Agricultural Marketing and Commercialization
The International Journal of Agricultural Marketing and Commercialization (AMC), a broad-based journal, is an open-access journal that was founded in 2017. It is based on two key tenets: Firstly, to publish the original, reviews, case reports, short communication, and novel and high-impact contributions from the related area of Marketing and Commercialization. Secondly to provide the most rapid turnaround time possible for undergoing a fair, supportive, and double-blind peer-review process, and to disseminate the article freely for teaching and reference purposes. Journal DOI: 10.57647/amc Journal Abbreviation: Agric. Mark. Commer. J. Journal Title Acronym: AMCJ Journal Owner: Islamic Azad University Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Co-publishing, OICC Press, UK Keywords: Marketing, Commercialization, Entrepreneurship, Agriculture, Development, Profitability, Economic Managment. Editor-in-chief: Bahman Khosravipour, PhD 0000-0003-4898-1082 Director-in-Charge: Sahar Dehyouri, PhD 0000-0001-9447-3762
Determining the Optimal Contract Farming Model from the Perspective of Rapeseed Farmers in Mazandaran Province
In recent years, contract farming has gained attention as an effective approach for enhancing production efficiency, securing market access, and reducing economic risks in the agricultural sector. By identifying a contract model that aligns with farmers’ preferences, it becomes possible to design agreements that foster more sustainable supply chain relationships between farmers and buyers. This study aims to determine the optimal contract farming model from the perspective of rapeseed farmers in Mazandaran Province, Iran. In the first phase, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to prioritize key components influencing contract design. Data were collected through questionnaires completed by 16 experts familiar with contract farming. The AHP results indicated that components such as input provision, pricing mechanism, the existence of options contracts, contract duration, contract incentives, provision of technical and advisory services, and pricing methods are of high importance in contract farming. In the second phase, based on varying levels of the most significant identified features, 16 types of contracts were designed and presented to farmers for selecting the most preferred model. The study's statistical population comprised rapeseed farmers in Mazandaran Province, from which 361 were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected via field surveys and questionnaires. The findings revealed that farmers prefer contracts that include input provision, incentive mechanisms, technical and advisory support, variable pricing based on daily market rates, a one-year duration, and purchase prices higher than the guaranteed minimum price per kilogram of rapeseed offered by buyers. These results suggest that rapeseed farmers in Mazandaran seek contracts that minimize risk, maximize profit, offer technical support, and provide contractual flexibility.
Contract Farming, Agricultural market, Rapeseed Farmers, Mazandaran Province
Copyright (c) 2025 Amir Mohammadinejad, Amir Mehrabi, Mohammad Ghorbani, Seyed Yaghoub Zeraatkish, Sahar Dehyouri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Text Mining Analysis of Agricultural Subsidy Studies: Identifying Patterns and Policy Insights
This paper conducts a text-mining analysis of scientific studies related to agricultural subsidies. The primary goal of this research is to identify hidden patterns and meaningful relationships within the textual data found in various articles on agricultural subsidies. 512 scientific papers from 2000 to 2025 were examined using advanced text mining methods and semantic modeling. This study employs word frequency analysis, topic modeling with the LDA algorithm, semantic clustering using K-Means, and sentiment analysis. The results revealed that the primary focus of the studies was on "subsidies," "agriculture," and "fertilizers." Additionally, the analyses indicated that agricultural subsidies significantly impact farmers' productivity and reduce economic inequalities. Furthermore, the findings highlight gaps in the attention given to environmental and social concepts such as "justice," "environment," "women," and "youth" in this field.
Copyright (c) 2025 Payam Panahian, Vali Borimnejad, Davood Samari, Niv Nozari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Crisis to Sustainability, the Application of theDPSIR Model in Water Resources Management of theUrmia Lake Basin Is Inspired by Global Experiences
Water is of vital importance to ecosystems and human societies. Global environmental, social, and economic changes, as well as evolving needs, have placed unprecedented pressure on water resources. It is argued that global access to water resources requires sustainable water resource management for future generations. The primary objective of this study is to design a model that promotes sustainability in water resource management for the Urmia Lake Basin, based on the DPSIR model and global experiences. This research is based on library data (literature review). The results of the lessons learned from other countries based on the DPSIR model include policies: water-intensive crops, wastewater control, promotion of sustainable agriculture, pricing reform, inter-basin water transfer, sustainable conservation of water resources, water conservation including: (reducing water consumption in agriculture, developing groundwater facilities, using reservoirs to store groundwater), water reclamation (desalination plants and recycled water) as effective methods in sustainable management of water resources in the Urmia Lake Basin.
Water resources management, Sustainability, Urmia Lake Basin, DPSIR model, Global experiences
Copyright (c) 2025 Kaziveh Chalabi, Maryam Omidi Najafabadi, Seyed Jamal Farajollah Hosseini, Mohammad Sadegh Allahyari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stationarity-Based Decision-Making: ADF Evidence and Industry-Level Portfolio Design
This study provides a systematic portrait of the stationarity/non-stationarity status of industry indices and shows how the stationarity label governs model selection and risk control. The data comprise 36 time series at the industry/fund index level. For each series, we run the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test with the appropriate deterministic specification (intercept or intercept trend) and AIC-optimized lags; decision rules are applied at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, and p-values are reported. To curb Type I error, we implement Benjamini–Hochberg FDR control alongside a battery of robustness checks (PP, KPSS, sensitivity to lag/specification, and structural-break tests). Results indicate that a decisive majority of series are stationary (30 industries at 1%, 3 at 5%, and 1 at 10%); only two categories are nonstationary. We identify a “very strong core” of eight industries with ADF statistics below −7, signaling powerful mean reversion. The methodological implication is clear: for the stationary bulk, level-based modeling with conditional volatility filters (the GARCH family) and dynamic risk metrics (VaR/ES) is recommended; borderline cases should be handled with greater operational caution; and for the nonstationary cases, trend/regime-based approaches and multivariate risk measures (e.g., CoVaR/copula-based methods) are more suitable. The paper’s contribution is to deliver a precise stationarity map at the industry level and translate it directly into actionable rules for modeling and risk management—thus bridging the gap between “unit-root testing” and “practical portfolio decisions.”
Copyright (c) 2025 Alireza Rasoulzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Ahmadi, Amir Gholami, Hamid Esmaeili (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Designing the Entrepreneurial and Knowledge Commercialization University Model at Khuzestan Islamic Azad University
The purpose of this research was designing the entrepreneurial and knowledge commercialization university model at Khuzestan Islamic Azad University. The structural equation model was designed with Smart PLS3 software. The validation of the factor structure and the evaluation of the measurement model were examined using confirmatory factor analysis in two parts. The statistical population of this study included all faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Khuzestan Province, totaling 1700 people. The Cochran formula was used to determine the statistical sample size. This number was 314 people. The results of the research show that appropriate educational content for entrepreneurship, socialization, institutionalization of entrepreneurship, facilitation of entrepreneurship directives and regulations, financial support and facilities, risk-taking, innovation and creativity, continuous communication with industry, development of technological infrastructure, and entrepreneurial management and leadership practices as a causal condition, social and cultural contexts, creativity and innovation contexts, economic contexts, organizational climate, political contexts, and research contexts as contextual conditions and developing an entrepreneurial ecosystem, paying attention to peripheral factors, creating motivation and encouragement, and forming a professors' database as intervening factors, had a positive and significant effect on the axial phenomenon of entrepreneurial and knowledge commercialization university. Finally, the identified strategies of entrepreneurial and knowledge commercialization university had a positive and significant effect on the consequences of implementing the model. The consequences of implementing the model in order of priority were commercialization of research and entrepreneurship, development of entrepreneurial businesses and increased employment, promotion of productivity and economic growth, matching university output with the needs of society and industry, improving educational quality and social development, and promoting innovative work and effort that had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial and knowledge commercialization university.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alireza Shakerian, Alireza Alavi, Mohammadreza Farhadpour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Network Analysis of Institutional Actors of Pluralist Agricultural Extension System in Sustainable Development of Agricultural Water Resources in Khouzestan Province
This research aims to analyze the social network of institutional actors in the pluralistic agricultural extension system in the sustainable development of agricultural water resources in Khouzestan Province. In this regard, using direct observation and unstructured interviews with experts and key informants (20 people), 25 governmental and non-governmental institutions active in the field of agricultural education and extension in the sustainable development of agricultural water resources in Khouzestan Province were identified and the connections and interactions between these institutions were analyzed and examined using the social network analysis approach by 50 experts of these 25 institutions in four networks: sharing scientific and research information, implementing joint research projects, exchanging educational content and providing technological support. SPSS21 and UCINET6.798 software were used to analyze the data in this phase of the study. According to the research results, the links of sharing scientific and research information and exchanging educational content among the actors have moderate institutional cohesion. However, in the links of implementing joint research projects and technological support, dense institutional networks are not observed and the level of social cohesion based on these two links is weak. The results of the study also showed that in the links under study, the Water and Electricity Organization, the Agricultural Jihad Organization, the University Centers, and the Agricultural Research Centers are among the most important and effective key actors in this network, which have high control and intermediary power and are able to control the transactions of other institutional actors. These institutions are among the most important and effective key actors in this network, and are at a desirable level in terms of authority, influence, and ability to control the network, and they play an effective role in the pluralistic agricultural extension and education system in the sustainable development of water resources.
Sustainable Development of Agricultural Water Resources
Copyright (c) 2025 Farid Sobhani, Ahmadreza Ommani, Azadeh Noorollah Noorivandi, Alireza Poursaeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Impact of Digital Transformation Factors on the Efficiency of the Accounting System in Bank Melli Iran, Considering the Moderating Role of Board Independence
The primary objective of this research is to analyze the impact of digital transformation factors on the efficiency of the accounting system in Bank Melli Iran, considering the moderating role of board independence.To achieve this goal, the study first reviews theoretical foundations and relevant domestic and international research. In the next step, based on the research model and its dimensions, a researcher-developed questionnaire was utilized. The questionnaire was distributed among a sample of 150 managers and experts from the headquarters of Bank Melli and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods (hypothesis testing).The results, while confirming all research hypotheses, indicate that all digital transformation variables- including digital customer strategy (customer data analysis, integration of digital systems with accounting systems, automation of financial processes, digital communication with customers, and personalized digital services), both individually and collectively- alongside the moderating variable of board independence, have a significant and positive correlation and impact on the efficiency of the accounting system in Bank Melli. Finally, based on the research findings, recommendations are provided to enhance the impact of these digital transformation factors on the efficiency of the accounting system in Bank Melli Iran, considering the moderating role of board independence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sara Parvazi, Zahra Mirzazadeh, Akbar Bagheri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of reduction of Verticillium wilt disease by using Talaromyces flavus microcapsule with the conventional method of farmers in potato fields in Hamedan province
Verticillium wilt is one of the most important potato diseases. Due to the soil-borne nature of the agents of this disease (Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum), its control by chemical methods is not easily possible. The use of soil-based inhibitors can be considered a suitable method. During the implementation of a previous research project on the possibility of reducing the incidence of important fungal diseases of cotton with agents Verticillium dahliae and Rhizoctonia solani by using biological products Talaromyces flavus (liquid formulations, suspension microcapsules, powder microcapsules and Talaromin), it was found that suspension microcapsules were successful in reducing the incidence of the studied diseases and enhancing vegetative traits, including increasing yield, and its application method was easier than the other two types of products. With regard to the implementation of this project, a preliminary study was first conducted using the four aforementioned formulations in potato crops, and the most effective formulations in terms of reducing disease and increasing yield were liquid and microcapsule powder formulations, both of which were used in the research-promotion project. In this project, with the cooperation of the Extension Coordination Management of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Hamadan Province, a two-hectare farm in Hamadan County with a history of infection with Verticillium wilt disease was selected to apply two effective formulations (powder microcapsule and liquid formulation) and compare them with the condition without the use of the formulation. The comparison of the two treatments with the use of the effective formulations of powder microcapsule and liquid formulation with the control treatment (without the use of the formulation) was carried out with the t test in terms of the percentage of disease occurrence and the percentage of severity of Verticillium wilt disease, and finally the yield was estimated. An economic comparison was made between the method of application of the biological product Talaromyces flavus with the conventional method of the operators. In this comparison, it was found that the effective liquid and microcapsule powder formulations, applied by seed impregnation, reduced disease severity by 73.33 and 66.66 percent, respectively, and increased yield by 25.96 and 27.08 percent, compared to the control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laleh Naraghi, Maryam Negahban, Mazdasht Giti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Effect of Human Resource Management Automation and Organizational Intelligence Capabilities on Job Satisfaction
The present study aims to investigate the effect of intelligent human resource management and organizational smart capabilities on job satisfaction among employees of the Central Administration of Islamic Azad University. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection method. The statistical population consists of 2,085 employees from the University’s Central Administration, from which a sample of 325 individuals was selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method based on the Morgan Table. Standardized instruments were employed to measure the research variables: Intelligent Human Resource Management was assessed using the questionnaire developed by Abbasi and Esmaeili (2024), consisting of 65 items among nine subscales. Organizational Smart Capabilities were measured with the Makilav (2021) questionnaire, comprising 46 items among eight subscales; and Job Satisfaction was assessed using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, including 19 items among six subscales. All questionnaires were scored using a Five-Point Likert Scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27 for descriptive statistics and Smart PLS version 4 for structural equation modeling. The results of hypothesis testing indicated that Organizational Smart Capabilities have a positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction (Path Coefficient = 0.467, t-value = 5.999, p-value = 0.000). Similarly, Intelligent Human Resource Management also showed a positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction (Path Coefficient = 0.412, t-value = 5.379, p-value = 0.000). These findings suggest that strengthening technological infrastructures and the strategic utilization of human resources can play a significant role in enhancing employee job satisfaction.
Intelligent Human Resource Management, Organizational Smart Capabilities, Job Satisfaction, Structural Equation Modeling
Copyright (c) 2025 Masoumeh Jafari, Sepideh Moradi Ziba, Forough Porvahedi, Mohammad Amar Amin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Performance of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical GARCH Models and Presentation of the Optimal Model in Predicting Price Index Fluctuations and Cash Return of Tehran Stock Exchange
This study aims to present an optimal model for modeling the volatility of the Tehran Stock Exchange Price and Dividend Index during the period 2013 to 2024. It investigates the factors contributing to the superiority of GARCH models and seeks to determine whether certain models systematically outperform others, and under what conditions such superiority occurs. To this end, an evolutionary process based on the conventional steps of identification, estimation, and diagnostic testing, as outlined in the Box-Jenkins methodology, was employed. To evaluate model performance, a set of criteria was utilized, including log-likelihood, three information criteria, the Mincer-Zarnowitz time series test, and various loss functions for assessing both in-sample and out-of-sample performance. The findings of the study indicate that market conditions (periods of stability or crisis) significantly affect the performance of GARCH models. During crisis periods, asymmetric GARCH models demonstrate superior performance in forecasting market volatility and are considered more suitable. In contrast, under stable market conditions, the simple GARCH model, with its adequate efficiency and lower cost, is deemed a more economical choice. Furthermore, the results suggest that incorporating external variables and employing nonlinear models improves the quality of modeling in crisis situations. This improvement is evident not only in the accuracy of in-sample estimates but also in the out-of-sample forecasting power. Although in times of crisis the implied volatility index provides more information than the standard GARCH model, using heavy-tailed distributions such as the Student’s t-distribution does not lead to a significant improvement in model performance compared to the normal distribution. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the standard GARCH model is an efficient choice during stable periods. However, during crisis conditions, the GJR asymmetric GARCH model especially when augmented with external variables can be considered an optimal model for estimating and forecasting the volatility of the Tehran Stock Exchange Price and Dividend Index.
Tehran Stock Exchange Price and Dividend Index
Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH)
Copyright (c) 2025 Delaram Torabi, Akbar Bagheri, Mohammad Hossein Fatehi Dabanloo, Zahra Houshmand Neghabi, Reza Khoshsima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Knowledge Risk Management in Healthcare: A Case Study at a Medical Sciences University
Research on knowledge risks and their management within organizations remains limited, particularly in empirical contexts. Replication studies are essential to validate findings and advance scientific understanding. Knowledge Risk Management (KRM) is especially critical in healthcare organizations, where effectively managing knowledge-related risks can profoundly influence patient safety and service quality. This study develops a comprehensive KRM framework tailored to a Medical Sciences University healthcare setting. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach—including interviews, literature review, and the Delphi technique—47 knowledge risks were identified and classified across key healthcare process phases. To account for the inherent subjectivity in expert judgments, risk probabilities were quantified using triangular fuzzy numbers. Results indicate significant gaps in knowledge and information flow, leading to inflated risk perceptions and insufficient data on risk factors. The findings underscore the urgent need to integrate advanced KRM tools and risk network models to improve decision-making and risk mitigation in healthcare environments. This research advances both theoretical and practical insights into KRM, highlighting its pivotal role in enhancing healthcare risk assessment and management. Moreover, it emphasizes the value of replication studies for fostering knowledge accumulation and theory development in management science.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Javadizadeh, Mohammad Hosein Fatehi, Zahra Hooshmand, Akbar Bagheri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Explaining the Inhibiting Factors of Contract Farming (Case Study: Boukan County)
The main abjective of the study was to identify the inhabiting factors of contract farming, whit acase study of Boukan County. This research was descriptive and survey-based, in termsof purpose it was applied. The statistcal population consisted of110 farmers who had entered into contracts under the contract farming scheme. Cluster sampleing whit proportional allocation was employed for sampling. Data analiysis was conducted using factor analysis techniques whit SPSS and Smart- PLS softeware. According to the results, the most significant inhabiting factors of contract farming, in order of importannce were managerial barriers, economic barriere, technical and technological barriers, socio-economic barriers, environmentel barriers and finally marketing barriers. the findings revealed that managerial and economic barriers were strongly confirmed, highlighting the critical rol of manamemetnt and economic support in hindering and preventing the achivmint of contract farming objecties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Esmail Mohammad Amini, Loghman Rashidpour, Soleiman Rasouliazar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Impact of Commercial Credit and Government Subsidies on the Relationship between Digital Financing and Innovation of Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
The present study investigated the impact of commercial credit and government subsidies on the relationship between digital financing and innovation of companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. The spatial scope of the research covered companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, and the temporal scope targeted the interval between 2015 and 2021. A total of 154 companies were selected based on systematic omission. According to the categorization of studies based on their nature and methods, the present applied research was a descriptive quest following a cause-and-effect methodology and using the library method for data collection. The data of the sample companies were collected by reference to financial statements, explanatory notes, and the monthly journal of the Tehran Stock Exchange. The multivariate regression test run in the EViews software was employed to confirm or reject the respective hypotheses. The results revealed a significant relationship between digital financing and independent organizational innovation and the contribution of commercial credit to the association between companies’ independent innovation and digital financing. Likewise, government subsidies impacted the relationship between digital financing and independent innovation of companies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Houshmand Neghabi, Roghayeh Farahnak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The test of the effect of speculative price bubble and f inancial leverage on the real rate of return of manufacturing companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange
The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of speculative price bubbles and financial leverage on the real return rate of manufacturing companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2023-2019, employing a panel data econometric approach. To this end, the theoretical foundations and literature review are presented first, followed by the specification and estimation of the research model, which is conducted using relevant diagnostic tests and the fixed effects method. The estimation results indicate a significant positive relationship between the independent variables (the actual cash dividend in the previous period, which represents a rational speculative price bubble in the research model, and the financial leverage variable) and the real return rate of the selected sample. Specifically, the first hypothesis of the study, which posits that rational speculative price bubbles significantly influence the real return rate of manufacturing companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, was confirmed. Additionally, the second hypothesis, stating that financial leverage significantly impacts the real return rate of the selected sample, was also validated. Finally, recommendations based on the research findings are presented to mitigate the effects of speculative price bubbles and to enhance the impact of financial leverage on the real return rate of the selected sample.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soheil Varmazyar, Akbar Bagheri, Asghar Karami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Measuring the impact of Social and Environmental Commitments on ROA in Cement Companies
The purpose of this study is to propose a model for assessing the impact of environmental social commitments on the return on assets (ROA) in cement industry companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, considering the moderating role of board independence. In this research, the independent variables include the environmental social commitments of cement companies and the agency theory factor (board independence). The dependent variable is the return on assets, while firm size, financial leverage, and age are the control variables. The study utilizes data from 36 cement companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over a five-year period from the beginning of 2019 to the end of 2023. The hypotheses are tested using multiple regression analysis with panel data methodology under fixed effects. The results reveal a significant and positive relationship between environmental social commitments and return on assets. Furthermore, the findings of the second hypothesis confirm that board independence, as a factor in agency theory, moderates the relationship between environmental social commitments and return on assets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erfan Dehnavi, Somayeh Shokravi, Seyed Jalal Ahmadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Toward Sustainable Food Security in Tehran Province: Identifying Water Management Priorities
Water scarcity poses a significant threat to food security in Tehran Province, a region challenged by rapid urbanization, population growth, and unsustainable water use. This study investigates the multidimensional requirements for developing food security through sustainable water resource management. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the research incorporates both a literature review and expert survey. A structured questionnaire was administered to 120 experts from the Ministry of Agriculture-Jihad, and data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via Smart PLS. The analysis identifies five key dimensions—technological, policy-related, educational-extension, social, and economic—as critical to enhancing food security. Among these, technological requirements exhibited the strongest influence (β = 0.890), followed by policy (β = 0.651) and educational-extension requirements (β = 0.561). Access to improved seeds and innovation in water management emerged as the most influential factors. The findings underscore the need for integrated, cross-sectoral policies and targeted investments in technology, public awareness, and stakeholder engagement to ensure sustainable agricultural development in water-constrained regions. This research provides actionable insights for policymakers seeking to align food and water strategies with long-term sustainability goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Reza Talebi, Maryam Omidi Najafabadi, Amir Mohammadi Nejad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Human Resource Management and Social Capital: The Key Role of Policy Implementation in Organizational Sustainability
Organizational sustainability, as one of the key goals of modern management, requires approaches that simultaneously enhance the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of an organization. This study examines the impact of green human resource management (GHRM) on organizational sustainability, considering the mediating role of social capital. This quantitative, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 200 managers and employees of industrial and service companies that have implemented GHRM policies. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and SmartPLS software, employing statistical methods such as correlation analysis, multiple regression, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical analyses showed that GHRM has a significant positive impact on organizational sustainability. Social capital also positively influenced organizational sustainability and played a meaningful mediating role in the relationship between GHRM and organizational sustainability. The model fit indices indicated a good model fit (Chi-Square/df = 2.15, RMSEA = 0.045, CFI = 0.93). The findings suggest that GHRM policies directly and indirectly (through social capital) contribute to improving organizational sustainability indicators. Social capital acts as a facilitating factor that enhances the impact of GHRM on organizational sustainability. These results highlight the importance of formulating and implementing green HRM policies and fostering social interactions within organizations to promote sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Niusha Meftah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entrepreneurial Marketing Model Design for Facilitating the Entry of Small and Medium Enterprises into Regional Markets
Entering regional markets is often accompanied by numerous challenges for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study aimed to design an entrepreneurial marketing model to facilitate the entry of SMEs into regional markets. This research employed a descriptive-analytical approach using a mixed-methods design (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with managers and marketing experts were conducted to identify key influencing factors. In the quantitative phase, the proposed model was evaluated through surveys and statistical analysis. The results revealed that key factors, including innovation in marketing strategies, access to financial and human resources, development of business networks, and adaptability to market changes, play a significant role in the success of SMEs entering regional markets. The designed model integrates these factors into a practical framework that can assist managers in strategic decision-making during market expansion processes. This study demonstrates that entrepreneurial marketing, as a novel approach, can serve as a powerful tool to overcome barriers to entering regional markets. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and managers to enhance the competitiveness of SMEs and offer guidance for future research in this field.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahereh Nesari , Farshid Namamian, Seyed Reza Hasani , Afshin Baghfalaki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identifying Customer Eye Catching Behavior Patterns Based on Ethical Marketing (Cosmetic Industry)
Nowadays, to retain and attract customers, the primary goal is identifying the best customers and their purchasing behavior. Hence, the present study identifies the customer purchasing behavior pattern based on ethical marketing (case study: cosmetic industry). The method of this study is a quantitative survey. In this study, data are collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Its face validity is confirmed by the expert professors and its factor validity is confirmed using a confirmatory factor analysis test. Its factor load is obtained higher than 0.3. Its reliability is validated through Cronbach's alpha test, yielding a value above 0.8 for both marketing components and customer purchasing behavior patterns. The statistical population of this study consists of approximately 100 managers from Iran's cosmetic industry. They are selected using convenience random sampling. A sample size of 80 people is selected to answer the research questions. The data analysis tool is SPSS 23 and Lisrel 8.5 software. The results revealed that ethical marketing positively (by about 0.38) affects the purchasing behavior pattern of cosmetic industry customers with 99% confidence. Among the components of ethical marketing, the empathy component had the highest impact on the development of frugal behavior patterns and the complex purchasing behavior pattern of cosmetic industry customers. The results also showed that the dominant patterns of purchasing behavior of cosmetic industry customers in Iran are frugal purchasing behavior, analytical behavior, and variety-seeking behavior patterns, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sina Taghizadeh, Shadi Azimigohar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Relationship between Energy Production and Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Iran Compared to the World
This study investigated energy production and consumption regarding pollution production in Iran compared to the world. Important factors such as population growth, industrial development, and increased production activities and services require energy consumption. They have consequences regarding global environmental threats. These threats are more significant due to insufficient public awareness of energy consumption and the low efficiency of energy-consuming equipment, especially in underdeveloped countries. The present study aims to identify the relationship between energy production and consumption in the environment. It investigates the relationship between energy production and consumption and compares its role in greenhouse gas production in Iran and the world. The results of the study indicate that the current trend of energy production and consumption in the world plays a key role in increasing greenhouse gas production. Iran's relative share is higher compared to the amount of energy consumption and carbon dioxide production in the world. This article provides useful information for policymakers, activists, and experts on the relationship between global energy consumption and prospects resulting from the destructive impact of greenhouse gases caused by energy production and consumption in Iran.
Copyright (c) 2025 Allahbakhsh Kavoosi, Arian Kavoosi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interactive Marketing Model Based on Contextual and Intervening Variables in the Steel Industry
The purpose of this research is to present an interactive marketing model based on contextual and intervening variables in the steel industry, using the grounded theory method. In this research, based on interview tools with experts and senior managers of the steel industry, multiple factors related to interactive marketing and research variables have been identified, and the structures related to each variable have been presented using open, axial, and selective coding methods. In the next step, based on the analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire, using the confirmatory factor analysis method and the PLS technique, the factor load and composite reliability for the research variables were calculated above 0.4 and 0.7, respectively, and as a result, the validity of each construct related to the factors and implications of the research model was confirmed. Then, using the structural equation modeling method and estimating the final model, contextual factors and intervening factors were confirmed in the first and second positions of influence on interactive marketing in the final research model. Finally, while presenting the research model with optimal overall goodness of fit, attention to the effects and consequences of the model, including internal and organizational consequences, competitive advantage, brand experience management, and customer and market-related consequences, has been suggested.
Copyright (c) -1 hossein Vahidi Iry Sofla, Mahmoud Ahmadi Sharif , Mohammad Nasrolahnia , Peyman Ghafari Ashtiani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resilience Behavior of Farmers to Climate Change and Effects on Food Security in Iran
The Khuzestan province is among the main production areas of wheat, one of Iran's most important strategic products. In recent years, this province has faced severe environmental problems, including climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to resilience behavior of farmers in this region to deal with the negative effects of climate change and its effect on food security. This cross-sectional survey study was conducted from June 2022 to January 2024. The population consisted of wheat farmers in the Khuzestan province, Iran (N=22500). The sample size was determined based on Morgan table (n=378). For analyzing food security level, the 18-item USDA Household Food Security (HFS) questionnaire, which contains questions that underlie the 12-month food security scale in survey-instrument form, was used. Based on the results, about one-third of households (36.43%) were experienced HFS and 63.57% were insecure. To analyze livelihood resilience to climate change, the LRCC model of farmers, which includes three components of self-organization, capacity of learning and buffer capacity, was used. Also, based on the Average Variance Extracted (0.514<AVE< 0.711) and Composite Reliability (0.801<CR<0.923), the questionnaire had a convergent validity and appropriate reliability. SPSS16 and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the data. Results of research showed that LRCC had a significant impact on the HFS. According to the results, it is recommended that, by careful planning, sufficient benefits be gained from the potential of LRCC model in the future development policies of HFS, so that an effective step can be taken toward rural development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sharareh Asadi, Azadeh Noorollah Noorivandi, Ahmad Reza Ommani, Mohammad Sadegh Sabour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Effective Capitals on the Sustainability of Rural Livelihoods in Kermanshah Province
Today one of the key factors in achieving rural development goals is a proper understanding of sustainable livelihoods.Achieving this requires transitioning from traditional livelihood patterns to sustainable rural livelihoods that align with the needs and potential of the area .In this context , sustainable livelihoods are not possible without considering livelihood assets .Therefore,the present study aims to analyze and investigate the impact of effective assets on the sustainability of the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in Kermanshah province.This study is quantitative and, in term of purpose , applied .Methodologically , it is a descriptive-correlational study.The statistical population of this study consist of 116022 rural households in Kermanshah province , from which 385 households were selected as a sample through random stratified sampling using the Krejcie and Morgan table. For data collection , a questionnaire was used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and professors of Rural Development and Extension Department , and this reliability was determined in a pre-test using Cronbachs alpha ,ranging from 0.86 to 0.94 , indicating the high reliability of the questionnaire for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using smart-PLS and SPSS 26 software . The results indicated that, among five livelihood assets,rural inhabitants were at a medium level regarding social capital , and at a weak to medium level concerning financial capital . Based on the results, it is recommended that one of the key strategies should be diversifying the economic activities of rural inhabitants.Moreover, appropriate educational mechanisms in various areas should be provide and given attention by those involved in rural development planning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nahid Tavasol, Alireza Poursaeed, Roya Eshraghi Samani, Marjan Vahedi, Behrouz Naseri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Designing a Creative Tourism Model to Develop Local Businesses
The main aim of this research was to design a creative tourism model to develop local businesses, which was done qualitatively with the Grounded Theory approach. The statistical population includes managers of tourism centers proficient in creative tourism. Non-probability, purposeful, and snowball sampling methods were used, and 14 interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was done in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, and the model was presented. The findings showed that the causal conditions (Tendency to experience living in the destination, no need for expensive infrastructures, Tendency to individual development during travel) were compelling in the axial phenomenon (Changing tourists’ values, and experience-oriented travel). Intervening factors (infrastructures, Touristic organizations) and contextual factors (Touristic attractions, social and cultural conditions) affect the presented strategies (advertising and promotional activities, local businesses net working, focus on unique native potentials of destination) resulting in outcomes such as (Developing local businesses, increasing income, and Reviving intangible heritage).The results showed that creative tourism developed local businesses, revived culture, and created intangible heritage.
Creative Tourism, Entrepreneurship, Intangible Heritage, Local Businesses, Local Society
Copyright (c) 2025 osveh Ghasemi, Morteza Mousakhani, Hamid Saeedi, Mandan Momeni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identifying the themes of banking and financial services through fintechs(Case study: public and private banks)
Fintech or financial technologies refers to the application of technology in the field of financial and banking services that provide services to users through the use of new technologies, such as social networks, cloud, artificial intelligence, blockchain and machine learning. In the field of banking and financial services, fintechs can solve many of the problems and challenges of this industry and provide better services to customers. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with a qualitative strategy with the aim of identifying the themes of banking and financial service management through fintechs. The research method was thematic analysis based on the Clark and Brown (2006) model. The data collection tool was a semi-structured and in-depth interview that was analyzed using open and axial coding. The research community was (experts and key influential drivers of banking and financial services through fintech), of which 12 people reached data saturation. The results showed that banking and financial services through FinTech, as a comprehensive theme, consists of 8 themes: up-to-date technology, innovation, optimization, modern banking, quality improvement, customer-centricity, fundamental challenges, and performance barriers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hossein Shahbalaghi, Alireza Rousta, Farzad Asayesh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification and Explanation of the Relationship Between Credit Risk Management Constructs and Strategic Knowledge Management Approach in the Banking Industry
Updating banking structures is a fundamental factor for the continuity and success of banks, influenced by technological advancements, regulatory changes, and the evolving needs of customers. Therefore, this study aims to identify and explain the constructs of credit risk management and strategic knowledge management approaches, analyzing their relationship in optimizing banking management processes. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted a qualitative approach and employed the meta-synthesis method, which is a systematic analysis technique for integrating diverse research evidence. Academic papers from various databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO, were reviewed using specific search engines and relevant keywords. After an initial screening process and following the PRISMA statement, 39 relevant and high-quality studies were selected for final analysis. Subsequently, thematic analysis was used to process the extracted data. In this method, the researcher first coded the data and identified key concepts. These concepts were then categorized at different levels of abstraction, resulting in 150 conceptual codes, which were grouped into 15 components and five main constructs. These constructs include risk identification and analysis, model development and optimization, compliance and adaptation to standards, data and information management, and performance evaluation and monitoring. Findings indicate that leveraging knowledge-based strategies can effectively assist banks in identifying, assessing, and managing credit risks. The study concludes that developing knowledge-driven management models is essential for enhancing banks’ performance in response to economic and financial challenges. This research contributes to filling existing gaps in the academic literature and offers practical solutions for the banking industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Morteza Safa Bakhsh, Mahmoud Ahmadi Sharif, Sina Nematizadeh, Mehran Keshtkar Haranaki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Designing Sustainable Livelihood Extension Model (SLEM) in Rural Areas of Dezful Township, Iran
The purpose of this research was designing sustainable livelihood extension model (SLEM) in rural areas of Dezful Township, Iran. This research is a quantitative research. The statistical population of the research included all heads of households in the rural areas of Dezful Township (N=16693). The number of statistical sample was calculated through Cochran's formula (n=370). The sampling method was multi-stage random cluster method. Smart PLS3 software was used to design the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The findings of the research show that professional qualification of extension staff, educational facilities and desirable content of educational courses, institutionalization of entrepreneurship and innovation in agriculture, development of risk management and empowering users as a causal condition, institutional infrastructure, social platforms, communication and public participation and economic platforms as contextual conditions and motivators and incentives, knowledge management and learning and policy making and law enforcement as intervening factors, had a positive and significant effect on the axial phenomenon of SLEM. Finally, the identified strategies of SLEM had a positive and significant effect on the consequences of implementing the model. The consequences of implementing the model in order of priority were economic consequences, individual consequences, social consequences and management consequences that had a positive and significant effect on SLEM.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Ghasemipour, Ahmadreza Ommani, Azadeh Noorollah Noorivandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Breaking Boundaries, Exploring the Unseen Dynamics of Sports Brand Globalization and Its Impact on Human Health in Emerging Markets: A Systematic Review
This systematic review examines the impact of global sports brand globalization on human health in emerging markets. As global sports brands expand their influence, they play a significant role in shaping consumer behavior and physiological and health outcomes in developing regions. The review aims to explore both the positive and negative effects of global sports brand marketing on health. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify relevant studies published after 2019, focusing on both qualitative and quantitative research that addressed the influence of sports brand marketing on physical activity, physiological aspects of health behaviors, and nutrition. The findings indicate that global sports brands contribute to promoting healthier lifestyles in some regions, such as increased participation in physical activities, sponsorship of local sports events, and accessibility to affordable sports equipment. However, the promotion of unhealthy products, such as high-calorie foods and sugary drinks, through sports branding also has adverse physiological health implications, leading to concerns about rising obesity rates and related diseases. Cultural and socio-economic factors significantly mediate the impact of global sports brands on health, with varying outcomes across different regions. In some countries, global sports branding contributes to positive health outcomes, while in others, it exacerbates unhealthy consumption patterns. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further research that addresses the limitations of existing studies, including publication bias, language bias, and the evolving role of digital marketing and influencer partnerships in sports branding.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parivash Hafez Amini , Somayeh Hassani , Mina Kharazmi , Reza Shokouh Saljoughi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prioritizing effective factors on home-based businesses economical achievement in Iran
Using creative ways, educational system, promoting economic, in all aspects, focusing on processes, expanding the strategic methods along with free business are improved gradually in such organizations and they are included within high performance organizations as a result. In this study, we try, by prioritizing effective factors on home-based businesses economical achievement, evaluate the role of those factors. The study is of applied type and the method being used is descriptive- correlation. Conducting the stage of theoretical studies and qualitative investigations by documentary method and the quantitative stage by fieldwork method , using a questionnaire According to the findings, a chronbach alpha coefficient of was found to be 0.71 in the home-based businesses economical section of the questionnaire, the population consists of clients supported by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Hamedan (n=322). Prioritizing of studied factors based on CV show that “interest level to created occupation” in performer individual properties and “applying experiences of experienced and practiced individuals”, in social-cultural factors was the first priority.
Copyright (c) 2024 Agricultural Marketing and Commercialization Journal
Evaluating the effect of managerial and economic factors on broiler poultry production in Qom province
Considering the importance of chicken meat production as a strategic protein product, it is necessary to pay attention to the effective managerial-economic factors in strengthening the poultry industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the managerial-economic factors affecting the poultry production process in Qom province, including five parts: Central section, Salafchegan, Kahak, Jafarabad, Khalajestan; It is during the years 1393-1390. The required data were collected by completing a researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability approved by the managers of selected poultry units. The collected data were analyzed using Ewiews7 and Excel software. The main findings of this study show that the variable of production capacity, variable of feed value and variable of working capital have a positive and significant effect on the amount of production in selected production units. The variable of production and administrative payments has a negative and significant effect on the amount of production and also the amount of production has the highest sensitivity to working capital and the least sensitivity to production capacity.