaire. Smart PLS software was used for data analysis. The study's findings identified seven components and twenty-three items, including economic and financial motivations, culture and media, social, legal, infrastructure, environmental and waste literacy, and individual and psychological characteristics, as influential factors in responsible waste management behavior. The Kappa coefficient, with a value of 0.95, confirmed the model's reliability. Additionally, the quantitative findings showed that the factor loadings obtained for all components were evaluated as acceptable or excellent. The highest Q² value belonged to the environmental literacy construct, indicating the model's predictive power for responsible waste management behavior through this construct. The obtained P values for all paths confirmed the model's hypotheses, and the structural fit of the model was also validated. Therefore, the critical necessity of developing environmental literacy and waste management to minimize waste, through green consumption, waste prevention, and recycling, is clearly emphasized.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammadali Nejat, Saeed Motahari, Azita Behbahani, Mahdieh Rezaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Industrial Acidic Wastewater Using Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
This study focused on the anaerobic biological treatment of acidic wastewater from polymer plants utilizing sulfuric acid, specifically employing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Quantitative analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of key parameters, including temperature, pH, and pollutant concentration. A series of twelve experiments was performed at two temperature levels (25°C and 60°C), two pH levels (7.5 and 8.5), and three sulfate ion concentrations (50, 200, and 450 mg/L SO₄²⁻). Results demonstrated that increasing the temperature from 25 °C to 60 °C at an initial sulfate concentration of 50 mg/L and pH 7.5 improved treatment efficiency by 17.6%. Overall treatment efficiencies varied between 45.3% and 49.9% across different concentrations. Additionally, raising the pH from 7.5 to 8.5 at both temperatures resulted in an approximate 16.4% increase in treatment performance. The data also revealed a linear correlation between temperature and sulfate ion concentration and a second order correlation between pH and sulfate ion concentration. These findings underscore the significant influence of temperature and pH on the anaerobic biological treatment of sulfate ions in industrial wastewater, highlighting the necessity of controlling these parameters to optimize purification outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nafiseh Panahi Osalou, Lobat Taghavi, Amir Hessam Hasani, Mohsen Dehghani Ghanatghestani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Soil Remediation: Integrated Mycobacterium and Barley (Hordeum Vulgare) Systems for Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals Restoration in Soils Near Shiraz Oil Refinery
Industrial activities, particularly oil refining, release significant pollutants like TPH, PAHs, and heavy metals into the environment, necessitating sustainable remediation strategies. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the synergistic potential of bioremediation using Mycobacterium and phytoremediation with barley to remediate contaminated soils in Shiraz oil refinery, Iran. 36 soil samples were analyzed to isolate bioremediating mycobacteria using turbidometric, chromatographic, biochemical, and molecular assays. Greenhouse experiments used soil spiked with PAHs (100–200 mg/kg)and heavy metals (As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr; 3–400 mg/kg) at low, medium, and high levels. Five phytoremediation(P),bioremediation(B), combined treatments include phytoremediation control, and bioremediation(MB), and sterile control, were assessed over 90 days, analyzing soil properties, contaminant levels, plant growth, TF, and BAF.13 Mycobacterium isolates (36.11%)representing nine species were identified. Key species such as M. gilvum and M. smegmatis achieved >60% degradation of both PAHs and heavy metals, while M. austroafricanum and M. vaccae showed superior PAH degradation (65–80%),with M. vaccae also achieving 75% heavy metal reduction. The MB treatment significantly outperformed the others, achieving 78–86% PAH degradation and 58–68% heavy metal removal (p< 0.001). Soil quality indicators improved notably: microbial biomass increased by 35%, pH rose from 5.8 to 6.8, organic matter increased from 2.0% to3.5%, and EC decreased from 1.5 to 1.0 dS/m. Barley biomass increased by 25%(roots)and 20% (shoots), with TF and BAF values ranging from 0.25 0.55. This study demonstrates that integrated bioremediation using barley and Mycobacteria offers a sustainable strategy for restoring petroleum and heavy metal contaminated soils in industrial areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Aghakhani, Seyed Ali Abtahi, Davood Azadi, Mojtaba Jafarinia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Traffic Air Pollution and Respiratory Health: A Route Based Exposure-Symptom Study among Urban Taxi Drivers in Isfahan, Iran
Taxi drivers constitute one of the most at-risk subpopulations for road traffic air pollution within urban settings. In the polluted city of Isfahan, Central Iran, a cohort of 349 middle-aged male taxi drivers who were specifically exposed to road pollution was selected. Data collection involved assessing four respiratory symptoms (RSs)- coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness- using a 5-point Likert and a series of independent variables associated with the increase or abatement of air pollution along the routes that each driver took regularly during his working hours. A Generalized Additive Model (0.372 < R2 < 0.576) was applied to determine the prevalence of RSs in relation to a small subset of independent variables identified using a Varimax-rotated PCA analysis. According to the findings, increasing roadside greenery, as measured through a Sentinel-2 NDVI layer, decreases the prevalence of RSs. Conversely, an increase in the number of bus stations, the mean average travel time spent by the taxi drivers on the road between two destinations, and the mean annual concentration of PM2.5 along the routes (with an average of 23.99 ± 6.00 µg/m³) exhibited a positive association with the onset of RSs. This research underscored the susceptibility of taxi drivers to road traffic air pollution while highlighting the alleviating role of road greenery in influencing the respiratory health of Isfahan taxi drivers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samaneh Mohammadsoleimani, Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of the Environmental Impacts of Landslides on Groundwater Resources Using Geoelectrical Surveys and Dipole-Dipole Arrays
The present study aimed to assess the geological impacts of landslides on groundwater resources along the Shemshak-Dizin road, Iran, using the geoelectric geophysical method based on a dipole-dipole array. Thus, five geoelectric acquisition profiles were designed and implemented to identify the landslide geometry and assess its impacts on the regional groundwater system. The results of reverse modeling showed the clear boundary of the landslide layers and the areas with high humidity, as well as the lithological facies and the local water infiltration through fractures downstream of the landslide. The comparative results of the quantity of groundwater at present with those of the previous year show that the groundwater level in this area has decreased by an average of 14 meters compared to 2010. In addition, due to the destruction of vegetation, the penetration of surface water caused by rainfall into the soil has decreased, which has had a negative impact on the occurrence of landslides. The results showed that the penetration of water caused by rainfall in the study area in 2010 was about 64 percent, which decreased in 2023 owing to the destruction of vegetation and reached about 55 percent. Factors such as slope, altitude, rainfall, distance to fault, and land use were effective in the occurrence of landslides in the study area. On the other hand, the regional groundwater had no direct or positive impact on landslides. However, landslides in the area had caused the groundwater level to drop. Destruction of vegetation was one of the factors affecting this phenomenon.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pejman Aramfar, Arezou Dorostian, Soheila Bouzari, Elham Boostan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Resilience in Drinking Water Wells: An Optimal Model for Quality Protection Zone Determination (A Case Study of Maragheh City)
In this paper, the water quality characteristics of water wells in Maragheh city were investigated with the aim of determining the resilience status and health risk using the MODFLOW groundwater flow numerical model. Data analysis was improved using the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) software and acceptable results were obtained by comparing with the methods. Key criteria, such as storage capacity, hydraulic conductivity and specific performance, were accurately determined in 54 separate clusters of drinking water wells. The model was fully calibrated and covered sustainability scenarios for a 22-year period (2001-2023). Based on this approach, a comparative assessment of well quality areas was performed and compared using different analytical methods. Considering the groundwater pollution risk index from 1 to 100, lower values indicate a reduced risk of pollution and, as a result, greater resilience. Therefore, by qualitative zoning of the aquifer around the wells, the pollution risk index was determined and based on that, the level of resilience was determined. The findings showed that about 70% of the well water in the study area had a high pollution risk index (1-20), indicating high resilience, 10% had a medium resilience index (21-40), 10% had a low resilience index (41-60), and 10% had a very low resilience index (>60). Among the new findings of this study are the multifaceted effects of variables such as geographical extent, hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer, and contaminant compositions, indicating the inherent vulnerability of wells and the need to review water resources management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maghsoud Amirpoor, Hossein Yousefi, Nasser Ebadati, Seyyed Hossein Hashemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dye Remediation from Water using Hematite Nanoparticles through performance of Response surface methodology (RSM), Photo Catalytic degradation and Equilibrium Adsorption Studies
Various industries like textile, paint, plastic manufacturing industry discharge harmful dye effluents in clean water reservoirs. Thus the water containing such dyes is unfit for aquatic life as well as humans. This work aimed to investigate the application of Dalbergia Sissoo (DS) sawdust and Acacia nilotica (AN) wood biomass modified Fe2O3 nanoparticles as effective adsorbents in order to take out methylene blue from contaminated water. The morphological studies of plant biomass showed that the surface was uneven having pores of different sizes hence allowing dye adsorption. The bands of various functional groups for example, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and C-H were found in spectra which were responsible for the stabilization of synthesized nanoparticles. Various analytical parameters such as contact time, methylene blue (MB) dye concentration, temperature, weight of adsorbate and photocatalytic degradation on the adsorption was studied. Maximum adsorption capacity qe (5.887 mg g-1) was obtained at the optimized settings. Dye remediation with ANFeNP was expanded up to 96% dye concentration was changed from 20mg/L to 100mg/L. The results best fitted Freundlich isotherm which proposed multi-layered adsorption occurred on adsorbent’s surface. The contact time parameter study revealed maximum dye removal of 97% at 105 minutes. Kinetic studies exhibited that process of adsorption obeys PSO and IPD models, which indicated that chemisorption was followed suggesting the diffusion of adsorbate in inner layers of adsorbent’s surface. With change in adsorbent’s dose from 0.1g to 0.5g, percentage removal was increased up to 96%. The photocatalytic activity of adsorbent at 120 minutes showed dye removal with a percentage of 97. The investigational data accurately fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Thermodynamic calculations indicated feasible adsorption which is also automatic and heat-absorbing. Statistical optimization studies were done using Response Surface methodology (RSM). The value of predicted and adjusted R2 indicates excellent relationship between predicted and experimental responses. Response surface methodology and central composite design were also applied to experimental data to predict the effect of multiple parameters revealing good correspondence between these parameters revealing good correspondence between these parameters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tunzeel Iqbal, Haleema Bibi, Somyah Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of the Extra-Organizational Collaborations in Reduction Environmental Pollutions of Tourism Development on Qeshm Island Using Network Analysis Approach
The environment is the central core of the natural tourism industry; therefore, tourism development directly depends on the environment health. This means that institutional reforms and intra-organizational decisions related to tourism management cannot be considered as an independent and separate issue from environmental management. This research examines the level of cooperation and participation of Qeshm Island’s residents with environmental decisions and actions of government organizations to achieve an efficient model for the successful implementation of environmental decisions which guarantee tourism sustainable development on Qeshm Island. For this purpose, various types of public communication and island tourism activists (governors of rural districts, council members, local people, and other individuals) with government organizations were examined regarding their environmental approaches affecting tourism on Qeshm Island through selecting environmental pollution criteria as one of the determinant limitations in the tourism development on Qeshm Island and applying a network analysis approach. At first, 50 questionnaires were completed and data were analyzed by using the Ucinet and Netdraw software to analyze these variables through the snowball sampling method and visiting the organizations and departments which affect impact the tourism industry and also the organizations and departments related to environmental management and protection on Qeshm Island. Regarding the level of referring to government organizations, the results showed that governors of rural districts and local people with a degree centrality of 33 and intermediate centrality of 460/ 663 and 575/979, respectively, have the most referral to government organizations. Through the cooperation network, the local people with a degree centrality of 38 and intermediate centrality of 456/500 and council members with a degree centrality of 36 and betweenness centrality of 460/ 663 are the most cooperators in carrying out the activities related to environmental pollution reduction on Qeshm Island. The degree centrality of 42 and the betweenness centrality of 249/398 for the council members showed that they have the highest level of trust in government organizations. Generally, among all the variables, governors of rural districts, council members, and local people have the most relevant activities, cooperation, and trust for environmental pollution reduction related to government organizations on this island, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that environmental challenges such as environmental pollution will be reduced by optimizing this network and increasing social capital among this group.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ardeshir Shayesteh, Mohsen Dehghani Ghanatghestani, Mehdi Jabbarzadeh, Hananeh Mohammadi Kangarani, Lobat Taghavi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Groundwater Quality Assessment and Refining Vulnerability Index through Machine Learning and Pollution Index Integration: A Case Study of the Koohpayeh Plain in Central Iran.
Groundwater contamination is a critical issue, especially in arid regions where it serves as the main water supply. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional methods with machine learning techniques to enhance groundwater vulnerability assessments in the Koohpayeh aquifer, central Iran. Groundwater quality was assessed using the Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG) and Water Quality Index (WQI). WQI values ranged from less than 15 to 55, indicating poor water quality, particularly in central and southeastern regions, due to contaminants from agriculture and urban activities. The PIG index revealed severe pollution in 45% of the area, showing a strong correlation between high PIG and low WQI values. Machine learning methods, including Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), and Support Vector Regression (SVR), were used to refine the DRASTIC model. RF emerged as the most effective model, achieving an MSE of 0.05 and an R² of 0.89, outperforming GB, which had a slightly higher R² of 0.91 but a greater MSE of 0.08. A strong correlation between nitrate levels and the optimized vulnerability indices validated the improved DRASTIC model’s accuracy. The enhanced DRASTIC model provides a more reliable tool for identifying high-risk areas and developing targeted groundwater management strategies. This study underscores the value of combining traditional assessments with machine learning to improve groundwater quality monitoring and protect public health. These findings can support decision-makers in prioritizing pollution control strategies, optimizing groundwater monitoring programs, and designing sustainable management plans in vulnerable arid and semi-arid regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Navideh Najafpour, Shahrokh Soltaninia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of criteria affecting pollution reduction and sustainable management of water resources using the Flood Hazard Zoning approach (A case study: Goharrood River, Iran)
The present study aimed to evaluate the criteria affecting sustainable water resources management in the Goharrood River Basin (Rasht City, Gilan Province, Northern Iran) through the Flood Hazard Zoning approach to identify major flood occurrence centers and optimal flood dam location. Criteria and sub-criteria were identified using a Hierarchical Structure and prioritized based on Pairwise Comparison, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Opinions. Zoning was also done through Geographic Information System (GIS). The results showed that economic (weight value (WV) = 0.608) and technical (WV = 0.229) criteria were in first and second priority, followed by environmental and social criteria with weight values ​​of 0.112 and 0.051, respectively. Moreover, the sub-criteria of cultivation pattern (WV=0.539), welfare level (WV=0.536), demand rate (WV=0.583) and water conservation (WV=0.521) were preferred in the management of Goharrood river water resources. Based on the findings, the eastern part of the river basin had a higher potential for flooding. Therefore, three main centers were identified as important locations for the construction of flood barriers. Construction of flood dams can control future floods and prevent environmental pollution and reduction in the quality of surface and groundwater in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Pourdasht, Mohammad Ebrahim Ramazani, Fariborz Ahmadzadeh Kaleybar, Omid Rafieiyan, Arezoo Nejaei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reduction of the Effects of Pollution Caused by Toxins through Essential Oil Extraction of Lavender and Rosemary Plants on Potato Aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)
Prolonged and excessive use of synthetic pesticides has led to pest resistance and contamination of soil, water, and air, threatening vital environmental resources. Plant-derived pesticides offer a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative, potentially improving agricultural productivity, food security, and consumer health. We evaluated the insecticidal efficacy of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oils (EOs) against potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). EOs were extracted via hydrodistillation and tested in a completely randomized design with four replicates at 25°C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity, assessing mortality 24 hours post-treatment. Probit analysis using Minitab software (version 17) determined LC50 and LC90 values of 8,417 ppm and 47,774 ppm for lavender EO, and 10,315 ppm and 49,905 ppm for rosemary EO, respectively. Field comparisons of lavender EO at 8,417 ppm (LC50) with imidacloprid at 1 g/L (diluted 1:1000) showed imidacloprid efficacy of 91.4–98.3% and lavender EO efficacy of 41.6–47.8%. These results confirm the significant insecticidal potential of EOs, positioning them as viable alternatives to chemical insecticides for future pest management programs
Copyright (c) 2025 Abutaleb Ghaffari, Lobat Taghavi, Aref Marouf, Parviz Moradi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Water and Sediments of Urban River Ecosystems (Case Study: Zarjub River and Gohar Rood in Rasht, Iran)
The Zarjub River and Gohar Rood represent serious pollution concerns among urban rivers in northern Iran, as they discharge into the international Anzali Lagoon. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of potentially heavy metals (PTMs) in the water and sediments of these two rivers. To this end, water and sediment samples were taken from 10 sampling stations along the two rivers, and then physicochemical factors and concentration of PTMs were measured; moreover, environmental indices were calculated. Results showed that the water pH, DO, and TDS were 6.7, 4.9, and 316.5, respectively. In addition, the concentration of Fe, Pb, Al, Hg, and Cd in water samples were 0.166, 0.1, 0.1, 1, and 0, and their concentration in sediment samples was equal to 41686.1, 70.031, 12721.9, 0.1, and 0.1, respectively. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), ecological risk index (ERI), and potential ecological risk (PER) were also calculated for the water and sediment samples. The measurement of PTMs and the above-mentioned indices demonstrated that the water of the studied rivers does not contain high levels of heavy metals, whereas their sediments contain high levels of PTMs. The study findings suggested that these two urban rivers are not in a hazardous state in terms of PTMs; however, it is necessary to further manage and control the entry of urban wastewater into these two rivers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Maghsoudi Shaghaghi, Mohammad Dehdar Dargahi, Mohammadreza Rahimibashar, Mahsa Hakimi Abed, Bahram Ahmadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determining the standard requirements for sustainable conservation of Iran's industrial architectural heritage with an emphasis on controlling the mutual effects of architecture and the environment on each other
This article examines the standard requirements for the protection of Iran's industrial architectural heritage and emphasizes the importance of controlling the interactions between architecture and the environment. Industrial heritage, which includes buildings and facilities related to the industrial era, is a valuable part of the country's cultural history. However, the lack of specific principles and regulations for the protection of these sites has led to serious damage and destruction of both the heritage and the surrounding environment. The research method of this study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. A questionnaire was designed and distributed among 384 architects who are members of the Tehran Engineering System Organization, followed by statistical analysis. Additionally, existing data and documents regarding industrial heritage and global experiences in this field were reviewed and analyzed. Furthermore, the challenges and obstacles in protecting this heritage have been thoroughly examined. The main innovation of this research lies in identifying the need to formulate new principles and regulations for the protection of industrial architectural heritage. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that a legal and standard framework for managing and protecting these sites be established. This framework could include strategies for coordination between architecture and the environment to prevent the destruction and damage to industrial buildings and the environment. The findings of this research could assist policymakers, architects, and urban managers in taking effective actions for the preservation and maintenance of industrial heritage by better understanding the interactions between architecture and the environment. Ultimately, this article emphasizes the importance of creating a comprehensive and integrated approach to protect industrial architectural heritage and their environments, aiming to raise public awareness in this area.
Sustainable architecture and environment
Restoration and revitalization of Iran's industrial heritage
Copyright (c) 2025 Payvand Amir Borbor, Afshin Ghorbani Param (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Water Treatment Solutions: Enhancing Efficiency with Tube Settlers to Address Water Scarcity
Water scarcity has emerged as a pressing global challenge, exacerbated by factors such as climate change, population growth, and industrialization (United Nations, 2023). One such promising technology is the integration of tube settlers into existing water treatment frameworks. Tube settlers are gravity-assisted sedimentation devices that enhance the efficiency of the clarification process by promoting the aggregation and settling of suspended solids (AWWA, 2011). The application of tube settler technology has significantly advanced water treatment by reducing detention time and enhancing sedimentation through high-rate sedimentation principles. This study evaluates the impact of integrating innovative tube settlers into the sedimentation processes of water treatment plants. A comparative analysis was conducted to compare conventional accelerator clarifiers with enhanced clarifiers equipped with tube settlers. Tube settler groups, inclined at a 60° angle and measuring 90 cm in lengthir, were used to facilitate the flow of screened raw water. Key parameters including the number of backwashes per day, energy consumption, and removal efficiencies of Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and biological agents (diatoms, nematodes, rotifers, protozoa, and algae) were assessed. The study highlighted significant reductions in treatment costs, with a 25% decrease in electricity consumption and improved contaminant removal. Clarifiers equipped with tube settlers demonstrated significantly higher removal efficiencies for all parameters measured, with average removal rates of 74% for Al³⁺, 60% for Fe³⁺, 77% for total suspended solids (TSS), and 92% for algae. These findings confirm that integrating tube settlers greatly enhances the efficiency of water treatment processes. It is recommended that designers of water treatment plants include tube settlers in the initial design phase, and prioritize re-engineering efforts to ensure optimal operation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohsen Memarzadeh, Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan, Payam Najafi, Mehran Hoodaji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0